A Physical Model of the Metric Expansion of Space

At the heart of IWPD's Scale Metrics (ISM) theory is the realization that any orthogonal relationship may be equivalently expressed as a linear relationship multiplied by a mathematical scalar. This has significance in the relationship of a worldline to its 4-Velocity and observed 3-Velocity, as well as in understanding the divergence between energy and momentum as invariant mass increases. Spacetime may be depicted by taking the time dimension within four-dimensional spacetime and rotating it until it becomes embedded as a line segment (or ring) within the three spatial dimensions. This allows velocity and momentum to be determined based upon a linear subtraction of physical entities multiplied by a mathematical scalar (X). We will provide evidence supporting the mathematical and physical significance of this scaling factor along with the benefits of ISM theory. This model provides a physical explanation of the metric expansion of space and defines the initial singularity present at the earliest moment of the universe. ISM theory addresses many of the current challenges in physics and makes predictions that are testable with technologies currently in place.