Isoscaling, SMM and the symmetry energy: connecting the dots

ORAL

Abstract

Nuclear symmetry energy plays a central role in both nuclear physics and astrophysics and is currently a topic of significant theoretical and experimental studies. Several observables in heavy ion collisions are known to be affected by the symmetry energy (Esym), but quantitative information is difficult to extract, due to secondary decay of excited primary fragments, which can distort signatures contained in primary fragment observables. The Statistical Multifragmentation Model (SMM) has been widely used for interpreting experimental data on multiple fragment production in different nuclear reactions and to extract information on the symmetry energy starting from secondary fragments. Isoscaling has been observed for the secondary fragments from $^{78,86}$Kr+$^{58,64}$Ni at $35$AMeV reactions, collected with NIMROD. A comparison to models is now needed to constrain Esym. In this contribution we will analyze SMM, paying special attention to the effects of the secondary de-excitation on the value of observables which can be extracted from experimental data and their correlation with input symmetry energy value in the model. Among the observables we will focus on the isoscaling parameter to figure out how the symmetry energy values, which can be extracted from it for both hot and cold fragments, are related.

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Authors

  • P. Marini

    Texas A\&M University

  • Antony Valentini

    CITA, MIT, Caltech/JPL, Academia Sinica, Dong Hwa Univ., Soochow Univ., Nanticoke High School, UT, Maverick Systems Corp., RIS Corp., LSU, Shimadzu Corp., UNIRIB, ORAU/ORISE, Physics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge Associated Universities, Los Alamos National Laboratory, University of South Dakota, RIKEN BNL Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Brown University, University of Maryland, Jet Propulsion Laboratory - California Institute of Technology, Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Tech, University of Rochester, University of Idaho, Texas A\&M University, Universit\'e Paris Diderot-Paris 7, Washington University in St. Louis, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, University of California, Berkeley, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Rockwell Collins Inc., Northwestern University, N IST, Indiana Unviersity, Harvard University, University of Notre Dame, Fachbereich Theoretische Physik, Institut fur Physik, Karl-Franzens-Universitat Graz, Austria, Instituto de Estructura de la Materia, CSIC, Spain, Physics Department, University of Wisconsin-Barron, Orion Foundation, Physics Dept, University of West Florida, Pensacola, Florida, 32514, TUNL, Duke University, James Madison University, University of New Mexico, Photonics CoE, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID 83209, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, Argonne National Laboratory, University of Washington, National Institute of Standards and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology (and West Virginia University), NRAO, University of Florida, LLNL / NPS, LLNL, UC Berkeley, LLNL/NPS, Univerity of Washington, CNRS-IN2P3, Marseille, FR, CERN and King's College, London UK, Brookhaven National Laboratory, ICTP, Trieste, IT, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Princeton University, North Carolina Central U. (NCCU), Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory (TUNL), University of California, Riverside, NSCL/MSU, Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory, Duke University, University of North Carolina, Duke University, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory, KVI Groningen, APS Director of Public Affairs, Perimeter Institute, Caltech, Rutgers, U. Tenn., ORNL, Stanford School of Medicine, Radiation Oncology and Molecular Imaging Program, Stanford Applied Physics Department, Stanford School of Medicine, Radiation Oncology, Boston University, BNL, Rutgers University, Purdue University, Penn. State University, UCSD, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, University of Richmond, University of Massachusetts-Lowell, Mississippi State University, University of Tennessee, Argonne National Lab, Florida State University, US Naval Academy, ANL, Univ. of Maryland, Univ. of Massachusetts (Lowell), Univ. of Tennessee, Univ. of Manchester, UK, NBI, Danmark, Mississippi State Univ., Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, UGC-DAE Consortium for Science Research, Kolkata, India, Department of Physics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, San Jose State University, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, University of Chicago, Fermilab, Program Director, US LHC Accelerator Research Program (LARP), Montana State University, Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, School of Mathematics, University of Southampton, CCT, Louisiana State University, CSIC-IEEC Barcelona, TAPIR, California Institute of Technology, University of Texas at Brownsville, Royal Military College of Canada, California State University, Sacramento, Norfolk State University, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Utah State University, Executive Producer \& Co-Creator of The Big Bang Theory, University of California, Los Angeles, Cyclotron Institute, Texas A\&M University, Hope College, NSCL, Augustana College, Clemson University

  • Antony Valentini

    CITA, MIT, Caltech/JPL, Academia Sinica, Dong Hwa Univ., Soochow Univ., Nanticoke High School, UT, Maverick Systems Corp., RIS Corp., LSU, Shimadzu Corp., UNIRIB, ORAU/ORISE, Physics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge Associated Universities, Los Alamos National Laboratory, University of South Dakota, RIKEN BNL Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Brown University, University of Maryland, Jet Propulsion Laboratory - California Institute of Technology, Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Tech, University of Rochester, University of Idaho, Texas A\&M University, Universit\'e Paris Diderot-Paris 7, Washington University in St. Louis, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, University of California, Berkeley, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Rockwell Collins Inc., Northwestern University, N IST, Indiana Unviersity, Harvard University, University of Notre Dame, Fachbereich Theoretische Physik, Institut fur Physik, Karl-Franzens-Universitat Graz, Austria, Instituto de Estructura de la Materia, CSIC, Spain, Physics Department, University of Wisconsin-Barron, Orion Foundation, Physics Dept, University of West Florida, Pensacola, Florida, 32514, TUNL, Duke University, James Madison University, University of New Mexico, Photonics CoE, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID 83209, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, Argonne National Laboratory, University of Washington, National Institute of Standards and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology (and West Virginia University), NRAO, University of Florida, LLNL / NPS, LLNL, UC Berkeley, LLNL/NPS, Univerity of Washington, CNRS-IN2P3, Marseille, FR, CERN and King's College, London UK, Brookhaven National Laboratory, ICTP, Trieste, IT, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Princeton University, North Carolina Central U. (NCCU), Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory (TUNL), University of California, Riverside, NSCL/MSU, Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory, Duke University, University of North Carolina, Duke University, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory, KVI Groningen, APS Director of Public Affairs, Perimeter Institute, Caltech, Rutgers, U. Tenn., ORNL, Stanford School of Medicine, Radiation Oncology and Molecular Imaging Program, Stanford Applied Physics Department, Stanford School of Medicine, Radiation Oncology, Boston University, BNL, Rutgers University, Purdue University, Penn. State University, UCSD, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, University of Richmond, University of Massachusetts-Lowell, Mississippi State University, University of Tennessee, Argonne National Lab, Florida State University, US Naval Academy, ANL, Univ. of Maryland, Univ. of Massachusetts (Lowell), Univ. of Tennessee, Univ. of Manchester, UK, NBI, Danmark, Mississippi State Univ., Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, UGC-DAE Consortium for Science Research, Kolkata, India, Department of Physics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, San Jose State University, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, University of Chicago, Fermilab, Program Director, US LHC Accelerator Research Program (LARP), Montana State University, Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, School of Mathematics, University of Southampton, CCT, Louisiana State University, CSIC-IEEC Barcelona, TAPIR, California Institute of Technology, University of Texas at Brownsville, Royal Military College of Canada, California State University, Sacramento, Norfolk State University, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Utah State University, Executive Producer \& Co-Creator of The Big Bang Theory, University of California, Los Angeles, Cyclotron Institute, Texas A\&M University, Hope College, NSCL, Augustana College, Clemson University

  • Antony Valentini

    CITA, MIT, Caltech/JPL, Academia Sinica, Dong Hwa Univ., Soochow Univ., Nanticoke High School, UT, Maverick Systems Corp., RIS Corp., LSU, Shimadzu Corp., UNIRIB, ORAU/ORISE, Physics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge Associated Universities, Los Alamos National Laboratory, University of South Dakota, RIKEN BNL Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Brown University, University of Maryland, Jet Propulsion Laboratory - California Institute of Technology, Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Tech, University of Rochester, University of Idaho, Texas A\&M University, Universit\'e Paris Diderot-Paris 7, Washington University in St. Louis, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, University of California, Berkeley, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Rockwell Collins Inc., Northwestern University, N IST, Indiana Unviersity, Harvard University, University of Notre Dame, Fachbereich Theoretische Physik, Institut fur Physik, Karl-Franzens-Universitat Graz, Austria, Instituto de Estructura de la Materia, CSIC, Spain, Physics Department, University of Wisconsin-Barron, Orion Foundation, Physics Dept, University of West Florida, Pensacola, Florida, 32514, TUNL, Duke University, James Madison University, University of New Mexico, Photonics CoE, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID 83209, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, Argonne National Laboratory, University of Washington, National Institute of Standards and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology (and West Virginia University), NRAO, University of Florida, LLNL / NPS, LLNL, UC Berkeley, LLNL/NPS, Univerity of Washington, CNRS-IN2P3, Marseille, FR, CERN and King's College, London UK, Brookhaven National Laboratory, ICTP, Trieste, IT, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Princeton University, North Carolina Central U. (NCCU), Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory (TUNL), University of California, Riverside, NSCL/MSU, Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory, Duke University, University of North Carolina, Duke University, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory, KVI Groningen, APS Director of Public Affairs, Perimeter Institute, Caltech, Rutgers, U. Tenn., ORNL, Stanford School of Medicine, Radiation Oncology and Molecular Imaging Program, Stanford Applied Physics Department, Stanford School of Medicine, Radiation Oncology, Boston University, BNL, Rutgers University, Purdue University, Penn. State University, UCSD, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, University of Richmond, University of Massachusetts-Lowell, Mississippi State University, University of Tennessee, Argonne National Lab, Florida State University, US Naval Academy, ANL, Univ. of Maryland, Univ. of Massachusetts (Lowell), Univ. of Tennessee, Univ. of Manchester, UK, NBI, Danmark, Mississippi State Univ., Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, UGC-DAE Consortium for Science Research, Kolkata, India, Department of Physics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, San Jose State University, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, University of Chicago, Fermilab, Program Director, US LHC Accelerator Research Program (LARP), Montana State University, Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, School of Mathematics, University of Southampton, CCT, Louisiana State University, CSIC-IEEC Barcelona, TAPIR, California Institute of Technology, University of Texas at Brownsville, Royal Military College of Canada, California State University, Sacramento, Norfolk State University, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Utah State University, Executive Producer \& Co-Creator of The Big Bang Theory, University of California, Los Angeles, Cyclotron Institute, Texas A\&M University, Hope College, NSCL, Augustana College, Clemson University

  • Antony Valentini

    CITA, MIT, Caltech/JPL, Academia Sinica, Dong Hwa Univ., Soochow Univ., Nanticoke High School, UT, Maverick Systems Corp., RIS Corp., LSU, Shimadzu Corp., UNIRIB, ORAU/ORISE, Physics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge Associated Universities, Los Alamos National Laboratory, University of South Dakota, RIKEN BNL Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Brown University, University of Maryland, Jet Propulsion Laboratory - California Institute of Technology, Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Tech, University of Rochester, University of Idaho, Texas A\&M University, Universit\'e Paris Diderot-Paris 7, Washington University in St. Louis, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, University of California, Berkeley, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Rockwell Collins Inc., Northwestern University, N IST, Indiana Unviersity, Harvard University, University of Notre Dame, Fachbereich Theoretische Physik, Institut fur Physik, Karl-Franzens-Universitat Graz, Austria, Instituto de Estructura de la Materia, CSIC, Spain, Physics Department, University of Wisconsin-Barron, Orion Foundation, Physics Dept, University of West Florida, Pensacola, Florida, 32514, TUNL, Duke University, James Madison University, University of New Mexico, Photonics CoE, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID 83209, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, Argonne National Laboratory, University of Washington, National Institute of Standards and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology (and West Virginia University), NRAO, University of Florida, LLNL / NPS, LLNL, UC Berkeley, LLNL/NPS, Univerity of Washington, CNRS-IN2P3, Marseille, FR, CERN and King's College, London UK, Brookhaven National Laboratory, ICTP, Trieste, IT, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Princeton University, North Carolina Central U. (NCCU), Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory (TUNL), University of California, Riverside, NSCL/MSU, Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory, Duke University, University of North Carolina, Duke University, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory, KVI Groningen, APS Director of Public Affairs, Perimeter Institute, Caltech, Rutgers, U. Tenn., ORNL, Stanford School of Medicine, Radiation Oncology and Molecular Imaging Program, Stanford Applied Physics Department, Stanford School of Medicine, Radiation Oncology, Boston University, BNL, Rutgers University, Purdue University, Penn. State University, UCSD, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, University of Richmond, University of Massachusetts-Lowell, Mississippi State University, University of Tennessee, Argonne National Lab, Florida State University, US Naval Academy, ANL, Univ. of Maryland, Univ. of Massachusetts (Lowell), Univ. of Tennessee, Univ. of Manchester, UK, NBI, Danmark, Mississippi State Univ., Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, UGC-DAE Consortium for Science Research, Kolkata, India, Department of Physics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, San Jose State University, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, University of Chicago, Fermilab, Program Director, US LHC Accelerator Research Program (LARP), Montana State University, Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, School of Mathematics, University of Southampton, CCT, Louisiana State University, CSIC-IEEC Barcelona, TAPIR, California Institute of Technology, University of Texas at Brownsville, Royal Military College of Canada, California State University, Sacramento, Norfolk State University, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Utah State University, Executive Producer \& Co-Creator of The Big Bang Theory, University of California, Los Angeles, Cyclotron Institute, Texas A\&M University, Hope College, NSCL, Augustana College, Clemson University

  • Antony Valentini

    CITA, MIT, Caltech/JPL, Academia Sinica, Dong Hwa Univ., Soochow Univ., Nanticoke High School, UT, Maverick Systems Corp., RIS Corp., LSU, Shimadzu Corp., UNIRIB, ORAU/ORISE, Physics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge Associated Universities, Los Alamos National Laboratory, University of South Dakota, RIKEN BNL Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Brown University, University of Maryland, Jet Propulsion Laboratory - California Institute of Technology, Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Tech, University of Rochester, University of Idaho, Texas A\&M University, Universit\'e Paris Diderot-Paris 7, Washington University in St. Louis, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, University of California, Berkeley, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Rockwell Collins Inc., Northwestern University, N IST, Indiana Unviersity, Harvard University, University of Notre Dame, Fachbereich Theoretische Physik, Institut fur Physik, Karl-Franzens-Universitat Graz, Austria, Instituto de Estructura de la Materia, CSIC, Spain, Physics Department, University of Wisconsin-Barron, Orion Foundation, Physics Dept, University of West Florida, Pensacola, Florida, 32514, TUNL, Duke University, James Madison University, University of New Mexico, Photonics CoE, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID 83209, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, Argonne National Laboratory, University of Washington, National Institute of Standards and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology (and West Virginia University), NRAO, University of Florida, LLNL / NPS, LLNL, UC Berkeley, LLNL/NPS, Univerity of Washington, CNRS-IN2P3, Marseille, FR, CERN and King's College, London UK, Brookhaven National Laboratory, ICTP, Trieste, IT, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Princeton University, North Carolina Central U. (NCCU), Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory (TUNL), University of California, Riverside, NSCL/MSU, Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory, Duke University, University of North Carolina, Duke University, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory, KVI Groningen, APS Director of Public Affairs, Perimeter Institute, Caltech, Rutgers, U. Tenn., ORNL, Stanford School of Medicine, Radiation Oncology and Molecular Imaging Program, Stanford Applied Physics Department, Stanford School of Medicine, Radiation Oncology, Boston University, BNL, Rutgers University, Purdue University, Penn. State University, UCSD, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, University of Richmond, University of Massachusetts-Lowell, Mississippi State University, University of Tennessee, Argonne National Lab, Florida State University, US Naval Academy, ANL, Univ. of Maryland, Univ. of Massachusetts (Lowell), Univ. of Tennessee, Univ. of Manchester, UK, NBI, Danmark, Mississippi State Univ., Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, UGC-DAE Consortium for Science Research, Kolkata, India, Department of Physics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, San Jose State University, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, University of Chicago, Fermilab, Program Director, US LHC Accelerator Research Program (LARP), Montana State University, Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, School of Mathematics, University of Southampton, CCT, Louisiana State University, CSIC-IEEC Barcelona, TAPIR, California Institute of Technology, University of Texas at Brownsville, Royal Military College of Canada, California State University, Sacramento, Norfolk State University, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Utah State University, Executive Producer \& Co-Creator of The Big Bang Theory, University of California, Los Angeles, Cyclotron Institute, Texas A\&M University, Hope College, NSCL, Augustana College, Clemson University

  • Antony Valentini

    CITA, MIT, Caltech/JPL, Academia Sinica, Dong Hwa Univ., Soochow Univ., Nanticoke High School, UT, Maverick Systems Corp., RIS Corp., LSU, Shimadzu Corp., UNIRIB, ORAU/ORISE, Physics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge Associated Universities, Los Alamos National Laboratory, University of South Dakota, RIKEN BNL Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Brown University, University of Maryland, Jet Propulsion Laboratory - California Institute of Technology, Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Tech, University of Rochester, University of Idaho, Texas A\&M University, Universit\'e Paris Diderot-Paris 7, Washington University in St. Louis, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, University of California, Berkeley, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Rockwell Collins Inc., Northwestern University, N IST, Indiana Unviersity, Harvard University, University of Notre Dame, Fachbereich Theoretische Physik, Institut fur Physik, Karl-Franzens-Universitat Graz, Austria, Instituto de Estructura de la Materia, CSIC, Spain, Physics Department, University of Wisconsin-Barron, Orion Foundation, Physics Dept, University of West Florida, Pensacola, Florida, 32514, TUNL, Duke University, James Madison University, University of New Mexico, Photonics CoE, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID 83209, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, Argonne National Laboratory, University of Washington, National Institute of Standards and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology (and West Virginia University), NRAO, University of Florida, LLNL / NPS, LLNL, UC Berkeley, LLNL/NPS, Univerity of Washington, CNRS-IN2P3, Marseille, FR, CERN and King's College, London UK, Brookhaven National Laboratory, ICTP, Trieste, IT, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Princeton University, North Carolina Central U. (NCCU), Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory (TUNL), University of California, Riverside, NSCL/MSU, Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory, Duke University, University of North Carolina, Duke University, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory, KVI Groningen, APS Director of Public Affairs, Perimeter Institute, Caltech, Rutgers, U. Tenn., ORNL, Stanford School of Medicine, Radiation Oncology and Molecular Imaging Program, Stanford Applied Physics Department, Stanford School of Medicine, Radiation Oncology, Boston University, BNL, Rutgers University, Purdue University, Penn. State University, UCSD, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, University of Richmond, University of Massachusetts-Lowell, Mississippi State University, University of Tennessee, Argonne National Lab, Florida State University, US Naval Academy, ANL, Univ. of Maryland, Univ. of Massachusetts (Lowell), Univ. of Tennessee, Univ. of Manchester, UK, NBI, Danmark, Mississippi State Univ., Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, UGC-DAE Consortium for Science Research, Kolkata, India, Department of Physics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, San Jose State University, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, University of Chicago, Fermilab, Program Director, US LHC Accelerator Research Program (LARP), Montana State University, Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, School of Mathematics, University of Southampton, CCT, Louisiana State University, CSIC-IEEC Barcelona, TAPIR, California Institute of Technology, University of Texas at Brownsville, Royal Military College of Canada, California State University, Sacramento, Norfolk State University, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Utah State University, Executive Producer \& Co-Creator of The Big Bang Theory, University of California, Los Angeles, Cyclotron Institute, Texas A\&M University, Hope College, NSCL, Augustana College, Clemson University

  • Antony Valentini

    CITA, MIT, Caltech/JPL, Academia Sinica, Dong Hwa Univ., Soochow Univ., Nanticoke High School, UT, Maverick Systems Corp., RIS Corp., LSU, Shimadzu Corp., UNIRIB, ORAU/ORISE, Physics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge Associated Universities, Los Alamos National Laboratory, University of South Dakota, RIKEN BNL Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Brown University, University of Maryland, Jet Propulsion Laboratory - California Institute of Technology, Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Tech, University of Rochester, University of Idaho, Texas A\&M University, Universit\'e Paris Diderot-Paris 7, Washington University in St. Louis, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, University of California, Berkeley, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Rockwell Collins Inc., Northwestern University, N IST, Indiana Unviersity, Harvard University, University of Notre Dame, Fachbereich Theoretische Physik, Institut fur Physik, Karl-Franzens-Universitat Graz, Austria, Instituto de Estructura de la Materia, CSIC, Spain, Physics Department, University of Wisconsin-Barron, Orion Foundation, Physics Dept, University of West Florida, Pensacola, Florida, 32514, TUNL, Duke University, James Madison University, University of New Mexico, Photonics CoE, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID 83209, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, Argonne National Laboratory, University of Washington, National Institute of Standards and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology (and West Virginia University), NRAO, University of Florida, LLNL / NPS, LLNL, UC Berkeley, LLNL/NPS, Univerity of Washington, CNRS-IN2P3, Marseille, FR, CERN and King's College, London UK, Brookhaven National Laboratory, ICTP, Trieste, IT, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Princeton University, North Carolina Central U. (NCCU), Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory (TUNL), University of California, Riverside, NSCL/MSU, Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory, Duke University, University of North Carolina, Duke University, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory, KVI Groningen, APS Director of Public Affairs, Perimeter Institute, Caltech, Rutgers, U. Tenn., ORNL, Stanford School of Medicine, Radiation Oncology and Molecular Imaging Program, Stanford Applied Physics Department, Stanford School of Medicine, Radiation Oncology, Boston University, BNL, Rutgers University, Purdue University, Penn. State University, UCSD, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, University of Richmond, University of Massachusetts-Lowell, Mississippi State University, University of Tennessee, Argonne National Lab, Florida State University, US Naval Academy, ANL, Univ. of Maryland, Univ. of Massachusetts (Lowell), Univ. of Tennessee, Univ. of Manchester, UK, NBI, Danmark, Mississippi State Univ., Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, UGC-DAE Consortium for Science Research, Kolkata, India, Department of Physics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, San Jose State University, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, University of Chicago, Fermilab, Program Director, US LHC Accelerator Research Program (LARP), Montana State University, Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, School of Mathematics, University of Southampton, CCT, Louisiana State University, CSIC-IEEC Barcelona, TAPIR, California Institute of Technology, University of Texas at Brownsville, Royal Military College of Canada, California State University, Sacramento, Norfolk State University, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Utah State University, Executive Producer \& Co-Creator of The Big Bang Theory, University of California, Los Angeles, Cyclotron Institute, Texas A\&M University, Hope College, NSCL, Augustana College, Clemson University