T-T Neutron Spectrum from Inertial Confinement Implosions

ORAL

Abstract

Measurements of the T($t,$2$n)\alpha $ fusion reaction (TT) have been conducted using high-purity ($\sim$99 percent) tritium, gas-filled glass capsules in inertial confinement fusion implosions. In these experiments, which were conducted at both the NIF and the OMEGA laser facilities, spectral measurements of the TT neutrons were carried out using two well-established instruments: the neutron-time-of-flight (nTOF) and the magnet-based Magnetic Recoil Spectrometer (MRS). The resolutions of these systems were improved significantly for the nTOF facility by using a crystal with much faster decay time and for the MRS by using a thinner, more uniform CD$_{2}$ recoil foil. At OMEGA, charged particle energy spectra were also measured using a magnetic charged particle spectrometer and the Thompson Parabola Ion Energy spectrometer. These measurements at reactant central-mass energies in the range of 10-30 keV can be used to study the TT reaction mechanism near astrophysical energies. This work was reported at the 2013 APS April meeting, where we used basic R-matrix line shapes. Since then we have updated and improved the fitting method by including the proper quantum interferences from fermion symmetry and decay channels [1]. The implications of these effects on our understanding of the spectrum also will be discussed. \\[4pt] [1] D. B. Sayre \textit{et al}., Phys. Rev. Lett. 111, 052501 (2013).

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Authors

  • Joseph Caggiano

    Lawrence Livermore National Lab

  • Daniel Sayre

    LLNL

  • Kenneth Chong

    Rusthermosynthesis, University of Florida, University of Maryland, Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory and University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory and Duke University, (Technische Universit at Munchen, Germany), Iowa State University, Lomonosov Moscow State University, California Institute of Technology, University of Iowa, U. Kansas, UC Santa Cruz, Monash University, Jagiellonian University, Technical University of Munich, Germany, Missississippi State University, Mississippi State University, Penn State University, Institute for Nuclear Research, Moscow, Brookhaven National Laboratory, CEO Greyfast LLC AND CTO Alchemy Logic Systems, Mumbai, India, Alchemy Logic Systems, Santa Rosa CA, University of St. Thomas, Sandia National Lab, Sandia National Labs, Ohio State University, Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, APC, Universite Paris Diderot-Paris 7 (France), CEA, Centre de Saclay (France), CEA, Centre de Saclay (France) and Laboratoire d'Astrophysique, \'Ecole Polytechnique F\'ed\'erale de Lausanne (EPFL, Switzerland), Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, University of Texas at Arlington, University of Birmingham, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics, Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Nikhef, Retired, Dept. of Physics and Astron., UCLA, Univ of Nevada - Reno, Colorado State Univ, Los Alamos National Lab, Addis Ababa University, State Agency on Nuclear and Radiological Activity Regulation, Ministry of Emergency Situations, N.Rafiyev 26, Baku, Azerbaijan, The National Aviation Academy of Azerbaijan, Baku, Azerbaijan, Physics Department, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Sakarya University, 54187, Sakarya, Turkey, Rochester Institute of Technology, United States Air Force Academy, Michigan State University, The American Physical Society, West Virginia University, University of Cambridge, Syracuse University, Univ of Maryland-College Park, Brown Univeristy, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Caltech, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and TUNL, Duke University and Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory (TUNL), University of Texas at Brownsville, Edinburgh University, Uppsala University, Niels Bohr Institute, CERN, Texas A\&M University, Fermilab, University of Oslo, Department of Physics, University of Arizona, University of North Georgia, Georgia College \& State University, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Rutgers, University of Kentucky, University of Richmond, Rutgers University, Richmond, St. Mary's, ORAU, Texas A$\&$M, LLNL, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics / SAO, Humboldt State University, Cornell University, Department of Physics, Florida Atlantic University, Theoretisch-Physikalisches Institut, Friedrich-Schiller-Universit{\"a}t Jena, School of Mathematics, University of Southampton, University of Jena, Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics, Institut fuer Theoretische Physik, Frankfurt, Princeton University, National Autonomous University of Mexico Department of Physics, University of Texas at El Paso Department of Physics, The University of Western Australia, Humboldt University of Berlin, Yale, Muons Inc, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, Christopher Newport University, Jefferson Lab, Brigham Young University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Indiana University, Argonne National Laboratory, National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Michigan State University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ursinus College, Department of Physics, Florida State University, CMU, LBL, GANIL, NSCL, FSU, Stanford University, University of Utah, University of Wyoming, Presidency University, Kolkata, Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, Jefferson National Labs, Department of Physics, Hartwick College, Oneonta NY 13820, Lousiana State University, Washington State University, California State University, Fullerton, Univ of Florida - Gainesville, APS Director of Public Affairs, Instituto de Astronomia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Department of Physics and Institute of Theoretical Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China, Universidad de Guanajuato, University of Maryland at Baltimore, Duke University Department of Biology, Duke University and TUNL, Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory, Oak Ridge National Laboratory/University of Tennessee, Tennessee Technological University, University of Tennessee, Louisiana State University, University of Notre Dame, Westmont, Hope, TTU, Wisconsin LaCrosse, Col. Sch. of Mines, Concordia, Wabash, US Air Force, ORNL, Notre Dame \& ORNL, MSU/NSCL, UTK, ORTEC, IAEA, MSU/NSCL/JINA, LSU, ND, CSM, ORNL/UTK, MSU, NSCL, JINA, WMU, NSCL, UND, MSU, NSCL, University of Notre Dame, JINA, None, JINA, NSCL, WMU, JINA, The University of Edinburgh, WMU, Western Michigan University, ORNL \& University of Tennessee, ORNL \& SKU, ORNL \& Notre Dame, University of Tennessee \& Michigan State University, Tennessee Tech University, University of California, Davis, Theoretical Astrophysics 350-17, California Institute of Technology, Canadian Insititute for Theoretical Astrophysics, Center for Radiophysics and Space Research, Cornell University, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, University of Toronto, Argonne Natl Lab, University of Chicago, TAMU, Richmond University, LANL, St. Mary's University, CIERA/Northwestern University, Montana State University, Cal Inst of Tech (Caltech), University of Maryland, Cal Inst of Tech (Caltech), Kennesaw State University, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Santa Clara University, Stanford Univ, SLAC National Accelerator Facility, Santa Clara University, Stanford University, SLAC Notional Accelerator Laboratory, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, University of Minnesota, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Washington University in St. Louis, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Caltech, Pasadena, CA 91109, NASA/GSFC, Greenbelt, MD 20771, Caltech, Pasadena, CA 91125, Department of Physics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Toronto, Indiana Univ - Bloomington, Indiana University Bloomington/Center for Exploration of Energy and Matter, LNS at Avery Point, TUNL, University of North Florida, Florida State University, National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Colorado School of Mines, Purdue University, Appalachian State University, CNA Insurance, Millikin University, National Science Foundation, AIP / Society of Physics Students, American Institute of Physics, Laboratory of Laser Energetics at the University of Rochester, State University of New York at Geneseo, Valdosta State Univ, UMD, The University of Chicago, Princeton, American Institute of Physics - Statistical Research Center, Universidad Ncl. Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM), Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon (UANL), CUNY Brooklyn College, Brooklyn, NY 11210, University of Calgary, University of Manitoba, University of Amsterdam, REU student, University of Denver, University Indiana (Bloomington), MIT, Ohio University, Ritsumeikan University, New Mexico Tech, University of California San Diego

  • Kenneth Chong

    Rusthermosynthesis, University of Florida, University of Maryland, Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory and University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory and Duke University, (Technische Universit at Munchen, Germany), Iowa State University, Lomonosov Moscow State University, California Institute of Technology, University of Iowa, U. Kansas, UC Santa Cruz, Monash University, Jagiellonian University, Technical University of Munich, Germany, Missississippi State University, Mississippi State University, Penn State University, Institute for Nuclear Research, Moscow, Brookhaven National Laboratory, CEO Greyfast LLC AND CTO Alchemy Logic Systems, Mumbai, India, Alchemy Logic Systems, Santa Rosa CA, University of St. Thomas, Sandia National Lab, Sandia National Labs, Ohio State University, Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, APC, Universite Paris Diderot-Paris 7 (France), CEA, Centre de Saclay (France), CEA, Centre de Saclay (France) and Laboratoire d'Astrophysique, \'Ecole Polytechnique F\'ed\'erale de Lausanne (EPFL, Switzerland), Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, University of Texas at Arlington, University of Birmingham, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics, Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Nikhef, Retired, Dept. of Physics and Astron., UCLA, Univ of Nevada - Reno, Colorado State Univ, Los Alamos National Lab, Addis Ababa University, State Agency on Nuclear and Radiological Activity Regulation, Ministry of Emergency Situations, N.Rafiyev 26, Baku, Azerbaijan, The National Aviation Academy of Azerbaijan, Baku, Azerbaijan, Physics Department, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Sakarya University, 54187, Sakarya, Turkey, Rochester Institute of Technology, United States Air Force Academy, Michigan State University, The American Physical Society, West Virginia University, University of Cambridge, Syracuse University, Univ of Maryland-College Park, Brown Univeristy, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Caltech, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and TUNL, Duke University and Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory (TUNL), University of Texas at Brownsville, Edinburgh University, Uppsala University, Niels Bohr Institute, CERN, Texas A\&M University, Fermilab, University of Oslo, Department of Physics, University of Arizona, University of North Georgia, Georgia College \& State University, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Rutgers, University of Kentucky, University of Richmond, Rutgers University, Richmond, St. Mary's, ORAU, Texas A$\&$M, LLNL, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics / SAO, Humboldt State University, Cornell University, Department of Physics, Florida Atlantic University, Theoretisch-Physikalisches Institut, Friedrich-Schiller-Universit{\"a}t Jena, School of Mathematics, University of Southampton, University of Jena, Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics, Institut fuer Theoretische Physik, Frankfurt, Princeton University, National Autonomous University of Mexico Department of Physics, University of Texas at El Paso Department of Physics, The University of Western Australia, Humboldt University of Berlin, Yale, Muons Inc, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, Christopher Newport University, Jefferson Lab, Brigham Young University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Indiana University, Argonne National Laboratory, National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Michigan State University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ursinus College, Department of Physics, Florida State University, CMU, LBL, GANIL, NSCL, FSU, Stanford University, University of Utah, University of Wyoming, Presidency University, Kolkata, Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, Jefferson National Labs, Department of Physics, Hartwick College, Oneonta NY 13820, Lousiana State University, Washington State University, California State University, Fullerton, Univ of Florida - Gainesville, APS Director of Public Affairs, Instituto de Astronomia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Department of Physics and Institute of Theoretical Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China, Universidad de Guanajuato, University of Maryland at Baltimore, Duke University Department of Biology, Duke University and TUNL, Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory, Oak Ridge National Laboratory/University of Tennessee, Tennessee Technological University, University of Tennessee, Louisiana State University, University of Notre Dame, Westmont, Hope, TTU, Wisconsin LaCrosse, Col. Sch. of Mines, Concordia, Wabash, US Air Force, ORNL, Notre Dame \& ORNL, MSU/NSCL, UTK, ORTEC, IAEA, MSU/NSCL/JINA, LSU, ND, CSM, ORNL/UTK, MSU, NSCL, JINA, WMU, NSCL, UND, MSU, NSCL, University of Notre Dame, JINA, None, JINA, NSCL, WMU, JINA, The University of Edinburgh, WMU, Western Michigan University, ORNL \& University of Tennessee, ORNL \& SKU, ORNL \& Notre Dame, University of Tennessee \& Michigan State University, Tennessee Tech University, University of California, Davis, Theoretical Astrophysics 350-17, California Institute of Technology, Canadian Insititute for Theoretical Astrophysics, Center for Radiophysics and Space Research, Cornell University, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, University of Toronto, Argonne Natl Lab, University of Chicago, TAMU, Richmond University, LANL, St. Mary's University, CIERA/Northwestern University, Montana State University, Cal Inst of Tech (Caltech), University of Maryland, Cal Inst of Tech (Caltech), Kennesaw State University, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Santa Clara University, Stanford Univ, SLAC National Accelerator Facility, Santa Clara University, Stanford University, SLAC Notional Accelerator Laboratory, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, University of Minnesota, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Washington University in St. Louis, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Caltech, Pasadena, CA 91109, NASA/GSFC, Greenbelt, MD 20771, Caltech, Pasadena, CA 91125, Department of Physics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Toronto, Indiana Univ - Bloomington, Indiana University Bloomington/Center for Exploration of Energy and Matter, LNS at Avery Point, TUNL, University of North Florida, Florida State University, National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Colorado School of Mines, Purdue University, Appalachian State University, CNA Insurance, Millikin University, National Science Foundation, AIP / Society of Physics Students, American Institute of Physics, Laboratory of Laser Energetics at the University of Rochester, State University of New York at Geneseo, Valdosta State Univ, UMD, The University of Chicago, Princeton, American Institute of Physics - Statistical Research Center, Universidad Ncl. Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM), Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon (UANL), CUNY Brooklyn College, Brooklyn, NY 11210, University of Calgary, University of Manitoba, University of Amsterdam, REU student, University of Denver, University Indiana (Bloomington), MIT, Ohio University, Ritsumeikan University, New Mexico Tech, University of California San Diego

  • Kenneth Chong

    Rusthermosynthesis, University of Florida, University of Maryland, Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory and University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory and Duke University, (Technische Universit at Munchen, Germany), Iowa State University, Lomonosov Moscow State University, California Institute of Technology, University of Iowa, U. Kansas, UC Santa Cruz, Monash University, Jagiellonian University, Technical University of Munich, Germany, Missississippi State University, Mississippi State University, Penn State University, Institute for Nuclear Research, Moscow, Brookhaven National Laboratory, CEO Greyfast LLC AND CTO Alchemy Logic Systems, Mumbai, India, Alchemy Logic Systems, Santa Rosa CA, University of St. Thomas, Sandia National Lab, Sandia National Labs, Ohio State University, Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, APC, Universite Paris Diderot-Paris 7 (France), CEA, Centre de Saclay (France), CEA, Centre de Saclay (France) and Laboratoire d'Astrophysique, \'Ecole Polytechnique F\'ed\'erale de Lausanne (EPFL, Switzerland), Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, University of Texas at Arlington, University of Birmingham, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics, Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Nikhef, Retired, Dept. of Physics and Astron., UCLA, Univ of Nevada - Reno, Colorado State Univ, Los Alamos National Lab, Addis Ababa University, State Agency on Nuclear and Radiological Activity Regulation, Ministry of Emergency Situations, N.Rafiyev 26, Baku, Azerbaijan, The National Aviation Academy of Azerbaijan, Baku, Azerbaijan, Physics Department, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Sakarya University, 54187, Sakarya, Turkey, Rochester Institute of Technology, United States Air Force Academy, Michigan State University, The American Physical Society, West Virginia University, University of Cambridge, Syracuse University, Univ of Maryland-College Park, Brown Univeristy, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Caltech, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and TUNL, Duke University and Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory (TUNL), University of Texas at Brownsville, Edinburgh University, Uppsala University, Niels Bohr Institute, CERN, Texas A\&M University, Fermilab, University of Oslo, Department of Physics, University of Arizona, University of North Georgia, Georgia College \& State University, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Rutgers, University of Kentucky, University of Richmond, Rutgers University, Richmond, St. Mary's, ORAU, Texas A$\&$M, LLNL, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics / SAO, Humboldt State University, Cornell University, Department of Physics, Florida Atlantic University, Theoretisch-Physikalisches Institut, Friedrich-Schiller-Universit{\"a}t Jena, School of Mathematics, University of Southampton, University of Jena, Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics, Institut fuer Theoretische Physik, Frankfurt, Princeton University, National Autonomous University of Mexico Department of Physics, University of Texas at El Paso Department of Physics, The University of Western Australia, Humboldt University of Berlin, Yale, Muons Inc, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, Christopher Newport University, Jefferson Lab, Brigham Young University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Indiana University, Argonne National Laboratory, National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Michigan State University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ursinus College, Department of Physics, Florida State University, CMU, LBL, GANIL, NSCL, FSU, Stanford University, University of Utah, University of Wyoming, Presidency University, Kolkata, Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, Jefferson National Labs, Department of Physics, Hartwick College, Oneonta NY 13820, Lousiana State University, Washington State University, California State University, Fullerton, Univ of Florida - Gainesville, APS Director of Public Affairs, Instituto de Astronomia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Department of Physics and Institute of Theoretical Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China, Universidad de Guanajuato, University of Maryland at Baltimore, Duke University Department of Biology, Duke University and TUNL, Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory, Oak Ridge National Laboratory/University of Tennessee, Tennessee Technological University, University of Tennessee, Louisiana State University, University of Notre Dame, Westmont, Hope, TTU, Wisconsin LaCrosse, Col. Sch. of Mines, Concordia, Wabash, US Air Force, ORNL, Notre Dame \& ORNL, MSU/NSCL, UTK, ORTEC, IAEA, MSU/NSCL/JINA, LSU, ND, CSM, ORNL/UTK, MSU, NSCL, JINA, WMU, NSCL, UND, MSU, NSCL, University of Notre Dame, JINA, None, JINA, NSCL, WMU, JINA, The University of Edinburgh, WMU, Western Michigan University, ORNL \& University of Tennessee, ORNL \& SKU, ORNL \& Notre Dame, University of Tennessee \& Michigan State University, Tennessee Tech University, University of California, Davis, Theoretical Astrophysics 350-17, California Institute of Technology, Canadian Insititute for Theoretical Astrophysics, Center for Radiophysics and Space Research, Cornell University, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, University of Toronto, Argonne Natl Lab, University of Chicago, TAMU, Richmond University, LANL, St. Mary's University, CIERA/Northwestern University, Montana State University, Cal Inst of Tech (Caltech), University of Maryland, Cal Inst of Tech (Caltech), Kennesaw State University, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Santa Clara University, Stanford Univ, SLAC National Accelerator Facility, Santa Clara University, Stanford University, SLAC Notional Accelerator Laboratory, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, University of Minnesota, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Washington University in St. Louis, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Caltech, Pasadena, CA 91109, NASA/GSFC, Greenbelt, MD 20771, Caltech, Pasadena, CA 91125, Department of Physics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Toronto, Indiana Univ - Bloomington, Indiana University Bloomington/Center for Exploration of Energy and Matter, LNS at Avery Point, TUNL, University of North Florida, Florida State University, National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Colorado School of Mines, Purdue University, Appalachian State University, CNA Insurance, Millikin University, National Science Foundation, AIP / Society of Physics Students, American Institute of Physics, Laboratory of Laser Energetics at the University of Rochester, State University of New York at Geneseo, Valdosta State Univ, UMD, The University of Chicago, Princeton, American Institute of Physics - Statistical Research Center, Universidad Ncl. Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM), Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon (UANL), CUNY Brooklyn College, Brooklyn, NY 11210, University of Calgary, University of Manitoba, University of Amsterdam, REU student, University of Denver, University Indiana (Bloomington), MIT, Ohio University, Ritsumeikan University, New Mexico Tech, University of California San Diego

  • Kenneth Chong

    Rusthermosynthesis, University of Florida, University of Maryland, Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory and University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory and Duke University, (Technische Universit at Munchen, Germany), Iowa State University, Lomonosov Moscow State University, California Institute of Technology, University of Iowa, U. Kansas, UC Santa Cruz, Monash University, Jagiellonian University, Technical University of Munich, Germany, Missississippi State University, Mississippi State University, Penn State University, Institute for Nuclear Research, Moscow, Brookhaven National Laboratory, CEO Greyfast LLC AND CTO Alchemy Logic Systems, Mumbai, India, Alchemy Logic Systems, Santa Rosa CA, University of St. Thomas, Sandia National Lab, Sandia National Labs, Ohio State University, Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, APC, Universite Paris Diderot-Paris 7 (France), CEA, Centre de Saclay (France), CEA, Centre de Saclay (France) and Laboratoire d'Astrophysique, \'Ecole Polytechnique F\'ed\'erale de Lausanne (EPFL, Switzerland), Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, University of Texas at Arlington, University of Birmingham, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics, Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Nikhef, Retired, Dept. of Physics and Astron., UCLA, Univ of Nevada - Reno, Colorado State Univ, Los Alamos National Lab, Addis Ababa University, State Agency on Nuclear and Radiological Activity Regulation, Ministry of Emergency Situations, N.Rafiyev 26, Baku, Azerbaijan, The National Aviation Academy of Azerbaijan, Baku, Azerbaijan, Physics Department, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Sakarya University, 54187, Sakarya, Turkey, Rochester Institute of Technology, United States Air Force Academy, Michigan State University, The American Physical Society, West Virginia University, University of Cambridge, Syracuse University, Univ of Maryland-College Park, Brown Univeristy, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Caltech, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and TUNL, Duke University and Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory (TUNL), University of Texas at Brownsville, Edinburgh University, Uppsala University, Niels Bohr Institute, CERN, Texas A\&M University, Fermilab, University of Oslo, Department of Physics, University of Arizona, University of North Georgia, Georgia College \& State University, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Rutgers, University of Kentucky, University of Richmond, Rutgers University, Richmond, St. Mary's, ORAU, Texas A$\&$M, LLNL, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics / SAO, Humboldt State University, Cornell University, Department of Physics, Florida Atlantic University, Theoretisch-Physikalisches Institut, Friedrich-Schiller-Universit{\"a}t Jena, School of Mathematics, University of Southampton, University of Jena, Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics, Institut fuer Theoretische Physik, Frankfurt, Princeton University, National Autonomous University of Mexico Department of Physics, University of Texas at El Paso Department of Physics, The University of Western Australia, Humboldt University of Berlin, Yale, Muons Inc, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, Christopher Newport University, Jefferson Lab, Brigham Young University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Indiana University, Argonne National Laboratory, National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Michigan State University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ursinus College, Department of Physics, Florida State University, CMU, LBL, GANIL, NSCL, FSU, Stanford University, University of Utah, University of Wyoming, Presidency University, Kolkata, Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, Jefferson National Labs, Department of Physics, Hartwick College, Oneonta NY 13820, Lousiana State University, Washington State University, California State University, Fullerton, Univ of Florida - Gainesville, APS Director of Public Affairs, Instituto de Astronomia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Department of Physics and Institute of Theoretical Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China, Universidad de Guanajuato, University of Maryland at Baltimore, Duke University Department of Biology, Duke University and TUNL, Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory, Oak Ridge National Laboratory/University of Tennessee, Tennessee Technological University, University of Tennessee, Louisiana State University, University of Notre Dame, Westmont, Hope, TTU, Wisconsin LaCrosse, Col. Sch. of Mines, Concordia, Wabash, US Air Force, ORNL, Notre Dame \& ORNL, MSU/NSCL, UTK, ORTEC, IAEA, MSU/NSCL/JINA, LSU, ND, CSM, ORNL/UTK, MSU, NSCL, JINA, WMU, NSCL, UND, MSU, NSCL, University of Notre Dame, JINA, None, JINA, NSCL, WMU, JINA, The University of Edinburgh, WMU, Western Michigan University, ORNL \& University of Tennessee, ORNL \& SKU, ORNL \& Notre Dame, University of Tennessee \& Michigan State University, Tennessee Tech University, University of California, Davis, Theoretical Astrophysics 350-17, California Institute of Technology, Canadian Insititute for Theoretical Astrophysics, Center for Radiophysics and Space Research, Cornell University, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, University of Toronto, Argonne Natl Lab, University of Chicago, TAMU, Richmond University, LANL, St. Mary's University, CIERA/Northwestern University, Montana State University, Cal Inst of Tech (Caltech), University of Maryland, Cal Inst of Tech (Caltech), Kennesaw State University, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Santa Clara University, Stanford Univ, SLAC National Accelerator Facility, Santa Clara University, Stanford University, SLAC Notional Accelerator Laboratory, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, University of Minnesota, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Washington University in St. Louis, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Caltech, Pasadena, CA 91109, NASA/GSFC, Greenbelt, MD 20771, Caltech, Pasadena, CA 91125, Department of Physics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Toronto, Indiana Univ - Bloomington, Indiana University Bloomington/Center for Exploration of Energy and Matter, LNS at Avery Point, TUNL, University of North Florida, Florida State University, National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Colorado School of Mines, Purdue University, Appalachian State University, CNA Insurance, Millikin University, National Science Foundation, AIP / Society of Physics Students, American Institute of Physics, Laboratory of Laser Energetics at the University of Rochester, State University of New York at Geneseo, Valdosta State Univ, UMD, The University of Chicago, Princeton, American Institute of Physics - Statistical Research Center, Universidad Ncl. Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM), Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon (UANL), CUNY Brooklyn College, Brooklyn, NY 11210, University of Calgary, University of Manitoba, University of Amsterdam, REU student, University of Denver, University Indiana (Bloomington), MIT, Ohio University, Ritsumeikan University, New Mexico Tech, University of California San Diego