The pressure distribution and shear forces inside the proton from lattice QCD

The distributions of pressure and shear forces inside the proton have recently been investigated for the first time using lattice Quantum Chromodynamics (LQCD) calculations of the energy momentum tensor. I will describe the results and discuss the utility of LQCD calculations in exploring, and supplementing, the assumptions in a recent extraction of the pressure distribution in the proton from deeply virtual Compton scattering. More generally, I will discuss the status and prospects of LQCD studies of the gluon structure of hadrons and light nuclei, motivated by providing Standard Model predictions for quantities to be measured for the first time at a planned Electron-Ion Collider.