Formation, Mass Distribution, Energy Deposition, and Radio-frequency Detection of Magnetized Quark-nugget Candidate for Dark Matter

Magnetized quark nuggets (MQNs) are theoretical objects composed of approximately equal numbers of up, down, and strange quarks. Tatsumi calculates they form a ferromagnetic fluid bound by strong nuclear forces and have a surface magnetic field B$_{o}$ between 10$^{11}$ and 10$^{13}$ T in magnetars. We apply that result to a quark-nugget dark-matter candidate consistent with the Standard Model. We report the results of analytic calculations and Direct Monte Carlo Simulations that show: 1) aggregation by self-magnetic forces outruns decay by weak interaction and produces a broad mass distribution with maximum baryon number A $>>$ 10$^{27}$ in ~ 1 ms, after which they meet the requirements for dark matter, 2) MQNs interact with dense matter through a magnetopause and deposit kJ/m to many MJ/m that enables some modes of detection, and 3) they spin-up and emit electromagnetic radiation at MHz frequencies after passage through matter, which enables additional modes for detection. The results depend strongly on the value of B$_{o}$; which we treat as a parameter to guide and interpret observations.