Simultaneous Monte Carlo analysis of parton densities and fragmentation functions

ORAL

Abstract

We perform a comprehensive new Monte Carlo analysis of high-energy lepton-lepton, lepton-hadron and hadron-hadron scattering data to simultaneously determine parton distribution functions (PDFs) in the proton and parton to hadron fragmentation functions (FFs). The analysis includes all available semi-inclusive deep-inelastic scattering and single-inclusive $e^+ e^-$ annihilation data for pions, kaons and unidentified charged hadrons, which allows the flavor dependence of the fragmentation functions to be constrained. Employing a new multi-step fitting strategy and more flexible parametrizations for both PDFs and FFs, we assess the impact of different data sets on sea quark densities, and confirm the previously observed suppression of the strange quark distribution.

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Authors

  • Eric Moffat

    Old Dominion Univ/Jefferson Lab

  • James Borgardt

    Stockholm University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Wilczek Quantum Center, Arizona State University,, University of California Los Angeles, University of Birmingham, Harvard University, Tsinghua University, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne Lausanne, McWilliams Center for Cosmology at Carnegie Mellon University, CCA at the Flatiron Institute, Stony Brook University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, California Institute of Technology, Drake University, Mississippi State Univ, Facility for Rare Isotope Beams, MSU, National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, MSU, Vanderbilt University, Australian National University, Physics Department, University of Bridgeport, Bridgeport, CT 06604, Center for Theoretical Physics, Sloane Physics Laboratory, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, University of Pennsylvania, University of California, Berkeley, National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Western Michigan University, Texas A&M University, Clemson University, NASA Goddard, McGill University, Indiana University, Oak Ridge National Lab, University of Chicago, Fermilab, Tufts University, Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics, Cornell University, JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Center for Computing in Science Education & Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Cardiff University, Univ of Melbourne, University of Michigan, University of Texas, Department of Physics, Cornell University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology MIT, University of Washington Physics Education Group, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jilin University, Institut fuer Kernphysik - Forschungszentrum Juelich, Cyclotron Institute, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77840, GANIL, Indiana University Bloomington, Manhattan College, Michigan State University, Université de Genève, Sapienza Università di Roma, Flatiron Institute, Johns Hopkins University, NIKHEF ; Utrecht University, Siegen, University of Colorado Boulder, DESY, INFN Trieste and University of Trieste, INFN Turin, INFN Padua and University of Padua, UCSD, UC Berkeley and LBNL, UC Berkeley, Univ Degli Studi di Bergamo, INFN-Pavia, Univ Degli Studi Di Pavia, INFN-Pavia, Dipartimento di Fisica, Universit\`a di Firenze, and INFN, Firenze and CERN, Theory Division, Dipartimento di Fisica, Universit\`a di Pisa, and INFN, Pisa, Dipartimento di Fisica, Universit\`a Roma Tre, and INFN, Roma Tre, INFN, Pisa, Scuola Normale Superiore and INFN, Pisa, Seoul National University, Jeonbuk National University, Chungnam National University, Yeonsei University, University of Kansas, University of Seoul, Università di Milano–Bicocca, Williams College, Harvey Mudd College, University of Florida, Caltech, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, University of Tennessee; Oak Ridge National Laboratory, TRIUMF, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge National Laboratory; University of Tennessee, University of North Carolina, TRIUMF; University of British Columbia, University of Texas at Austin, Georgia Institute of Technology, Rochester Institute of Technology, University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, University D'Orleans, Northwestern University, Universite d’Orleans, University of Colorado, Boulder, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Drexel University, Kyungpook National University, Yonsei University, University of California, Irvine, Virginia Tech, Argonne National Lab, The George Washington University, Helmholtz-Institut fur Strahlen- und Kernphysik (Theorie), Universitat Bonn,, Washington University, St. Louis, Los Alamos National Lab, University of Kentucky, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Retired, University of Tennessee, University of Hawaii, North Carolina State University, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Nagoya University, University of Waterloo, University of Maryland, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Donetsk Phys Tech Inst, Euclid Techlabs, LLC, Argonne National Lab (ANL), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Stockton University, Incom, Inc., New Mexico State University, Temple University, Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, Argonne National Laboratory, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Panjab University, Chandigarh, Illinois Sate University, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Marquette Univ, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Yale University, Lowell Center for Space Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Vanderbilt University, Fisk University, University of Tennessee, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, CCA, Flatiron Inst., Center for Computational Astrophysics, Flatiron Institute, Columbia University, The Niels Bohr Institute, University of Texas - Austin, University of Wuppertal, University of Illinois, University of Houston, FUZZYICS/(SPD/M), LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, LA, Missouri University of Science and Technology, LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, WA, Universität Regensburg, Nanjing Normal University, Hunan Normal University, NSCL, Michigan State University, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Mississippi State University, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Duke University, University of Rochester, Florida Atlantic University, Univ of the Pacific, UNC, Institute of Modern Physics, CAS, Univ of Massachusetts Amherst, Brookhaven National Lab, State Univ of NY - Stony Brook, University of South Dakota, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, CUNY-Lehman College, Jefferson Lab, Boston University, Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, California State University - East Bay, The Johns Hopkins University, Stanford University, Arizona State University, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Peking University, Princeton University, Stockholm University, Minerva Schools at KGI, Pennsylvania State University, University of Minnesota, Albert Einstein Institute, Cornell University, Cornell, U. Birmingham, AEI, UMass, MIT, William & Mary, Aix Marseille Univ., Louisiana State University, UMBC/CRESST II/NASA GSFC, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center/CRESST-UMBC, Northern Kentucky University, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Chalmers, Fisk-Vanderbilt, LANL, UT Austin, University of Arizona, University of North Texas, Montana State University, Cornell University, California Institute of Technology, Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics, University of Mississippi, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Texas Tech University, Christopher Newport Univ, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Indiana Univ - Bloomington, Diamond Light Source, Didcot, UK, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland, John Adams Institute for Accelerator Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, LBNL, INFN-Milano, INFN-Roma, INFN-Trieste, INFN-Torino, INFN-Padova, Univ Degli Studi Di Padova, INFN-Padova, Univ Degli Studi Di Bergamo, INFN-Pavia, North Carolina A&T State University, BNL, Department of Physics, Astronomy and Geosciences, Towson University, Evergreen Valley College, Andrew P. Hill High School, Evergreen Valley High School, Illinois Center for Advanced Studies of the Universe, Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Notre Dame, University of Alabama at Birmingham, University of Madison-Wisconsin, Stony Brook University, Universit\"at Wuppertal, Old Dominion University, University of Virginia, JLab, CERN, GSI Helmholtz Center for Heavy Ion Research, Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia, Univ of Ljubljana, University of California Davis, Davis, United States of America, Univ Degli Studi Di Pavia, “Benedetto Cairoli” High School Vigevano, Univ Degli Studi Di Pavia, "Benedetto Cairoli" High School of Vigevano, Univ Degli Studi Di Pavia, University of Utah, Brigham Young University, Davidson College, Wayne State University, Ohio University, IBS Center for Exotic Nuclear Studies, South Korea, McMaster University, Université Paris-Saclay, Sungkyunkwan University, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, New York Univ NYU, ORNL, RIT, INFN Trieste, INFN Torino, LNF, Purdue University, INFN Milano, INFN Roma, Universita’ e INFN Pavia, INFN Padova, Universita’ and INFN Padova, Institut für Kernphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Institut für Kernphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt and GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, TUNL, PETsys Electronics, Oeiras, Portugal, AGH University of Science and Technology, Krakow, Poland, Laboratory of Instrumentation and Experimental Particle Physics (LIP), Lisbon, Portugal, DEE, CTS-UNINOVA FCT-UNL, Caparica, Portugal, University of Barcelona, West Virginia University, Bowdoin College, Department of Physics, University of Virginia, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Stockholm University AlbaNova, Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis, Instituto de Fisica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro and Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis, Brown University, Dept. of Physics, Washington University, St. Louis, Dept. of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Cyclotron Institute, Texas A\&M University, Dept. of Physics \& Astronomy and Cyclotron Institute, Texas A\&M University, Depts. of Chemistry and Physics, Washington University, St. Louis, Dept. of Astronomy \& Physics, Saint Mary's University, and Dept. of Physics \& Astronomy and Cyclotron Institute, Texas A\&M University, Univ of Virginia, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Pisa INFN, Pisa University & INFN, Fermilab / Boston University, PSU, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, None, Magnolia Optical Technologies, Inc., Soreq NRC, Israel, Argonne Natl Lab, University of Chicago, Argonne Natl Lab, Old Dominion Univ/Jefferson Lab, Southern Methodist University, Bartol Research Institute, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware., University of Wisconsin, Madison, Gran Sasso Science Institute, Syracuse University, Humboldt State University, Austrian Academy of Sciences, University of Vienna, LIGO Hanford Observatory, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Yonsei, Seoul National Universuty, University of York, University of Amsterdam, IFT Madrid, IFCA Santander, King's College London, UK, Jefferson Lab/ODU, University of California San Diego, University and INFN of Padua, INFN Padua, INFN and University of Padua, University and INFN of Trieste, Langmuir Laboratory for Atmospheric Research, Loyola University Chicago, Dipartimento di Fisica, Universit\`a di Firenze, and INFN, Firenze, and CERN, Theory Division, Scuola Normale Superiore, and INFN, Pisa, Vanderbilt Univ, Univ of Oklahoma, Univ de los Andes, University of Leiden, Brandeis Univ, University of Wisconsin-Madison, The Pennsylvania State University, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Harvard University, University of Manitoba, MSU/NSCL, Jagiellonian University, Duke University, TUNL, Vilnius University, North Carolina Central University, TUNL, Stockholm Univ, UWA, Penn State, UIUC, AEI/Hannover, INFN National Laboratory of Frascati, University of California, San Diego, University of Pittsburgh, University and INFN of Pavia, CNAO, INFN Rome, April Meeting 2021 Program Committee Chair and Unviersity of Texas, 2021 APS President and Brown University, Smith College, U-Mass Amherst, Oregon State University, Juniata College

  • James Borgardt

    Stockholm University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Wilczek Quantum Center, Arizona State University,, University of California Los Angeles, University of Birmingham, Harvard University, Tsinghua University, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne Lausanne, McWilliams Center for Cosmology at Carnegie Mellon University, CCA at the Flatiron Institute, Stony Brook University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, California Institute of Technology, Drake University, Mississippi State Univ, Facility for Rare Isotope Beams, MSU, National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, MSU, Vanderbilt University, Australian National University, Physics Department, University of Bridgeport, Bridgeport, CT 06604, Center for Theoretical Physics, Sloane Physics Laboratory, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, University of Pennsylvania, University of California, Berkeley, National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Western Michigan University, Texas A&M University, Clemson University, NASA Goddard, McGill University, Indiana University, Oak Ridge National Lab, University of Chicago, Fermilab, Tufts University, Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics, Cornell University, JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Center for Computing in Science Education & Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Cardiff University, Univ of Melbourne, University of Michigan, University of Texas, Department of Physics, Cornell University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology MIT, University of Washington Physics Education Group, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jilin University, Institut fuer Kernphysik - Forschungszentrum Juelich, Cyclotron Institute, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77840, GANIL, Indiana University Bloomington, Manhattan College, Michigan State University, Université de Genève, Sapienza Università di Roma, Flatiron Institute, Johns Hopkins University, NIKHEF ; Utrecht University, Siegen, University of Colorado Boulder, DESY, INFN Trieste and University of Trieste, INFN Turin, INFN Padua and University of Padua, UCSD, UC Berkeley and LBNL, UC Berkeley, Univ Degli Studi di Bergamo, INFN-Pavia, Univ Degli Studi Di Pavia, INFN-Pavia, Dipartimento di Fisica, Universit\`a di Firenze, and INFN, Firenze and CERN, Theory Division, Dipartimento di Fisica, Universit\`a di Pisa, and INFN, Pisa, Dipartimento di Fisica, Universit\`a Roma Tre, and INFN, Roma Tre, INFN, Pisa, Scuola Normale Superiore and INFN, Pisa, Seoul National University, Jeonbuk National University, Chungnam National University, Yeonsei University, University of Kansas, University of Seoul, Università di Milano–Bicocca, Williams College, Harvey Mudd College, University of Florida, Caltech, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, University of Tennessee; Oak Ridge National Laboratory, TRIUMF, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge National Laboratory; University of Tennessee, University of North Carolina, TRIUMF; University of British Columbia, University of Texas at Austin, Georgia Institute of Technology, Rochester Institute of Technology, University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, University D'Orleans, Northwestern University, Universite d’Orleans, University of Colorado, Boulder, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Drexel University, Kyungpook National University, Yonsei University, University of California, Irvine, Virginia Tech, Argonne National Lab, The George Washington University, Helmholtz-Institut fur Strahlen- und Kernphysik (Theorie), Universitat Bonn,, Washington University, St. Louis, Los Alamos National Lab, University of Kentucky, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Retired, University of Tennessee, University of Hawaii, North Carolina State University, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Nagoya University, University of Waterloo, University of Maryland, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Donetsk Phys Tech Inst, Euclid Techlabs, LLC, Argonne National Lab (ANL), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Stockton University, Incom, Inc., New Mexico State University, Temple University, Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, Argonne National Laboratory, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Panjab University, Chandigarh, Illinois Sate University, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Marquette Univ, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Yale University, Lowell Center for Space Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Vanderbilt University, Fisk University, University of Tennessee, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, CCA, Flatiron Inst., Center for Computational Astrophysics, Flatiron Institute, Columbia University, The Niels Bohr Institute, University of Texas - Austin, University of Wuppertal, University of Illinois, University of Houston, FUZZYICS/(SPD/M), LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, LA, Missouri University of Science and Technology, LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, WA, Universität Regensburg, Nanjing Normal University, Hunan Normal University, NSCL, Michigan State University, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Mississippi State University, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Duke University, University of Rochester, Florida Atlantic University, Univ of the Pacific, UNC, Institute of Modern Physics, CAS, Univ of Massachusetts Amherst, Brookhaven National Lab, State Univ of NY - Stony Brook, University of South Dakota, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, CUNY-Lehman College, Jefferson Lab, Boston University, Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, California State University - East Bay, The Johns Hopkins University, Stanford University, Arizona State University, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Peking University, Princeton University, Stockholm University, Minerva Schools at KGI, Pennsylvania State University, University of Minnesota, Albert Einstein Institute, Cornell University, Cornell, U. Birmingham, AEI, UMass, MIT, William & Mary, Aix Marseille Univ., Louisiana State University, UMBC/CRESST II/NASA GSFC, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center/CRESST-UMBC, Northern Kentucky University, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Chalmers, Fisk-Vanderbilt, LANL, UT Austin, University of Arizona, University of North Texas, Montana State University, Cornell University, California Institute of Technology, Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics, University of Mississippi, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Texas Tech University, Christopher Newport Univ, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Indiana Univ - Bloomington, Diamond Light Source, Didcot, UK, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland, John Adams Institute for Accelerator Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, LBNL, INFN-Milano, INFN-Roma, INFN-Trieste, INFN-Torino, INFN-Padova, Univ Degli Studi Di Padova, INFN-Padova, Univ Degli Studi Di Bergamo, INFN-Pavia, North Carolina A&T State University, BNL, Department of Physics, Astronomy and Geosciences, Towson University, Evergreen Valley College, Andrew P. Hill High School, Evergreen Valley High School, Illinois Center for Advanced Studies of the Universe, Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Notre Dame, University of Alabama at Birmingham, University of Madison-Wisconsin, Stony Brook University, Universit\"at Wuppertal, Old Dominion University, University of Virginia, JLab, CERN, GSI Helmholtz Center for Heavy Ion Research, Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia, Univ of Ljubljana, University of California Davis, Davis, United States of America, Univ Degli Studi Di Pavia, “Benedetto Cairoli” High School Vigevano, Univ Degli Studi Di Pavia, "Benedetto Cairoli" High School of Vigevano, Univ Degli Studi Di Pavia, University of Utah, Brigham Young University, Davidson College, Wayne State University, Ohio University, IBS Center for Exotic Nuclear Studies, South Korea, McMaster University, Université Paris-Saclay, Sungkyunkwan University, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, New York Univ NYU, ORNL, RIT, INFN Trieste, INFN Torino, LNF, Purdue University, INFN Milano, INFN Roma, Universita’ e INFN Pavia, INFN Padova, Universita’ and INFN Padova, Institut für Kernphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Institut für Kernphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt and GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, TUNL, PETsys Electronics, Oeiras, Portugal, AGH University of Science and Technology, Krakow, Poland, Laboratory of Instrumentation and Experimental Particle Physics (LIP), Lisbon, Portugal, DEE, CTS-UNINOVA FCT-UNL, Caparica, Portugal, University of Barcelona, West Virginia University, Bowdoin College, Department of Physics, University of Virginia, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Stockholm University AlbaNova, Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis, Instituto de Fisica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro and Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis, Brown University, Dept. of Physics, Washington University, St. Louis, Dept. of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Cyclotron Institute, Texas A\&M University, Dept. of Physics \& Astronomy and Cyclotron Institute, Texas A\&M University, Depts. of Chemistry and Physics, Washington University, St. Louis, Dept. of Astronomy \& Physics, Saint Mary's University, and Dept. of Physics \& Astronomy and Cyclotron Institute, Texas A\&M University, Univ of Virginia, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Pisa INFN, Pisa University & INFN, Fermilab / Boston University, PSU, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, None, Magnolia Optical Technologies, Inc., Soreq NRC, Israel, Argonne Natl Lab, University of Chicago, Argonne Natl Lab, Old Dominion Univ/Jefferson Lab, Southern Methodist University, Bartol Research Institute, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware., University of Wisconsin, Madison, Gran Sasso Science Institute, Syracuse University, Humboldt State University, Austrian Academy of Sciences, University of Vienna, LIGO Hanford Observatory, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Yonsei, Seoul National Universuty, University of York, University of Amsterdam, IFT Madrid, IFCA Santander, King's College London, UK, Jefferson Lab/ODU, University of California San Diego, University and INFN of Padua, INFN Padua, INFN and University of Padua, University and INFN of Trieste, Langmuir Laboratory for Atmospheric Research, Loyola University Chicago, Dipartimento di Fisica, Universit\`a di Firenze, and INFN, Firenze, and CERN, Theory Division, Scuola Normale Superiore, and INFN, Pisa, Vanderbilt Univ, Univ of Oklahoma, Univ de los Andes, University of Leiden, Brandeis Univ, University of Wisconsin-Madison, The Pennsylvania State University, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Harvard University, University of Manitoba, MSU/NSCL, Jagiellonian University, Duke University, TUNL, Vilnius University, North Carolina Central University, TUNL, Stockholm Univ, UWA, Penn State, UIUC, AEI/Hannover, INFN National Laboratory of Frascati, University of California, San Diego, University of Pittsburgh, University and INFN of Pavia, CNAO, INFN Rome, April Meeting 2021 Program Committee Chair and Unviersity of Texas, 2021 APS President and Brown University, Smith College, U-Mass Amherst, Oregon State University, Juniata College

  • James Borgardt

    Stockholm University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Wilczek Quantum Center, Arizona State University,, University of California Los Angeles, University of Birmingham, Harvard University, Tsinghua University, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne Lausanne, McWilliams Center for Cosmology at Carnegie Mellon University, CCA at the Flatiron Institute, Stony Brook University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, California Institute of Technology, Drake University, Mississippi State Univ, Facility for Rare Isotope Beams, MSU, National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, MSU, Vanderbilt University, Australian National University, Physics Department, University of Bridgeport, Bridgeport, CT 06604, Center for Theoretical Physics, Sloane Physics Laboratory, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, University of Pennsylvania, University of California, Berkeley, National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Western Michigan University, Texas A&M University, Clemson University, NASA Goddard, McGill University, Indiana University, Oak Ridge National Lab, University of Chicago, Fermilab, Tufts University, Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics, Cornell University, JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Center for Computing in Science Education & Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Cardiff University, Univ of Melbourne, University of Michigan, University of Texas, Department of Physics, Cornell University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology MIT, University of Washington Physics Education Group, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jilin University, Institut fuer Kernphysik - Forschungszentrum Juelich, Cyclotron Institute, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77840, GANIL, Indiana University Bloomington, Manhattan College, Michigan State University, Université de Genève, Sapienza Università di Roma, Flatiron Institute, Johns Hopkins University, NIKHEF ; Utrecht University, Siegen, University of Colorado Boulder, DESY, INFN Trieste and University of Trieste, INFN Turin, INFN Padua and University of Padua, UCSD, UC Berkeley and LBNL, UC Berkeley, Univ Degli Studi di Bergamo, INFN-Pavia, Univ Degli Studi Di Pavia, INFN-Pavia, Dipartimento di Fisica, Universit\`a di Firenze, and INFN, Firenze and CERN, Theory Division, Dipartimento di Fisica, Universit\`a di Pisa, and INFN, Pisa, Dipartimento di Fisica, Universit\`a Roma Tre, and INFN, Roma Tre, INFN, Pisa, Scuola Normale Superiore and INFN, Pisa, Seoul National University, Jeonbuk National University, Chungnam National University, Yeonsei University, University of Kansas, University of Seoul, Università di Milano–Bicocca, Williams College, Harvey Mudd College, University of Florida, Caltech, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, University of Tennessee; Oak Ridge National Laboratory, TRIUMF, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge National Laboratory; University of Tennessee, University of North Carolina, TRIUMF; University of British Columbia, University of Texas at Austin, Georgia Institute of Technology, Rochester Institute of Technology, University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, University D'Orleans, Northwestern University, Universite d’Orleans, University of Colorado, Boulder, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Drexel University, Kyungpook National University, Yonsei University, University of California, Irvine, Virginia Tech, Argonne National Lab, The George Washington University, Helmholtz-Institut fur Strahlen- und Kernphysik (Theorie), Universitat Bonn,, Washington University, St. Louis, Los Alamos National Lab, University of Kentucky, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Retired, University of Tennessee, University of Hawaii, North Carolina State University, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Nagoya University, University of Waterloo, University of Maryland, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Donetsk Phys Tech Inst, Euclid Techlabs, LLC, Argonne National Lab (ANL), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Stockton University, Incom, Inc., New Mexico State University, Temple University, Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, Argonne National Laboratory, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Panjab University, Chandigarh, Illinois Sate University, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Marquette Univ, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Yale University, Lowell Center for Space Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Vanderbilt University, Fisk University, University of Tennessee, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, CCA, Flatiron Inst., Center for Computational Astrophysics, Flatiron Institute, Columbia University, The Niels Bohr Institute, University of Texas - Austin, University of Wuppertal, University of Illinois, University of Houston, FUZZYICS/(SPD/M), LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, LA, Missouri University of Science and Technology, LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, WA, Universität Regensburg, Nanjing Normal University, Hunan Normal University, NSCL, Michigan State University, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Mississippi State University, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Duke University, University of Rochester, Florida Atlantic University, Univ of the Pacific, UNC, Institute of Modern Physics, CAS, Univ of Massachusetts Amherst, Brookhaven National Lab, State Univ of NY - Stony Brook, University of South Dakota, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, CUNY-Lehman College, Jefferson Lab, Boston University, Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, California State University - East Bay, The Johns Hopkins University, Stanford University, Arizona State University, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Peking University, Princeton University, Stockholm University, Minerva Schools at KGI, Pennsylvania State University, University of Minnesota, Albert Einstein Institute, Cornell University, Cornell, U. Birmingham, AEI, UMass, MIT, William & Mary, Aix Marseille Univ., Louisiana State University, UMBC/CRESST II/NASA GSFC, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center/CRESST-UMBC, Northern Kentucky University, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Chalmers, Fisk-Vanderbilt, LANL, UT Austin, University of Arizona, University of North Texas, Montana State University, Cornell University, California Institute of Technology, Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics, University of Mississippi, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Texas Tech University, Christopher Newport Univ, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Indiana Univ - Bloomington, Diamond Light Source, Didcot, UK, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland, John Adams Institute for Accelerator Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, LBNL, INFN-Milano, INFN-Roma, INFN-Trieste, INFN-Torino, INFN-Padova, Univ Degli Studi Di Padova, INFN-Padova, Univ Degli Studi Di Bergamo, INFN-Pavia, North Carolina A&T State University, BNL, Department of Physics, Astronomy and Geosciences, Towson University, Evergreen Valley College, Andrew P. 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