Zeeman Slower for Fermionic Potassium Atoms with Natural Abundance Sample

Y.R. Lee; D. Feder; D. Feder; D. Feder

Zeeman Slower for Fermionic Potassium Atoms with Natural Abundance Sample

ORAL

Abstract

We present a new atomic source for $^{40}$K based on a Zeeman slower using natural abundance potassium. This method has practical and technical advantages over the conventional method of using enriched potassium. At the position of the $^{40}$K MOT, the Zeeman slower has a maximum flux of 2 $\cdot $ 10$^{7}$ atoms/s/cm$^{2}$, which is comparable to other techniques. This new atomic source saves expenses by not using enriched $^{40}$K samples and simplifies complications in other techniques. Our method serves as a simple and robust $^{40}$K source for the studies of fermionic atoms.

June 8, 2007, 3:06 PM – June 8, 2007, 3:18 PM

Authors

Y.R. Lee

Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MIT-Harvard Center for Ultracold Atoms
D. Feder

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Auburn University, University of Calgary, NIMS, ICYS, Louisiana State University, JILA, NIST, and Department of Physics, Boulder, CO 80309-0440, USA, JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA; LENS and Dipartimento di Fisica, Universit\'{a} di Firenze, Italy, Oregon Center for Optics and Department of Physics, Institute for Quantum Electronics, ETH Zurich, Switzerland, Universiteit van Amsterdam, University of Colorado, Harvard-Smithsonian, Harvard University, QUANTOP, Danish National Research Foundation Centre of Quantum Optics, University of New Brunswick, FOCUS Center and Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Department of Physics, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Princeton University, The Aerospace Corporation, Max Planck Inst. Quantenopt., Munich, University of Queensland, Centre for Quantum Dynamics, Griffith University, University of Maryland, Miami University, Old Dominion University, Norfolk VA, Univ. of New Mexico at Albuquerque, The University of Texas at Austin, IIT Madras, University of Nebraska, Department of Physics, Rajshahi University, Rajshahi, Bangladesh, Ushgorod State University (Ukraine), Drake University, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, University of Tennessee, Rice University, Seoul National Universtiiy, Chonnam National Univesity, Seoul National University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, Department of Physics, Chonnam National University, School of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, Brigham Young University, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Rutgers University, Department of Physics and JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, Loras College, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, LBNL, University of Newcastle-Ourimbah, WMU, WMU and LBNL, SLAC, Denison U., U. Heidelberg, Argonne National Lab. and ITAMP, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China, Observatoire de Paris, France, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland, Lawrence Berkeley laboratory, Western Michigan University, Queen's University of Belfast, Georgia State University, University paris-Sud, Orsay, France, Gothenburg University, Sweden, Denison University, Queen's University of Belfast, UK, Rollins College, Winter Park, FL, University of Frankfurt, Kansas State University, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Wesleyan University, Physics Department, Wesleyan University, Beattie, JILA-University of Colorado, Dept. of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada, Rice University Physics and Astronomy, Korea University, University of Wisconsin Madison, Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, Barcelona, Georgia Institute of Technology, Department of Physics, LMU Munich and Max-Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Garching, Germany, Department of Physics, LMU Munich, Germany, University of Waterloo, Naval Research Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, University of T\"ubingen, JILA/NIST/U. of Colorado, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel, University of Michigan, Institute for theoretical Physics, University of Duesseldorf, Landau Institute of theoretical Physics, Moscow, Russia, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Ohio State University, Washington State University, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queens University of Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, UK, Department of Physics, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI 49008-5252, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Universidad de Antioquia, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, University of Missouri - Rolla, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Theoretical Division, NIST and JILA, University of Colorado, University of British Columbia, JILA, University of Colorado, Max-Planck-Institute for Nuclear Physics, Saupfercheckweg 1, D-69117 Heidelberg, Dept. of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada, Dept. of Chemistry, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, Dept. of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, Doppler Institute, Czech Technical University, JILA, University of Colorado and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University, JILA/NIST/Univ. of Colorado, Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, MA 02420, USA, University of Missouri-Rolla, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Illinois State University, Florida A\&M University, Rajshahi University, University of Virginia, Dept. of Physics, University of Calcutta, Kolkata - 700009, India, Inter-University Accelerator Centre, New Delhi - 110067, India, University of California, Davis, J. R. MacDonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, The University of Hong Kong, Department of Physics and Astronomy and Rice Quantum Institute, Rice University, Houston TX 77005, I. Inst. fuer Theoretische Physik, Universitaet Hamburg, Jungisusstrasse 9, 20355 Hamburg, Germany, Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Ecole Normal Superieure, 24 rue Lhomond, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France, Instut fuer Laser-Physik, Universitaet Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany, Department of Physics and Institute for Optical Sciences, University of Toronto, Canada, Atominstitut d. osterr. Universitaten, Austria, University of Arizona, Department of Physics and Astronomy and Rice Quantum Institute, Rice University, Houston TX, 77251, MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Yale University Department of Physics, Yale University Department of Mechanical Engineering, ARC Centre of Excellence for Quantum-Atom Optics, Nonlinear Physics Centre, RSPhysSE, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia, National Chiao-Tung University, National Chung Cheng University, JILA/University of Colorado/NIST, York University, University of Washington, DePauw University, University of Portland, Guelph-Waterloo Centre for Graduate Work in Chemistry, Guelph-Waterloo Physics Institute, Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics, Heidelberg, Germany, Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC, USC, Los Angeles, CA, Harvard University and ITAMP, Cambridge, MA, USA, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA; ITAMP, Cambridge, MA, USA, ITPA of Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania, TU Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany, University of Idaho-Moscow, Synchrotron Radiation Center, Univ. of Wisconsin - Madison, Univ. of Idaho - Moscow, Wesleyan University, Department of Physics, Florida A\&M University, FL-32307., Max-Planck-Institut fuer Kernphysik, Heidelberg, Germany, Tulane, ODU, TU Clausthal, Kecskemet College, UAE University, St. Petersburg State University, Russia, Max-Planck-Institut fuer Kernphysik, J.R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, J.R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, University of Wuppertal, Univ. of Insubria, Department of Physics, Harvard University, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A \& M University, Physikalisches Institut, Universitat Stuttgart, NIST, Time and Frequency Division, NIST, Boulder, CO 80305, USA, Time and Frequency Division, NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA, Physics, POSTECH, IQIS, University of Calgary, COPL, Polytechnique Montr\'eal, IQIS, University of Calgary; COPL, Polytechnique Montr\'eal, University of Virginia Physics Dept., National Research Council, J.W. Goethe-Universitat, INRS-EMT, Carl Zeiss SMT, Max-Planck Institute for Quantumoptics, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Johannes Gutenberg-Universitaet Mainz, ETH Zuerich, MIT-Harvard Center for Ultracold Atoms, Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, JILA, NIST and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 30309-0440, USA, Max-Planck-Institut f\"ur Kernphysik, 69117 Saupfercheckweg 1, Heidelberg, Germany, Rollins College, FL, College of the Holy Cross, Institut f\"ur Physik, Universit\"at Kassel, 34109 Kassel, Germany, College of William and Mary, Kyoto University, Nicolas Copernicus University, Department of Physics and Astronomy and Rice Quantum Institute, Rice University, 2), 1), University of Connecticut, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Max-Planck-Institute for Quantum Optics, Hans-Kopfermann-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany, JQI/NIST, American University and NIST, University of Massachusetts, Fachbereich Physik, Technische Universitaet Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Institute of Electronic Structure \& Laser, FORTH, 71110 Heraklion, Crete, Greece, Joint Quantum Institute, NIST, Gaithersburg and University of Maryland, College Park, University of Illinois, Union College, St. Olaf College, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, MPI Heidelberg, Stockholm University, Max-Planck-Institute for Quantum Optics, Garching, Germany, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany, Max-Planck-Institute for Nuclear Physics, Heidelberg, Germany, JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Colorado, Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, JILA: NIST and the University of Colorado, Department of Physics and Astronomy and Rice Quantum Institute, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, MIT, Harvard University, Texas A\&M University, Niels Bohr Institute, Harvard University, P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute, Department of Physics and Astronomy, and Center for Simulational Physics, University of Georgia, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kentucky, and Physics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada-Las Vegas, Department of Quantum Chemistry, Uppsala University, AG Moderne Optik, Institut fuer Physik, Humboldt-Universitaet zu Berlin, Harvard--Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Atomic Physics Laboratory, RIKEN, Japan, Institute of Physics, University of Tokyo, Japan, ITAMP, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Instituto de Fisica, Universidad Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Caixa Postal 68528, 21941-972 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil, University of North Texas, University of New Brunswick, Canada, Institut f\"ur Physik der Humboldt-Universit\"at zu Berlin, Universit\"at zu Berlin, D.J.R. Macdonald Laboratory, Physics Department, Kansas State University, USA, NRS-\'energie, Mat\'eriaux et T\'el\'ecommunications, Varennes, Qu\'ebec, Canada, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Canada, Physics Department-American University of Sharjah, UAE, INRS-\'Energie, Mat\'eriaux et T\'el\'ecommunications, Varennes, Qu\'ebec, Canada, Department of Physics, Western Illinois University, J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, INRS-\'Energie, Mat\'eriaux et T\'el\'ecommunications, National Research Council of Canada, American University of Sharjah, UAE, Physics Division, NSF, Arlington, VA 22230, USA, Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, 1040 Vienna, Austria, Daresbury Laboratory (U.K.), National Science Foundation, Vienna University of Technology (Austria), Queens University, Belfast, U.K., Advanced Light Source, LBNL, University of Nevada, Reno, TRIUMF, Vancouver, Canada, SFU, UBC, University of Oklahoma, Yale, Columbia Astrophysics Laboratory, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0NG, UK, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, Columbia Astrophysics Laboratory, University of Strathclyde, Department of Physics, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China., Department of Physics and Astronomy, and Rice Quantum Institute, Rice University, Houston, TX 77251-1892, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028-1700, Colby College, University of Alberta, Author and collabortaor, University of Manchester, U.K., University of Western Australia, Australia, University of Windsor, Canada, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada, Dept. of Physics \& Astronomy, York Univ., Dept. of Physics, Simon Fraser Univ., Dept. of Physics \& Astronomy, Univ. of British Columbia, TRIUMF, Vancouver, Dept. of Physics \& Astronomy, Univ. of Calgary, Kurchatov Institute, Moscow, Russia, University of Wisconsin, Time and frequency division, NIST, Boulder CO, USA, Penn State University, University of Pittsburgh, University of Arizona, Tucson, Max Planck Institute, Goettingen, MIT-Harvard Center for Ultracold Atoms, Van der Waals-Zeeman Instituut, University of Amsterdam, FOM-Institute for atomic and molecular physics, Amsterdam, The University of Michigan, Department of Physics and Astronomy and Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada, Florida State University, JILA, NIST, and the Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA, Research School of Physical Sciences and Engineering, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia, Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan, Department of Physics, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, USA, JILA and Department of Physics, CU Boulder, Department of Physics, College of Optical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Chonnan National University, University of Innsbruck
D. Feder

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Auburn University, University of Calgary, NIMS, ICYS, Louisiana State University, JILA, NIST, and Department of Physics, Boulder, CO 80309-0440, USA, JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA; LENS and Dipartimento di Fisica, Universit\'{a} di Firenze, Italy, Oregon Center for Optics and Department of Physics, Institute for Quantum Electronics, ETH Zurich, Switzerland, Universiteit van Amsterdam, University of Colorado, Harvard-Smithsonian, Harvard University, QUANTOP, Danish National Research Foundation Centre of Quantum Optics, University of New Brunswick, FOCUS Center and Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Department of Physics, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Princeton University, The Aerospace Corporation, Max Planck Inst. Quantenopt., Munich, University of Queensland, Centre for Quantum Dynamics, Griffith University, University of Maryland, Miami University, Old Dominion University, Norfolk VA, Univ. of New Mexico at Albuquerque, The University of Texas at Austin, IIT Madras, University of Nebraska, Department of Physics, Rajshahi University, Rajshahi, Bangladesh, Ushgorod State University (Ukraine), Drake University, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, University of Tennessee, Rice University, Seoul National Universtiiy, Chonnam National Univesity, Seoul National University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, Department of Physics, Chonnam National University, School of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, Brigham Young University, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Rutgers University, Department of Physics and JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, Loras College, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, LBNL, University of Newcastle-Ourimbah, WMU, WMU and LBNL, SLAC, Denison U., U. Heidelberg, Argonne National Lab. and ITAMP, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China, Observatoire de Paris, France, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland, Lawrence Berkeley laboratory, Western Michigan University, Queen's University of Belfast, Georgia State University, University paris-Sud, Orsay, France, Gothenburg University, Sweden, Denison University, Queen's University of Belfast, UK, Rollins College, Winter Park, FL, University of Frankfurt, Kansas State University, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Wesleyan University, Physics Department, Wesleyan University, Beattie, JILA-University of Colorado, Dept. of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada, Rice University Physics and Astronomy, Korea University, University of Wisconsin Madison, Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, Barcelona, Georgia Institute of Technology, Department of Physics, LMU Munich and Max-Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Garching, Germany, Department of Physics, LMU Munich, Germany, University of Waterloo, Naval Research Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, University of T\"ubingen, JILA/NIST/U. of Colorado, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel, University of Michigan, Institute for theoretical Physics, University of Duesseldorf, Landau Institute of theoretical Physics, Moscow, Russia, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Ohio State University, Washington State University, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queens University of Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, UK, Department of Physics, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI 49008-5252, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Universidad de Antioquia, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, University of Missouri - Rolla, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Theoretical Division, NIST and JILA, University of Colorado, University of British Columbia, JILA, University of Colorado, Max-Planck-Institute for Nuclear Physics, Saupfercheckweg 1, D-69117 Heidelberg, Dept. of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada, Dept. of Chemistry, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, Dept. of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, Doppler Institute, Czech Technical University, JILA, University of Colorado and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University, JILA/NIST/Univ. of Colorado, Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, MA 02420, USA, University of Missouri-Rolla, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Illinois State University, Florida A\&M University, Rajshahi University, University of Virginia, Dept. of Physics, University of Calcutta, Kolkata - 700009, India, Inter-University Accelerator Centre, New Delhi - 110067, India, University of California, Davis, J. R. MacDonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, The University of Hong Kong, Department of Physics and Astronomy and Rice Quantum Institute, Rice University, Houston TX 77005, I. Inst. fuer Theoretische Physik, Universitaet Hamburg, Jungisusstrasse 9, 20355 Hamburg, Germany, Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Ecole Normal Superieure, 24 rue Lhomond, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France, Instut fuer Laser-Physik, Universitaet Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany, Department of Physics and Institute for Optical Sciences, University of Toronto, Canada, Atominstitut d. osterr. Universitaten, Austria, University of Arizona, Department of Physics and Astronomy and Rice Quantum Institute, Rice University, Houston TX, 77251, MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Yale University Department of Physics, Yale University Department of Mechanical Engineering, ARC Centre of Excellence for Quantum-Atom Optics, Nonlinear Physics Centre, RSPhysSE, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia, National Chiao-Tung University, National Chung Cheng University, JILA/University of Colorado/NIST, York University, University of Washington, DePauw University, University of Portland, Guelph-Waterloo Centre for Graduate Work in Chemistry, Guelph-Waterloo Physics Institute, Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics, Heidelberg, Germany, Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC, USC, Los Angeles, CA, Harvard University and ITAMP, Cambridge, MA, USA, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA; ITAMP, Cambridge, MA, USA, ITPA of Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania, TU Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany, University of Idaho-Moscow, Synchrotron Radiation Center, Univ. of Wisconsin - Madison, Univ. of Idaho - Moscow, Wesleyan University, Department of Physics, Florida A\&M University, FL-32307., Max-Planck-Institut fuer Kernphysik, Heidelberg, Germany, Tulane, ODU, TU Clausthal, Kecskemet College, UAE University, St. Petersburg State University, Russia, Max-Planck-Institut fuer Kernphysik, J.R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, J.R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, University of Wuppertal, Univ. of Insubria, Department of Physics, Harvard University, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A \& M University, Physikalisches Institut, Universitat Stuttgart, NIST, Time and Frequency Division, NIST, Boulder, CO 80305, USA, Time and Frequency Division, NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA, Physics, POSTECH, IQIS, University of Calgary, COPL, Polytechnique Montr\'eal, IQIS, University of Calgary; COPL, Polytechnique Montr\'eal, University of Virginia Physics Dept., National Research Council, J.W. Goethe-Universitat, INRS-EMT, Carl Zeiss SMT, Max-Planck Institute for Quantumoptics, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Johannes Gutenberg-Universitaet Mainz, ETH Zuerich, MIT-Harvard Center for Ultracold Atoms, Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, JILA, NIST and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 30309-0440, USA, Max-Planck-Institut f\"ur Kernphysik, 69117 Saupfercheckweg 1, Heidelberg, Germany, Rollins College, FL, College of the Holy Cross, Institut f\"ur Physik, Universit\"at Kassel, 34109 Kassel, Germany, College of William and Mary, Kyoto University, Nicolas Copernicus University, Department of Physics and Astronomy and Rice Quantum Institute, Rice University, 2), 1), University of Connecticut, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Max-Planck-Institute for Quantum Optics, Hans-Kopfermann-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany, JQI/NIST, American University and NIST, University of Massachusetts, Fachbereich Physik, Technische Universitaet Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Institute of Electronic Structure \& Laser, FORTH, 71110 Heraklion, Crete, Greece, Joint Quantum Institute, NIST, Gaithersburg and University of Maryland, College Park, University of Illinois, Union College, St. Olaf College, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, MPI Heidelberg, Stockholm University, Max-Planck-Institute for Quantum Optics, Garching, Germany, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany, Max-Planck-Institute for Nuclear Physics, Heidelberg, Germany, JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Colorado, Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, JILA: NIST and the University of Colorado, Department of Physics and Astronomy and Rice Quantum Institute, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, MIT, Harvard University, Texas A\&M University, Niels Bohr Institute, Harvard University, P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute, Department of Physics and Astronomy, and Center for Simulational Physics, University of Georgia, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kentucky, and Physics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada-Las Vegas, Department of Quantum Chemistry, Uppsala University, AG Moderne Optik, Institut fuer Physik, Humboldt-Universitaet zu Berlin, Harvard--Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Atomic Physics Laboratory, RIKEN, Japan, Institute of Physics, University of Tokyo, Japan, ITAMP, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Instituto de Fisica, Universidad Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Caixa Postal 68528, 21941-972 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil, University of North Texas, University of New Brunswick, Canada, Institut f\"ur Physik der Humboldt-Universit\"at zu Berlin, Universit\"at zu Berlin, D.J.R. Macdonald Laboratory, Physics Department, Kansas State University, USA, NRS-\'energie, Mat\'eriaux et T\'el\'ecommunications, Varennes, Qu\'ebec, Canada, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Canada, Physics Department-American University of Sharjah, UAE, INRS-\'Energie, Mat\'eriaux et T\'el\'ecommunications, Varennes, Qu\'ebec, Canada, Department of Physics, Western Illinois University, J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, INRS-\'Energie, Mat\'eriaux et T\'el\'ecommunications, National Research Council of Canada, American University of Sharjah, UAE, Physics Division, NSF, Arlington, VA 22230, USA, Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, 1040 Vienna, Austria, Daresbury Laboratory (U.K.), National Science Foundation, Vienna University of Technology (Austria), Queens University, Belfast, U.K., Advanced Light Source, LBNL, University of Nevada, Reno, TRIUMF, Vancouver, Canada, SFU, UBC, University of Oklahoma, Yale, Columbia Astrophysics Laboratory, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0NG, UK, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, Columbia Astrophysics Laboratory, University of Strathclyde, Department of Physics, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China., Department of Physics and Astronomy, and Rice Quantum Institute, Rice University, Houston, TX 77251-1892, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028-1700, Colby College, University of Alberta, Author and collabortaor, University of Manchester, U.K., University of Western Australia, Australia, University of Windsor, Canada, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada, Dept. of Physics \& Astronomy, York Univ., Dept. of Physics, Simon Fraser Univ., Dept. of Physics \& Astronomy, Univ. of British Columbia, TRIUMF, Vancouver, Dept. of Physics \& Astronomy, Univ. of Calgary, Kurchatov Institute, Moscow, Russia, University of Wisconsin, Time and frequency division, NIST, Boulder CO, USA, Penn State University, University of Pittsburgh, University of Arizona, Tucson, Max Planck Institute, Goettingen, MIT-Harvard Center for Ultracold Atoms, Van der Waals-Zeeman Instituut, University of Amsterdam, FOM-Institute for atomic and molecular physics, Amsterdam, The University of Michigan, Department of Physics and Astronomy and Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada, Florida State University, JILA, NIST, and the Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA, Research School of Physical Sciences and Engineering, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia, Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan, Department of Physics, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, USA, JILA and Department of Physics, CU Boulder, Department of Physics, College of Optical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Chonnan National University, University of Innsbruck
D. Feder

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Auburn University, University of Calgary, NIMS, ICYS, Louisiana State University, JILA, NIST, and Department of Physics, Boulder, CO 80309-0440, USA, JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA; LENS and Dipartimento di Fisica, Universit\'{a} di Firenze, Italy, Oregon Center for Optics and Department of Physics, Institute for Quantum Electronics, ETH Zurich, Switzerland, Universiteit van Amsterdam, University of Colorado, Harvard-Smithsonian, Harvard University, QUANTOP, Danish National Research Foundation Centre of Quantum Optics, University of New Brunswick, FOCUS Center and Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Department of Physics, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Princeton University, The Aerospace Corporation, Max Planck Inst. Quantenopt., Munich, University of Queensland, Centre for Quantum Dynamics, Griffith University, University of Maryland, Miami University, Old Dominion University, Norfolk VA, Univ. of New Mexico at Albuquerque, The University of Texas at Austin, IIT Madras, University of Nebraska, Department of Physics, Rajshahi University, Rajshahi, Bangladesh, Ushgorod State University (Ukraine), Drake University, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, University of Tennessee, Rice University, Seoul National Universtiiy, Chonnam National Univesity, Seoul National University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, Department of Physics, Chonnam National University, School of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, Brigham Young University, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Rutgers University, Department of Physics and JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, Loras College, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, LBNL, University of Newcastle-Ourimbah, WMU, WMU and LBNL, SLAC, Denison U., U. Heidelberg, Argonne National Lab. and ITAMP, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China, Observatoire de Paris, France, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland, Lawrence Berkeley laboratory, Western Michigan University, Queen's University of Belfast, Georgia State University, University paris-Sud, Orsay, France, Gothenburg University, Sweden, Denison University, Queen's University of Belfast, UK, Rollins College, Winter Park, FL, University of Frankfurt, Kansas State University, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Wesleyan University, Physics Department, Wesleyan University, Beattie, JILA-University of Colorado, Dept. of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada, Rice University Physics and Astronomy, Korea University, University of Wisconsin Madison, Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, Barcelona, Georgia Institute of Technology, Department of Physics, LMU Munich and Max-Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Garching, Germany, Department of Physics, LMU Munich, Germany, University of Waterloo, Naval Research Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, University of T\"ubingen, JILA/NIST/U. of Colorado, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel, University of Michigan, Institute for theoretical Physics, University of Duesseldorf, Landau Institute of theoretical Physics, Moscow, Russia, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Ohio State University, Washington State University, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queens University of Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, UK, Department of Physics, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI 49008-5252, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Universidad de Antioquia, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, University of Missouri - Rolla, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Theoretical Division, NIST and JILA, University of Colorado, University of British Columbia, JILA, University of Colorado, Max-Planck-Institute for Nuclear Physics, Saupfercheckweg 1, D-69117 Heidelberg, Dept. of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada, Dept. of Chemistry, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, Dept. of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, Doppler Institute, Czech Technical University, JILA, University of Colorado and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University, JILA/NIST/Univ. of Colorado, Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, MA 02420, USA, University of Missouri-Rolla, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Illinois State University, Florida A\&M University, Rajshahi University, University of Virginia, Dept. of Physics, University of Calcutta, Kolkata - 700009, India, Inter-University Accelerator Centre, New Delhi - 110067, India, University of California, Davis, J. R. MacDonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, The University of Hong Kong, Department of Physics and Astronomy and Rice Quantum Institute, Rice University, Houston TX 77005, I. Inst. fuer Theoretische Physik, Universitaet Hamburg, Jungisusstrasse 9, 20355 Hamburg, Germany, Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Ecole Normal Superieure, 24 rue Lhomond, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France, Instut fuer Laser-Physik, Universitaet Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany, Department of Physics and Institute for Optical Sciences, University of Toronto, Canada, Atominstitut d. osterr. Universitaten, Austria, University of Arizona, Department of Physics and Astronomy and Rice Quantum Institute, Rice University, Houston TX, 77251, MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Yale University Department of Physics, Yale University Department of Mechanical Engineering, ARC Centre of Excellence for Quantum-Atom Optics, Nonlinear Physics Centre, RSPhysSE, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia, National Chiao-Tung University, National Chung Cheng University, JILA/University of Colorado/NIST, York University, University of Washington, DePauw University, University of Portland, Guelph-Waterloo Centre for Graduate Work in Chemistry, Guelph-Waterloo Physics Institute, Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics, Heidelberg, Germany, Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC, USC, Los Angeles, CA, Harvard University and ITAMP, Cambridge, MA, USA, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA; ITAMP, Cambridge, MA, USA, ITPA of Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania, TU Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany, University of Idaho-Moscow, Synchrotron Radiation Center, Univ. of Wisconsin - Madison, Univ. of Idaho - Moscow, Wesleyan University, Department of Physics, Florida A\&M University, FL-32307., Max-Planck-Institut fuer Kernphysik, Heidelberg, Germany, Tulane, ODU, TU Clausthal, Kecskemet College, UAE University, St. Petersburg State University, Russia, Max-Planck-Institut fuer Kernphysik, J.R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, J.R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, University of Wuppertal, Univ. of Insubria, Department of Physics, Harvard University, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A \& M University, Physikalisches Institut, Universitat Stuttgart, NIST, Time and Frequency Division, NIST, Boulder, CO 80305, USA, Time and Frequency Division, NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA, Physics, POSTECH, IQIS, University of Calgary, COPL, Polytechnique Montr\'eal, IQIS, University of Calgary; COPL, Polytechnique Montr\'eal, University of Virginia Physics Dept., National Research Council, J.W. Goethe-Universitat, INRS-EMT, Carl Zeiss SMT, Max-Planck Institute for Quantumoptics, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Johannes Gutenberg-Universitaet Mainz, ETH Zuerich, MIT-Harvard Center for Ultracold Atoms, Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, JILA, NIST and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 30309-0440, USA, Max-Planck-Institut f\"ur Kernphysik, 69117 Saupfercheckweg 1, Heidelberg, Germany, Rollins College, FL, College of the Holy Cross, Institut f\"ur Physik, Universit\"at Kassel, 34109 Kassel, Germany, College of William and Mary, Kyoto University, Nicolas Copernicus University, Department of Physics and Astronomy and Rice Quantum Institute, Rice University, 2), 1), University of Connecticut, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Max-Planck-Institute for Quantum Optics, Hans-Kopfermann-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany, JQI/NIST, American University and NIST, University of Massachusetts, Fachbereich Physik, Technische Universitaet Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Institute of Electronic Structure \& Laser, FORTH, 71110 Heraklion, Crete, Greece, Joint Quantum Institute, NIST, Gaithersburg and University of Maryland, College Park, University of Illinois, Union College, St. Olaf College, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, MPI Heidelberg, Stockholm University, Max-Planck-Institute for Quantum Optics, Garching, Germany, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany, Max-Planck-Institute for Nuclear Physics, Heidelberg, Germany, JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Colorado, Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, JILA: NIST and the University of Colorado, Department of Physics and Astronomy and Rice Quantum Institute, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, MIT, Harvard University, Texas A\&M University, Niels Bohr Institute, Harvard University, P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute, Department of Physics and Astronomy, and Center for Simulational Physics, University of Georgia, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kentucky, and Physics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada-Las Vegas, Department of Quantum Chemistry, Uppsala University, AG Moderne Optik, Institut fuer Physik, Humboldt-Universitaet zu Berlin, Harvard--Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Atomic Physics Laboratory, RIKEN, Japan, Institute of Physics, University of Tokyo, Japan, ITAMP, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Instituto de Fisica, Universidad Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Caixa Postal 68528, 21941-972 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil, University of North Texas, University of New Brunswick, Canada, Institut f\"ur Physik der Humboldt-Universit\"at zu Berlin, Universit\"at zu Berlin, D.J.R. Macdonald Laboratory, Physics Department, Kansas State University, USA, NRS-\'energie, Mat\'eriaux et T\'el\'ecommunications, Varennes, Qu\'ebec, Canada, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Canada, Physics Department-American University of Sharjah, UAE, INRS-\'Energie, Mat\'eriaux et T\'el\'ecommunications, Varennes, Qu\'ebec, Canada, Department of Physics, Western Illinois University, J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, INRS-\'Energie, Mat\'eriaux et T\'el\'ecommunications, National Research Council of Canada, American University of Sharjah, UAE, Physics Division, NSF, Arlington, VA 22230, USA, Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, 1040 Vienna, Austria, Daresbury Laboratory (U.K.), National Science Foundation, Vienna University of Technology (Austria), Queens University, Belfast, U.K., Advanced Light Source, LBNL, University of Nevada, Reno, TRIUMF, Vancouver, Canada, SFU, UBC, University of Oklahoma, Yale, Columbia Astrophysics Laboratory, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0NG, UK, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, Columbia Astrophysics Laboratory, University of Strathclyde, Department of Physics, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China., Department of Physics and Astronomy, and Rice Quantum Institute, Rice University, Houston, TX 77251-1892, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028-1700, Colby College, University of Alberta, Author and collabortaor, University of Manchester, U.K., University of Western Australia, Australia, University of Windsor, Canada, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada, Dept. of Physics \& Astronomy, York Univ., Dept. of Physics, Simon Fraser Univ., Dept. of Physics \& Astronomy, Univ. of British Columbia, TRIUMF, Vancouver, Dept. of Physics \& Astronomy, Univ. of Calgary, Kurchatov Institute, Moscow, Russia, University of Wisconsin, Time and frequency division, NIST, Boulder CO, USA, Penn State University, University of Pittsburgh, University of Arizona, Tucson, Max Planck Institute, Goettingen, MIT-Harvard Center for Ultracold Atoms, Van der Waals-Zeeman Instituut, University of Amsterdam, FOM-Institute for atomic and molecular physics, Amsterdam, The University of Michigan, Department of Physics and Astronomy and Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada, Florida State University, JILA, NIST, and the Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA, Research School of Physical Sciences and Engineering, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia, Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan, Department of Physics, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, USA, JILA and Department of Physics, CU Boulder, Department of Physics, College of Optical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Chonnan National University, University of Innsbruck