Preparation and coherent manipulation of pure quantum states of a single molecular ion

Christoph Kurz; Michael Messer; Michael Messer; Michael Messer; Michael Messer; Michael Messer

Preparation and coherent manipulation of pure quantum states of a single molecular ion

ORAL

Abstract

We demonstrate control of individual molecules based on quantum-logic spectroscopy [1, 2]. In our experiment, we drive the motional sidebands of Raman transitions in a molecular ion and probe the secular motion with a co-trapped atomic ion. Detection of motional excitation projects the molecule into a pure internal state. The state of the molecule can subsequently be coherently manipulated, as demonstrated by Rabi oscillations between magnetic sublevels of rotational states. We need only one far off-resonant continuous-wave laser to manipulate the molecule. This makes our approach applicable to coherent control and precision measurement of a vast class of molecular ions.\\ \\ \mbox{[1]} C. W. Chou, submitted for publication, arXiv:1612.03926\\ \mbox{[2]} D. Leibfried, New J. Phys. \textbf{14}, 023029 (2012)

June 8, 2017, 6:48 PM – June 8, 2017, 7:00 PM

Authors

Christoph Kurz

Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
Michael Messer

MPI of Quantum Optics, Middlebury College, Vienna University of Technology, Purdue University, Rice University, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Laboratoire Kastler-Brossel, Coll\`ege de France, CNRS, ENS, PSL Research University, UPMC, Sorbonne Universit\'es, Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn; Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, INO-CNR BEC Center and Dipartimento di Fisica, University of Trento, ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Photoniques, Barcelona, INO-CNR and LENS, University of Florence, Cornell Univ, Massachusetts Inst of Tech-MIT, National Tsing Hua University, MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Joint Quantum Institute and University of Maryland Department of Physics, National Science Foundation, Joint Quantum Institute and University of Maryland Department of Physics, College Park, Maryland 20742, NIST-Boulder, Sandia National Labs, Univ of Colorado - Boulder, UNLV, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, University of Vienna, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Wien, Austria, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest 1117 Magyar, Hungary, The Ohio State University, Center for Computation and Technology / Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Louisiana State University, Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Department of Physics, University of Virginia, LBNL, Auburn, UN-Reno, U-Frankfurt, KSU, University of Ulm, University of Hannover, State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University;Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Toledo, State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, ETH Zurich, JILA, Univ of Colorado - Boulder, UNM Center for High Technology Materials, Helmholtz Institut Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg Universitat Mainz, ODMR Technologies Inc., Harvard University, Stanford University, Stanford University and University of Washington, University of Chicago, University of Maryland, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, University of Oklahoma, Colby College, University of California, Berkeley, University of British Columbia, Beloit College, LLNL, State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai, LISA, CNRS (UMR 7583), Universite Paris Est Creteil, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire CARNOT de Bourgogne, UMR 6303 CNRS-Universite de Bourgogne, Dijon, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, SLAC and LCLS, Stanford University, SLAC, and PULSE Institute, University of California, Davis and Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, University of California, Davis, Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics, California Maritime Academy, Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Denison University, University of Toronto, Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Eindhoven University of Technology, National Taiwan University, Univ of Chicago, Univ of Illinois - Urbana, Harvard University Department of Physics, Harvard University Paulson School of Engineering, Sandia National Laboratories, Center for Correlated Electron Systems, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea, Tsinghua Univ, Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Center for Quantum Information in Tsinghua University, Center for Quantum Information, IIIS, Tsinghua University, Center for Quantum Information,IIIS, Tsinghua University, University of Innsbruck, University of Central Florida, Univ of Innsbruck, IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, USA, Zhejiang University, Denison University, Granville, OH, Army Research Laboratory, United States Military Academy, University of Science and Technology of China, ZHEJIANG University, Auburn University, University of Nebraska, University of Windsor, J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Kansas State University, University of Nebraska- Lincoln, QEERI, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar, Northwest Missouri State University, Maryville, USA, Univ of Washington, Texas A\&M University, College Station, TX, Naval Air Systems Command, Patuxent River, MD, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Department of Engineering Science and Physics, CUNY College of Staten Island, Gemological Institute of America, NY, Department of Physics, University of Melbourne, Department of Atomic Physics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Element Six, UK, Joint Quantum Institute and University of Maryland, Duke University, University of Strathclyde, Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Dallas, JILA / University of Colorado at Boulder, James Franck Institute, Enrico Fermi Institute, Department of Physics, University of Chicago, University of Kaiserslautern, Los Alamos National Laboratory, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Temple University, JQI and NIST Gaithersburg, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, University of Connecticut, University of Oregon, Joint Quantum Institute, NIST and University of Maryland, NIST, UT Austin, ZARM, University of Bremen, Caltech, Joint Quantum Institute and the University of Maryland, Univ of California - Berkeley, Univ of Pennsylvania, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Univ of California - Los Angeles, Williams College, Physics Department, Harvard University; Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Physics Department, Harvard University, School of Physics, University of Melbourne, School of Physics, University of Melbourne and CQC2T, University of Melbourne, Institute for Quantum optics, Ulm University, Germany, University of Nevada, Reno, NIST, Boulder, University of Victoria, BC, Princeton University, Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA, Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA, Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington DC 20015, USA, Harvard Univ, Columbia University, Sensor Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology, Universitaet Stuttgart, Institute of Physics, University of Muenster, Germany, Univ of Toronto, JILA, NIST and University of Colorado, Boulder, Institut fuer Quantenoptik, Leibniz Uni Hannover, ZARM, Uni Bremen, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, SLAC - Natl Accelerator Lab, Louisiana State University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA, PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California, 94025, USA, Joint Quantum Institute/University of Maryland and NIST, College Park, MOE Key Laboratory of Fundamental Physical Quantities Measurement, School of physics, Huazhong university of Science and technology, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Max-Planck-Institut fur Quantenoptik, University of Southampton, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77251, USA, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China, University of Tokyo, RIKEN CEMS, University of Tokyo, School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA, Department of Physics, Oklahoma State University, Joint Quantum Institute, NIST and the University of Maryland, Univ of Oklahoma, Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA, Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany, JILA, University of Colorado, Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms and Department of Physics, Harvard University, Imperial College London, LaserLaB, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, ITAMP, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, The United States Naval Academy, JQC Durham--Newcastle, and School of Mathematics and Statistics, Newcastle Univ., Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK, INO-CNR BEC Center and Dipartimento di Fisica, Universit\`a di Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy, Cavendish Laboratory, Univ. of Cambridge, UK, Queen's Univ., Kingston, Canada, Joint Quantum Centre (JQC) Durham-Newcastle, Newcastle Univ., UK, Univ of Maryland-College Park, Natl Tsing Hua Univ, University of Cambridge, Army Research Lab and Joint Quantum Institute, University of MD, 20742, Joint Quantum Institute, Univ of MD, College Park, 20742, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Ulm Univ, Sandia Natl Lab, JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA, University of Washington, The University of Chicago, The James Franck Institute, The Enrico Fermi Institute, and Department of Physics, The University of Chicago, Inst. for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information (IQOQI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, and Inst. for Experimental Physics, University of Innsbruck, Inst. for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information (IQOQI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, and University of Innsbruck, Austria, Texas A\&M University, Baylor University, Texas A\&M University, College of William and Mary, UoM, EMCO, Department of Physics, Harvard University, INAF - Fundacion Galileo Galilei, University of Illinois - Urbana-Champaign, JILA, NIST, and University of Colorado, Boulder, Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, The Pennsylvania State University, Heidelberg University, Simon Fraser University, Institut f\"ur Laserphysik, Universit\"at Hamburg, Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics, Heidelberg, Germany, National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA, Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA, Physics Department, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA, JILA, NIST and University of Colorado, and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Yale University, JILA, NIST and University of Colorado and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Air Force Institute of Technology, Air Force Research Laboratory, Dartmouth, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA, Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, Michigan, USA, J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Kansas, USA, Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Davis, Univ of Southampton, Dept. of Physics, University of Central Florida, Physics Department, The University of Texas at Dallas, University of Texas at Dallas, Hong Kong Univ of Sci \& Tech, Peking University, Medical College of Wisconsin, Amherst College, University of Nebraska- Kearney, ITAMP, Faculty of Physics, Babes-Bolyai Univ, Romania, Dept of Physics, UAE Univ, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE, Missouri Univ of Sci \& Tech, National Institute of Standards and Technology, University of Delaware, University of California, San Diego, University of California Berkeley, J.R. Macdonald Laboratory, Physics Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Davis and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Univ of Nebraska - Lincoln, SLAC National Laboratory, Univ of York, Univ of Potsdam, Dickinson College, Stony Brook University, SLAC and PULSE Institute, Rochester Inst of Tech, Indian Inst of Tech, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire CARNOT de Bourgogne, UMR 6303 CNRS-Universit\'e Bourgogne Franche-Comt\'e , Dijon, France, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada, Laboratoire de Photonique Quantique et Mol\'eculaire, Ecole Normale Sup\'erieure de Cachan, France, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Tsinghua University, Stanford Univ, CQuIC - University of New Mexico, Joint Quantum Institute, National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA, Joint Quantum Institute, National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6T 1Z1, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6T 1Z1, LKB, CNRS, ENS-PSL Research University, UPMC-Sorbonne Universités and Collège de France, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information, Austrian Academy of Science, and Institute for Experimental Physics, University of Innsbruck, Colby College Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Michigan, Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Department of Physics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, LPTMS, CNRS, Univ. Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 5th Institute of Physics and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology, Universitat Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany, MIT, MPI PKS Dresden, Germany, Lancaster University, UK, TU Berlin, Germany, Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Weizmann Institute of Science, JILA, Washington State University, Hong Kong Univ of Sci $ \& $ Tech, Sumitomo Electric Industries Ltd., Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, Ulm University, University of Tsukuba, Institute for Quantum Electronics, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland, CENOLI, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), B-1050 Brussels, Belgium, JQI, Physics, U. of Maryland \& NIST, Instituto de Fisica, UASLP, C. of William and Mary, TRIUMF, Univ of Manitoba, York University, Northwestern University, Forschungzentrum Juelich, Jagiellonian University, Colorado State University, University of Massachusetts Amherst, JILA, University of Colorado Boulder, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, University of Virginia, UVA, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Stanford University, AOSense, Inc., AOSense, Inc., UC San Diego, UC Berkeley, Physics Institute, Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosi, IQ, LU Hannover, Beihang University, Univ of Nevada - Reno, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, University of Massachusetts, Smith College, The University of Texas at Dallas, JILA, NIST and CU-Boulder, Center for Quantum Information and Control, University of New Mexico, Department of Physics and SUPA, University of Strathclyde, Univ of Cambridge, Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Paris, McGill University, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, USC, ANL, UC BERKELEY, SLAC, Argonne National Lab, SLAC National Lab, Argonne National Laboratory, University of Nevada, Kansas State University, Georgia Inst of Tech, National Security Technologies, SSRL, and ALS, JILA, NIST and Physics Department, University of Colorado, Boulder, Michigan State University, Joint Quantum Institute, Army Research Lab, INO-CNR BEC Center and Dipartimento di Fisica, Universita di Trento, Italy, National Tsang Hua University of Education, Taiwan, LPTMS, CNRS, Univ. Paris Sud, Universit\'{e} Paris-Saclay, University of Otago, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, JQI, QuICS, NIST, JQI, NIST, US Naval Academy, University of Cologne, Departamento de F\'isica At\'omica, Molecular y Nuclear, Universidad de Granada, Spain, Florida State University, University of Iowa, University of California Riverside, Chongqing University, Physikalisches Institut, Department of Physics and Research Center OPTIMAS, University of Kaiserslautern, Germany, Institute for Theoretical Physics, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt/Main, Germany, Scientific Computing Laboratory, Institute of Physics Belgrade, University of Belgrade, Serbia, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India, Institut f\"{u}r Experimentalphysik, Universit\"{a}t Innsbruck, Austria; Institut für Quantenoptik, und Quanteninformation IQOQI, Innsbruck, Austria, Institut f\"{u}r Experimentalphysik, Universit\"{a}t Innsbruck, Austria, University of Illinois, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, LMU, Munich, Germany; MPQ, Garching, Germany, California State University, East Bay, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Ecole Normale Superieure, UPMC and CNRS, 24 rue Lhomond, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France, Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056 Basel, Universit\"at Heidelberg, Universit\"at Stuttgart, California Institute of Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden, RWTH Aachen University, Germany, Center for Emergent Matter Science, RIKEN, Japan, Universit\'e de Sherbrooke, Canada, Institute for Quantum Science and Technology and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Calgary, T.J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, U.S. Army Research Lab, Department of Physics University of Massachusetts at Boston, ICFO, JQI, Harvard, University of Pennsylvania, University of California, Los Angeles, University of Birmingham, Department of Physics and research center OPTIMAS, University of Kaiserslautern, Department of Physics and research center OPTIMAS, University of Kaiserslautern / Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz, Univ of Virginia, University of Azad and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Berkeley Research Associates, Naval Research Lavoratory, Universit\'{e} Montpellier, University of Kolkatta, Universit\'{e} du Havre, Lehigh University, UNSW Australia, Queens University, Belfast, University of Toledo, Penn State University, Emory University, University of Georgia, Queen's University Belfast, Penn State University at Berks, Davidson College, J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Physics Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, Indian Institute of Technology-Tirupati and Indian Institute of Science Eduation and Research, Georgia State University, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Atlanta, USA, Radboud University, NL, University of Texas, Austin, J.R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506 USA, Department of Physics, Augustana University, Sioux Falls, SD 57197 USA, University of Kansas, Element Six Ltd, Dept. of Physics, Lewis and Clark College, Department of Materials Science, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur-721302, India, Department of Applied Science, Haldia Institute of Technology, Haldia-721657, India, Centre for Quantum Technologies, Williams College Dept. of Physics, Max-Planck-Institut fur Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Straße 1, 85784 Garching, Germany, Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, College de France, ENS-PSL Research University, CNRS, UPMC-Sorbonne Universités, 11 place Marcelin Berthelot, 75005 Paris, Computational Nanoscience Lab, Research Center, Salahaddin University, 44001 Erbil, Iraq, NASA Ames Research Center, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, INO-CNR and LENS, Italy, CNR-IOM and SISSA, Italy, INO-CNR and LENS, University of Florence, Italy, INO-CNR BEC Center, University of Trento, Italy and Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany, ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Photoniques, Castelldefels, Spain, University of Toronto and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Max- Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany, JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and University of Colorado, Institute of Quantum Optics, University of Hannover, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA30332, Department of Physics, The Citadel, Charleston,SC 29409, Department of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA30332, Western Washington University, Joint Quantum Institute, National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland, Creighton University, Univ Hamburg, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India, University of St. Andrews, Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, ENS/CNRS/UPMC, Paris (France), Institute for Experimental Physics, University Innsbruck, Austria, LNE-SYRTE, Observatoire de Paris/CNRS/UPMC, Paris (France), U.S. Air Force, Institut für Theoretische Physik, Universität Ulm, Ulm, Germany, Department of Physical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Bilbao, Spain, Center for Quantum Information, IIIS, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P. R. China, U. of Delaware and JQI, U. of Maryland and NIST, School of Physics, U. of New South Wales, JQI, Physics, U. of Maryland and NIST, U. of Manitoba, NRC Kurchatov Institute PNPI, \& St. Petersburg State University, Leibniz Universitaet Hannover, Stony Brook University and Brookhaven National Laboratory, Pomona College, MPQ, MPQ and Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Lebedev Physical Institute, Moscow, MPQ and Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics (MPQ), Institue of Photonics Technologies, National Tsing Hua University, Department of Physics, National Tsing Hua University, US Army Research Lab, NIST Quantum Measurement Division and Joint Quantum Institute, University of Maryland and NIST, Joint Quantum Institute, University of Maryland and NIST, Univ of Rochester, Harvard University, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Lincoln Laboratory, weizmann institute of science, Department of Physics, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, Software Maintenance Group, Tinker AFB, Oklahoma, USA, Northwest Missouri State University, Maryville, MO, Univ of Texas, Dallas, Universitaet Heidelberg, ICTP, Trieste, Italy, IQOQI, Innsbruck, Austria, LENS, Florence, Italy, Department of Physics, University of Kaiserslautern, Department of Physics, University of Kaiserslautern, University of Darmstadt, Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA, Max-Planck Institute for Quantum Optics, 85748 Garching, Germany, Physikalisches Institut, Heidelberg University, Germany, Santa Fe Institute, Indian Inst of Tech-Kanpur, Univ of California - Riverside, ICFO-The Institute of Photonic Sciences, None, Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Instititue
Michael Messer

MPI of Quantum Optics, Middlebury College, Vienna University of Technology, Purdue University, Rice University, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Laboratoire Kastler-Brossel, Coll\`ege de France, CNRS, ENS, PSL Research University, UPMC, Sorbonne Universit\'es, Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn; Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, INO-CNR BEC Center and Dipartimento di Fisica, University of Trento, ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Photoniques, Barcelona, INO-CNR and LENS, University of Florence, Cornell Univ, Massachusetts Inst of Tech-MIT, National Tsing Hua University, MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Joint Quantum Institute and University of Maryland Department of Physics, National Science Foundation, Joint Quantum Institute and University of Maryland Department of Physics, College Park, Maryland 20742, NIST-Boulder, Sandia National Labs, Univ of Colorado - Boulder, UNLV, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, University of Vienna, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Wien, Austria, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest 1117 Magyar, Hungary, The Ohio State University, Center for Computation and Technology / Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Louisiana State University, Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Department of Physics, University of Virginia, LBNL, Auburn, UN-Reno, U-Frankfurt, KSU, University of Ulm, University of Hannover, State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University;Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Toledo, State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, ETH Zurich, JILA, Univ of Colorado - Boulder, UNM Center for High Technology Materials, Helmholtz Institut Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg Universitat Mainz, ODMR Technologies Inc., Harvard University, Stanford University, Stanford University and University of Washington, University of Chicago, University of Maryland, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, University of Oklahoma, Colby College, University of California, Berkeley, University of British Columbia, Beloit College, LLNL, State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai, LISA, CNRS (UMR 7583), Universite Paris Est Creteil, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire CARNOT de Bourgogne, UMR 6303 CNRS-Universite de Bourgogne, Dijon, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, SLAC and LCLS, Stanford University, SLAC, and PULSE Institute, University of California, Davis and Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, University of California, Davis, Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics, California Maritime Academy, Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Denison University, University of Toronto, Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Eindhoven University of Technology, National Taiwan University, Univ of Chicago, Univ of Illinois - Urbana, Harvard University Department of Physics, Harvard University Paulson School of Engineering, Sandia National Laboratories, Center for Correlated Electron Systems, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea, Tsinghua Univ, Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Center for Quantum Information in Tsinghua University, Center for Quantum Information, IIIS, Tsinghua University, Center for Quantum Information,IIIS, Tsinghua University, University of Innsbruck, University of Central Florida, Univ of Innsbruck, IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, USA, Zhejiang University, Denison University, Granville, OH, Army Research Laboratory, United States Military Academy, University of Science and Technology of China, ZHEJIANG University, Auburn University, University of Nebraska, University of Windsor, J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Kansas State University, University of Nebraska- Lincoln, QEERI, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar, Northwest Missouri State University, Maryville, USA, Univ of Washington, Texas A\&M University, College Station, TX, Naval Air Systems Command, Patuxent River, MD, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Department of Engineering Science and Physics, CUNY College of Staten Island, Gemological Institute of America, NY, Department of Physics, University of Melbourne, Department of Atomic Physics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Element Six, UK, Joint Quantum Institute and University of Maryland, Duke University, University of Strathclyde, Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Dallas, JILA / University of Colorado at Boulder, James Franck Institute, Enrico Fermi Institute, Department of Physics, University of Chicago, University of Kaiserslautern, Los Alamos National Laboratory, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Temple University, JQI and NIST Gaithersburg, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, University of Connecticut, University of Oregon, Joint Quantum Institute, NIST and University of Maryland, NIST, UT Austin, ZARM, University of Bremen, Caltech, Joint Quantum Institute and the University of Maryland, Univ of California - Berkeley, Univ of Pennsylvania, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Univ of California - Los Angeles, Williams College, Physics Department, Harvard University; Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Physics Department, Harvard University, School of Physics, University of Melbourne, School of Physics, University of Melbourne and CQC2T, University of Melbourne, Institute for Quantum optics, Ulm University, Germany, University of Nevada, Reno, NIST, Boulder, University of Victoria, BC, Princeton University, Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA, Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA, Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington DC 20015, USA, Harvard Univ, Columbia University, Sensor Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology, Universitaet Stuttgart, Institute of Physics, University of Muenster, Germany, Univ of Toronto, JILA, NIST and University of Colorado, Boulder, Institut fuer Quantenoptik, Leibniz Uni Hannover, ZARM, Uni Bremen, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, SLAC - Natl Accelerator Lab, Louisiana State University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA, PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California, 94025, USA, Joint Quantum Institute/University of Maryland and NIST, College Park, MOE Key Laboratory of Fundamental Physical Quantities Measurement, School of physics, Huazhong university of Science and technology, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Max-Planck-Institut fur Quantenoptik, University of Southampton, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77251, USA, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China, University of Tokyo, RIKEN CEMS, University of Tokyo, School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA, Department of Physics, Oklahoma State University, Joint Quantum Institute, NIST and the University of Maryland, Univ of Oklahoma, Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA, Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany, JILA, University of Colorado, Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms and Department of Physics, Harvard University, Imperial College London, LaserLaB, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, ITAMP, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, The United States Naval Academy, JQC Durham--Newcastle, and School of Mathematics and Statistics, Newcastle Univ., Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK, INO-CNR BEC Center and Dipartimento di Fisica, Universit\`a di Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy, Cavendish Laboratory, Univ. of Cambridge, UK, Queen's Univ., Kingston, Canada, Joint Quantum Centre (JQC) Durham-Newcastle, Newcastle Univ., UK, Univ of Maryland-College Park, Natl Tsing Hua Univ, University of Cambridge, Army Research Lab and Joint Quantum Institute, University of MD, 20742, Joint Quantum Institute, Univ of MD, College Park, 20742, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Ulm Univ, Sandia Natl Lab, JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA, University of Washington, The University of Chicago, The James Franck Institute, The Enrico Fermi Institute, and Department of Physics, The University of Chicago, Inst. for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information (IQOQI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, and Inst. for Experimental Physics, University of Innsbruck, Inst. for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information (IQOQI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, and University of Innsbruck, Austria, Texas A\&M University, Baylor University, Texas A\&M University, College of William and Mary, UoM, EMCO, Department of Physics, Harvard University, INAF - Fundacion Galileo Galilei, University of Illinois - Urbana-Champaign, JILA, NIST, and University of Colorado, Boulder, Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, The Pennsylvania State University, Heidelberg University, Simon Fraser University, Institut f\"ur Laserphysik, Universit\"at Hamburg, Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics, Heidelberg, Germany, National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA, Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA, Physics Department, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA, JILA, NIST and University of Colorado, and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Yale University, JILA, NIST and University of Colorado and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Air Force Institute of Technology, Air Force Research Laboratory, Dartmouth, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA, Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, Michigan, USA, J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Kansas, USA, Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Davis, Univ of Southampton, Dept. of Physics, University of Central Florida, Physics Department, The University of Texas at Dallas, University of Texas at Dallas, Hong Kong Univ of Sci \& Tech, Peking University, Medical College of Wisconsin, Amherst College, University of Nebraska- Kearney, ITAMP, Faculty of Physics, Babes-Bolyai Univ, Romania, Dept of Physics, UAE Univ, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE, Missouri Univ of Sci \& Tech, National Institute of Standards and Technology, University of Delaware, University of California, San Diego, University of California Berkeley, J.R. Macdonald Laboratory, Physics Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Davis and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Univ of Nebraska - Lincoln, SLAC National Laboratory, Univ of York, Univ of Potsdam, Dickinson College, Stony Brook University, SLAC and PULSE Institute, Rochester Inst of Tech, Indian Inst of Tech, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire CARNOT de Bourgogne, UMR 6303 CNRS-Universit\'e Bourgogne Franche-Comt\'e , Dijon, France, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada, Laboratoire de Photonique Quantique et Mol\'eculaire, Ecole Normale Sup\'erieure de Cachan, France, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Tsinghua University, Stanford Univ, CQuIC - University of New Mexico, Joint Quantum Institute, National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA, Joint Quantum Institute, National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6T 1Z1, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6T 1Z1, LKB, CNRS, ENS-PSL Research University, UPMC-Sorbonne Universités and Collège de France, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information, Austrian Academy of Science, and Institute for Experimental Physics, University of Innsbruck, Colby College Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Michigan, Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Department of Physics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, LPTMS, CNRS, Univ. Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 5th Institute of Physics and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology, Universitat Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany, MIT, MPI PKS Dresden, Germany, Lancaster University, UK, TU Berlin, Germany, Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Weizmann Institute of Science, JILA, Washington State University, Hong Kong Univ of Sci $ \& $ Tech, Sumitomo Electric Industries Ltd., Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, Ulm University, University of Tsukuba, Institute for Quantum Electronics, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland, CENOLI, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), B-1050 Brussels, Belgium, JQI, Physics, U. of Maryland \& NIST, Instituto de Fisica, UASLP, C. of William and Mary, TRIUMF, Univ of Manitoba, York University, Northwestern University, Forschungzentrum Juelich, Jagiellonian University, Colorado State University, University of Massachusetts Amherst, JILA, University of Colorado Boulder, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, University of Virginia, UVA, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Stanford University, AOSense, Inc., AOSense, Inc., UC San Diego, UC Berkeley, Physics Institute, Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosi, IQ, LU Hannover, Beihang University, Univ of Nevada - Reno, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, University of Massachusetts, Smith College, The University of Texas at Dallas, JILA, NIST and CU-Boulder, Center for Quantum Information and Control, University of New Mexico, Department of Physics and SUPA, University of Strathclyde, Univ of Cambridge, Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Paris, McGill University, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, USC, ANL, UC BERKELEY, SLAC, Argonne National Lab, SLAC National Lab, Argonne National Laboratory, University of Nevada, Kansas State University, Georgia Inst of Tech, National Security Technologies, SSRL, and ALS, JILA, NIST and Physics Department, University of Colorado, Boulder, Michigan State University, Joint Quantum Institute, Army Research Lab, INO-CNR BEC Center and Dipartimento di Fisica, Universita di Trento, Italy, National Tsang Hua University of Education, Taiwan, LPTMS, CNRS, Univ. Paris Sud, Universit\'{e} Paris-Saclay, University of Otago, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, JQI, QuICS, NIST, JQI, NIST, US Naval Academy, University of Cologne, Departamento de F\'isica At\'omica, Molecular y Nuclear, Universidad de Granada, Spain, Florida State University, University of Iowa, University of California Riverside, Chongqing University, Physikalisches Institut, Department of Physics and Research Center OPTIMAS, University of Kaiserslautern, Germany, Institute for Theoretical Physics, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt/Main, Germany, Scientific Computing Laboratory, Institute of Physics Belgrade, University of Belgrade, Serbia, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India, Institut f\"{u}r Experimentalphysik, Universit\"{a}t Innsbruck, Austria; Institut für Quantenoptik, und Quanteninformation IQOQI, Innsbruck, Austria, Institut f\"{u}r Experimentalphysik, Universit\"{a}t Innsbruck, Austria, University of Illinois, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, LMU, Munich, Germany; MPQ, Garching, Germany, California State University, East Bay, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Ecole Normale Superieure, UPMC and CNRS, 24 rue Lhomond, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France, Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056 Basel, Universit\"at Heidelberg, Universit\"at Stuttgart, California Institute of Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden, RWTH Aachen University, Germany, Center for Emergent Matter Science, RIKEN, Japan, Universit\'e de Sherbrooke, Canada, Institute for Quantum Science and Technology and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Calgary, T.J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, U.S. Army Research Lab, Department of Physics University of Massachusetts at Boston, ICFO, JQI, Harvard, University of Pennsylvania, University of California, Los Angeles, University of Birmingham, Department of Physics and research center OPTIMAS, University of Kaiserslautern, Department of Physics and research center OPTIMAS, University of Kaiserslautern / Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz, Univ of Virginia, University of Azad and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Berkeley Research Associates, Naval Research Lavoratory, Universit\'{e} Montpellier, University of Kolkatta, Universit\'{e} du Havre, Lehigh University, UNSW Australia, Queens University, Belfast, University of Toledo, Penn State University, Emory University, University of Georgia, Queen's University Belfast, Penn State University at Berks, Davidson College, J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Physics Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, Indian Institute of Technology-Tirupati and Indian Institute of Science Eduation and Research, Georgia State University, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Atlanta, USA, Radboud University, NL, University of Texas, Austin, J.R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506 USA, Department of Physics, Augustana University, Sioux Falls, SD 57197 USA, University of Kansas, Element Six Ltd, Dept. of Physics, Lewis and Clark College, Department of Materials Science, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur-721302, India, Department of Applied Science, Haldia Institute of Technology, Haldia-721657, India, Centre for Quantum Technologies, Williams College Dept. of Physics, Max-Planck-Institut fur Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Straße 1, 85784 Garching, Germany, Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, College de France, ENS-PSL Research University, CNRS, UPMC-Sorbonne Universités, 11 place Marcelin Berthelot, 75005 Paris, Computational Nanoscience Lab, Research Center, Salahaddin University, 44001 Erbil, Iraq, NASA Ames Research Center, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, INO-CNR and LENS, Italy, CNR-IOM and SISSA, Italy, INO-CNR and LENS, University of Florence, Italy, INO-CNR BEC Center, University of Trento, Italy and Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany, ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Photoniques, Castelldefels, Spain, University of Toronto and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Max- Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany, JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and University of Colorado, Institute of Quantum Optics, University of Hannover, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA30332, Department of Physics, The Citadel, Charleston,SC 29409, Department of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA30332, Western Washington University, Joint Quantum Institute, National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland, Creighton University, Univ Hamburg, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India, University of St. Andrews, Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, ENS/CNRS/UPMC, Paris (France), Institute for Experimental Physics, University Innsbruck, Austria, LNE-SYRTE, Observatoire de Paris/CNRS/UPMC, Paris (France), U.S. Air Force, Institut für Theoretische Physik, Universität Ulm, Ulm, Germany, Department of Physical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Bilbao, Spain, Center for Quantum Information, IIIS, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P. R. China, U. of Delaware and JQI, U. of Maryland and NIST, School of Physics, U. of New South Wales, JQI, Physics, U. of Maryland and NIST, U. of Manitoba, NRC Kurchatov Institute PNPI, \& St. Petersburg State University, Leibniz Universitaet Hannover, Stony Brook University and Brookhaven National Laboratory, Pomona College, MPQ, MPQ and Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Lebedev Physical Institute, Moscow, MPQ and Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics (MPQ), Institue of Photonics Technologies, National Tsing Hua University, Department of Physics, National Tsing Hua University, US Army Research Lab, NIST Quantum Measurement Division and Joint Quantum Institute, University of Maryland and NIST, Joint Quantum Institute, University of Maryland and NIST, Univ of Rochester, Harvard University, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Lincoln Laboratory, weizmann institute of science, Department of Physics, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, Software Maintenance Group, Tinker AFB, Oklahoma, USA, Northwest Missouri State University, Maryville, MO, Univ of Texas, Dallas, Universitaet Heidelberg, ICTP, Trieste, Italy, IQOQI, Innsbruck, Austria, LENS, Florence, Italy, Department of Physics, University of Kaiserslautern, Department of Physics, University of Kaiserslautern, University of Darmstadt, Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA, Max-Planck Institute for Quantum Optics, 85748 Garching, Germany, Physikalisches Institut, Heidelberg University, Germany, Santa Fe Institute, Indian Inst of Tech-Kanpur, Univ of California - Riverside, ICFO-The Institute of Photonic Sciences, None, Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Instititue
Michael Messer

MPI of Quantum Optics, Middlebury College, Vienna University of Technology, Purdue University, Rice University, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Laboratoire Kastler-Brossel, Coll\`ege de France, CNRS, ENS, PSL Research University, UPMC, Sorbonne Universit\'es, Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn; Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, INO-CNR BEC Center and Dipartimento di Fisica, University of Trento, ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Photoniques, Barcelona, INO-CNR and LENS, University of Florence, Cornell Univ, Massachusetts Inst of Tech-MIT, National Tsing Hua University, MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Joint Quantum Institute and University of Maryland Department of Physics, National Science Foundation, Joint Quantum Institute and University of Maryland Department of Physics, College Park, Maryland 20742, NIST-Boulder, Sandia National Labs, Univ of Colorado - Boulder, UNLV, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, University of Vienna, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Wien, Austria, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest 1117 Magyar, Hungary, The Ohio State University, Center for Computation and Technology / Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Louisiana State University, Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Department of Physics, University of Virginia, LBNL, Auburn, UN-Reno, U-Frankfurt, KSU, University of Ulm, University of Hannover, State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University;Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Toledo, State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, ETH Zurich, JILA, Univ of Colorado - Boulder, UNM Center for High Technology Materials, Helmholtz Institut Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg Universitat Mainz, ODMR Technologies Inc., Harvard University, Stanford University, Stanford University and University of Washington, University of Chicago, University of Maryland, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, University of Oklahoma, Colby College, University of California, Berkeley, University of British Columbia, Beloit College, LLNL, State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai, LISA, CNRS (UMR 7583), Universite Paris Est Creteil, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire CARNOT de Bourgogne, UMR 6303 CNRS-Universite de Bourgogne, Dijon, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, SLAC and LCLS, Stanford University, SLAC, and PULSE Institute, University of California, Davis and Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, University of California, Davis, Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics, California Maritime Academy, Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Denison University, University of Toronto, Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Eindhoven University of Technology, National Taiwan University, Univ of Chicago, Univ of Illinois - Urbana, Harvard University Department of Physics, Harvard University Paulson School of Engineering, Sandia National Laboratories, Center for Correlated Electron Systems, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea, Tsinghua Univ, Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Center for Quantum Information in Tsinghua University, Center for Quantum Information, IIIS, Tsinghua University, Center for Quantum Information,IIIS, Tsinghua University, University of Innsbruck, University of Central Florida, Univ of Innsbruck, IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, USA, Zhejiang University, Denison University, Granville, OH, Army Research Laboratory, United States Military Academy, University of Science and Technology of China, ZHEJIANG University, Auburn University, University of Nebraska, University of Windsor, J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Kansas State University, University of Nebraska- Lincoln, QEERI, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar, Northwest Missouri State University, Maryville, USA, Univ of Washington, Texas A\&M University, College Station, TX, Naval Air Systems Command, Patuxent River, MD, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Department of Engineering Science and Physics, CUNY College of Staten Island, Gemological Institute of America, NY, Department of Physics, University of Melbourne, Department of Atomic Physics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Element Six, UK, Joint Quantum Institute and University of Maryland, Duke University, University of Strathclyde, Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Dallas, JILA / University of Colorado at Boulder, James Franck Institute, Enrico Fermi Institute, Department of Physics, University of Chicago, University of Kaiserslautern, Los Alamos National Laboratory, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Temple University, JQI and NIST Gaithersburg, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, University of Connecticut, University of Oregon, Joint Quantum Institute, NIST and University of Maryland, NIST, UT Austin, ZARM, University of Bremen, Caltech, Joint Quantum Institute and the University of Maryland, Univ of California - Berkeley, Univ of Pennsylvania, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Univ of California - Los Angeles, Williams College, Physics Department, Harvard University; Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Physics Department, Harvard University, School of Physics, University of Melbourne, School of Physics, University of Melbourne and CQC2T, University of Melbourne, Institute for Quantum optics, Ulm University, Germany, University of Nevada, Reno, NIST, Boulder, University of Victoria, BC, Princeton University, Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA, Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA, Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington DC 20015, USA, Harvard Univ, Columbia University, Sensor Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology, Universitaet Stuttgart, Institute of Physics, University of Muenster, Germany, Univ of Toronto, JILA, NIST and University of Colorado, Boulder, Institut fuer Quantenoptik, Leibniz Uni Hannover, ZARM, Uni Bremen, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, SLAC - Natl Accelerator Lab, Louisiana State University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA, PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California, 94025, USA, Joint Quantum Institute/University of Maryland and NIST, College Park, MOE Key Laboratory of Fundamental Physical Quantities Measurement, School of physics, Huazhong university of Science and technology, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Max-Planck-Institut fur Quantenoptik, University of Southampton, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77251, USA, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China, University of Tokyo, RIKEN CEMS, University of Tokyo, School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA, Department of Physics, Oklahoma State University, Joint Quantum Institute, NIST and the University of Maryland, Univ of Oklahoma, Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA, Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany, JILA, University of Colorado, Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms and Department of Physics, Harvard University, Imperial College London, LaserLaB, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, ITAMP, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, The United States Naval Academy, JQC Durham--Newcastle, and School of Mathematics and Statistics, Newcastle Univ., Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK, INO-CNR BEC Center and Dipartimento di Fisica, Universit\`a di Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy, Cavendish Laboratory, Univ. of Cambridge, UK, Queen's Univ., Kingston, Canada, Joint Quantum Centre (JQC) Durham-Newcastle, Newcastle Univ., UK, Univ of Maryland-College Park, Natl Tsing Hua Univ, University of Cambridge, Army Research Lab and Joint Quantum Institute, University of MD, 20742, Joint Quantum Institute, Univ of MD, College Park, 20742, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Ulm Univ, Sandia Natl Lab, JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA, University of Washington, The University of Chicago, The James Franck Institute, The Enrico Fermi Institute, and Department of Physics, The University of Chicago, Inst. for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information (IQOQI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, and Inst. for Experimental Physics, University of Innsbruck, Inst. for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information (IQOQI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, and University of Innsbruck, Austria, Texas A\&M University, Baylor University, Texas A\&M University, College of William and Mary, UoM, EMCO, Department of Physics, Harvard University, INAF - Fundacion Galileo Galilei, University of Illinois - Urbana-Champaign, JILA, NIST, and University of Colorado, Boulder, Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, The Pennsylvania State University, Heidelberg University, Simon Fraser University, Institut f\"ur Laserphysik, Universit\"at Hamburg, Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics, Heidelberg, Germany, National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA, Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA, Physics Department, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA, JILA, NIST and University of Colorado, and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Yale University, JILA, NIST and University of Colorado and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Air Force Institute of Technology, Air Force Research Laboratory, Dartmouth, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA, Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, Michigan, USA, J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Kansas, USA, Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Davis, Univ of Southampton, Dept. of Physics, University of Central Florida, Physics Department, The University of Texas at Dallas, University of Texas at Dallas, Hong Kong Univ of Sci \& Tech, Peking University, Medical College of Wisconsin, Amherst College, University of Nebraska- Kearney, ITAMP, Faculty of Physics, Babes-Bolyai Univ, Romania, Dept of Physics, UAE Univ, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE, Missouri Univ of Sci \& Tech, National Institute of Standards and Technology, University of Delaware, University of California, San Diego, University of California Berkeley, J.R. Macdonald Laboratory, Physics Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Davis and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Univ of Nebraska - Lincoln, SLAC National Laboratory, Univ of York, Univ of Potsdam, Dickinson College, Stony Brook University, SLAC and PULSE Institute, Rochester Inst of Tech, Indian Inst of Tech, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire CARNOT de Bourgogne, UMR 6303 CNRS-Universit\'e Bourgogne Franche-Comt\'e , Dijon, France, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada, Laboratoire de Photonique Quantique et Mol\'eculaire, Ecole Normale Sup\'erieure de Cachan, France, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Tsinghua University, Stanford Univ, CQuIC - University of New Mexico, Joint Quantum Institute, National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA, Joint Quantum Institute, National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6T 1Z1, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6T 1Z1, LKB, CNRS, ENS-PSL Research University, UPMC-Sorbonne Universités and Collège de France, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information, Austrian Academy of Science, and Institute for Experimental Physics, University of Innsbruck, Colby College Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Michigan, Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Department of Physics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, LPTMS, CNRS, Univ. Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 5th Institute of Physics and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology, Universitat Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany, MIT, MPI PKS Dresden, Germany, Lancaster University, UK, TU Berlin, Germany, Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Weizmann Institute of Science, JILA, Washington State University, Hong Kong Univ of Sci $ \& $ Tech, Sumitomo Electric Industries Ltd., Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, Ulm University, University of Tsukuba, Institute for Quantum Electronics, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland, CENOLI, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), B-1050 Brussels, Belgium, JQI, Physics, U. of Maryland \& NIST, Instituto de Fisica, UASLP, C. of William and Mary, TRIUMF, Univ of Manitoba, York University, Northwestern University, Forschungzentrum Juelich, Jagiellonian University, Colorado State University, University of Massachusetts Amherst, JILA, University of Colorado Boulder, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, University of Virginia, UVA, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Stanford University, AOSense, Inc., AOSense, Inc., UC San Diego, UC Berkeley, Physics Institute, Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosi, IQ, LU Hannover, Beihang University, Univ of Nevada - Reno, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, University of Massachusetts, Smith College, The University of Texas at Dallas, JILA, NIST and CU-Boulder, Center for Quantum Information and Control, University of New Mexico, Department of Physics and SUPA, University of Strathclyde, Univ of Cambridge, Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Paris, McGill University, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, USC, ANL, UC BERKELEY, SLAC, Argonne National Lab, SLAC National Lab, Argonne National Laboratory, University of Nevada, Kansas State University, Georgia Inst of Tech, National Security Technologies, SSRL, and ALS, JILA, NIST and Physics Department, University of Colorado, Boulder, Michigan State University, Joint Quantum Institute, Army Research Lab, INO-CNR BEC Center and Dipartimento di Fisica, Universita di Trento, Italy, National Tsang Hua University of Education, Taiwan, LPTMS, CNRS, Univ. Paris Sud, Universit\'{e} Paris-Saclay, University of Otago, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, JQI, QuICS, NIST, JQI, NIST, US Naval Academy, University of Cologne, Departamento de F\'isica At\'omica, Molecular y Nuclear, Universidad de Granada, Spain, Florida State University, University of Iowa, University of California Riverside, Chongqing University, Physikalisches Institut, Department of Physics and Research Center OPTIMAS, University of Kaiserslautern, Germany, Institute for Theoretical Physics, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt/Main, Germany, Scientific Computing Laboratory, Institute of Physics Belgrade, University of Belgrade, Serbia, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India, Institut f\"{u}r Experimentalphysik, Universit\"{a}t Innsbruck, Austria; Institut für Quantenoptik, und Quanteninformation IQOQI, Innsbruck, Austria, Institut f\"{u}r Experimentalphysik, Universit\"{a}t Innsbruck, Austria, University of Illinois, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, LMU, Munich, Germany; MPQ, Garching, Germany, California State University, East Bay, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Ecole Normale Superieure, UPMC and CNRS, 24 rue Lhomond, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France, Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056 Basel, Universit\"at Heidelberg, Universit\"at Stuttgart, California Institute of Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden, RWTH Aachen University, Germany, Center for Emergent Matter Science, RIKEN, Japan, Universit\'e de Sherbrooke, Canada, Institute for Quantum Science and Technology and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Calgary, T.J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, U.S. Army Research Lab, Department of Physics University of Massachusetts at Boston, ICFO, JQI, Harvard, University of Pennsylvania, University of California, Los Angeles, University of Birmingham, Department of Physics and research center OPTIMAS, University of Kaiserslautern, Department of Physics and research center OPTIMAS, University of Kaiserslautern / Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz, Univ of Virginia, University of Azad and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Berkeley Research Associates, Naval Research Lavoratory, Universit\'{e} Montpellier, University of Kolkatta, Universit\'{e} du Havre, Lehigh University, UNSW Australia, Queens University, Belfast, University of Toledo, Penn State University, Emory University, University of Georgia, Queen's University Belfast, Penn State University at Berks, Davidson College, J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Physics Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, Indian Institute of Technology-Tirupati and Indian Institute of Science Eduation and Research, Georgia State University, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Atlanta, USA, Radboud University, NL, University of Texas, Austin, J.R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506 USA, Department of Physics, Augustana University, Sioux Falls, SD 57197 USA, University of Kansas, Element Six Ltd, Dept. of Physics, Lewis and Clark College, Department of Materials Science, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur-721302, India, Department of Applied Science, Haldia Institute of Technology, Haldia-721657, India, Centre for Quantum Technologies, Williams College Dept. of Physics, Max-Planck-Institut fur Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Straße 1, 85784 Garching, Germany, Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, College de France, ENS-PSL Research University, CNRS, UPMC-Sorbonne Universités, 11 place Marcelin Berthelot, 75005 Paris, Computational Nanoscience Lab, Research Center, Salahaddin University, 44001 Erbil, Iraq, NASA Ames Research Center, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, INO-CNR and LENS, Italy, CNR-IOM and SISSA, Italy, INO-CNR and LENS, University of Florence, Italy, INO-CNR BEC Center, University of Trento, Italy and Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany, ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Photoniques, Castelldefels, Spain, University of Toronto and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Max- Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany, JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and University of Colorado, Institute of Quantum Optics, University of Hannover, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA30332, Department of Physics, The Citadel, Charleston,SC 29409, Department of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA30332, Western Washington University, Joint Quantum Institute, National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland, Creighton University, Univ Hamburg, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India, University of St. Andrews, Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, ENS/CNRS/UPMC, Paris (France), Institute for Experimental Physics, University Innsbruck, Austria, LNE-SYRTE, Observatoire de Paris/CNRS/UPMC, Paris (France), U.S. Air Force, Institut für Theoretische Physik, Universität Ulm, Ulm, Germany, Department of Physical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Bilbao, Spain, Center for Quantum Information, IIIS, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P. R. China, U. of Delaware and JQI, U. of Maryland and NIST, School of Physics, U. of New South Wales, JQI, Physics, U. of Maryland and NIST, U. of Manitoba, NRC Kurchatov Institute PNPI, \& St. Petersburg State University, Leibniz Universitaet Hannover, Stony Brook University and Brookhaven National Laboratory, Pomona College, MPQ, MPQ and Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Lebedev Physical Institute, Moscow, MPQ and Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics (MPQ), Institue of Photonics Technologies, National Tsing Hua University, Department of Physics, National Tsing Hua University, US Army Research Lab, NIST Quantum Measurement Division and Joint Quantum Institute, University of Maryland and NIST, Joint Quantum Institute, University of Maryland and NIST, Univ of Rochester, Harvard University, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Lincoln Laboratory, weizmann institute of science, Department of Physics, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, Software Maintenance Group, Tinker AFB, Oklahoma, USA, Northwest Missouri State University, Maryville, MO, Univ of Texas, Dallas, Universitaet Heidelberg, ICTP, Trieste, Italy, IQOQI, Innsbruck, Austria, LENS, Florence, Italy, Department of Physics, University of Kaiserslautern, Department of Physics, University of Kaiserslautern, University of Darmstadt, Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA, Max-Planck Institute for Quantum Optics, 85748 Garching, Germany, Physikalisches Institut, Heidelberg University, Germany, Santa Fe Institute, Indian Inst of Tech-Kanpur, Univ of California - Riverside, ICFO-The Institute of Photonic Sciences, None, Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Instititue
Michael Messer

MPI of Quantum Optics, Middlebury College, Vienna University of Technology, Purdue University, Rice University, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Laboratoire Kastler-Brossel, Coll\`ege de France, CNRS, ENS, PSL Research University, UPMC, Sorbonne Universit\'es, Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn; Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, INO-CNR BEC Center and Dipartimento di Fisica, University of Trento, ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Photoniques, Barcelona, INO-CNR and LENS, University of Florence, Cornell Univ, Massachusetts Inst of Tech-MIT, National Tsing Hua University, MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Joint Quantum Institute and University of Maryland Department of Physics, National Science Foundation, Joint Quantum Institute and University of Maryland Department of Physics, College Park, Maryland 20742, NIST-Boulder, Sandia National Labs, Univ of Colorado - Boulder, UNLV, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, University of Vienna, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Wien, Austria, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest 1117 Magyar, Hungary, The Ohio State University, Center for Computation and Technology / Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Louisiana State University, Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Department of Physics, University of Virginia, LBNL, Auburn, UN-Reno, U-Frankfurt, KSU, University of Ulm, University of Hannover, State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University;Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Toledo, State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, ETH Zurich, JILA, Univ of Colorado - Boulder, UNM Center for High Technology Materials, Helmholtz Institut Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg Universitat Mainz, ODMR Technologies Inc., Harvard University, Stanford University, Stanford University and University of Washington, University of Chicago, University of Maryland, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, University of Oklahoma, Colby College, University of California, Berkeley, University of British Columbia, Beloit College, LLNL, State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai, LISA, CNRS (UMR 7583), Universite Paris Est Creteil, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire CARNOT de Bourgogne, UMR 6303 CNRS-Universite de Bourgogne, Dijon, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, SLAC and LCLS, Stanford University, SLAC, and PULSE Institute, University of California, Davis and Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, University of California, Davis, Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics, California Maritime Academy, Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Denison University, University of Toronto, Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Eindhoven University of Technology, National Taiwan University, Univ of Chicago, Univ of Illinois - Urbana, Harvard University Department of Physics, Harvard University Paulson School of Engineering, Sandia National Laboratories, Center for Correlated Electron Systems, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea, Tsinghua Univ, Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Center for Quantum Information in Tsinghua University, Center for Quantum Information, IIIS, Tsinghua University, Center for Quantum Information,IIIS, Tsinghua University, University of Innsbruck, University of Central Florida, Univ of Innsbruck, IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, USA, Zhejiang University, Denison University, Granville, OH, Army Research Laboratory, United States Military Academy, University of Science and Technology of China, ZHEJIANG University, Auburn University, University of Nebraska, University of Windsor, J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Kansas State University, University of Nebraska- Lincoln, QEERI, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar, Northwest Missouri State University, Maryville, USA, Univ of Washington, Texas A\&M University, College Station, TX, Naval Air Systems Command, Patuxent River, MD, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Department of Engineering Science and Physics, CUNY College of Staten Island, Gemological Institute of America, NY, Department of Physics, University of Melbourne, Department of Atomic Physics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Element Six, UK, Joint Quantum Institute and University of Maryland, Duke University, University of Strathclyde, Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Dallas, JILA / University of Colorado at Boulder, James Franck Institute, Enrico Fermi Institute, Department of Physics, University of Chicago, University of Kaiserslautern, Los Alamos National Laboratory, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Temple University, JQI and NIST Gaithersburg, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, University of Connecticut, University of Oregon, Joint Quantum Institute, NIST and University of Maryland, NIST, UT Austin, ZARM, University of Bremen, Caltech, Joint Quantum Institute and the University of Maryland, Univ of California - Berkeley, Univ of Pennsylvania, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Univ of California - Los Angeles, Williams College, Physics Department, Harvard University; Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Physics Department, Harvard University, School of Physics, University of Melbourne, School of Physics, University of Melbourne and CQC2T, University of Melbourne, Institute for Quantum optics, Ulm University, Germany, University of Nevada, Reno, NIST, Boulder, University of Victoria, BC, Princeton University, Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA, Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA, Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington DC 20015, USA, Harvard Univ, Columbia University, Sensor Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology, Universitaet Stuttgart, Institute of Physics, University of Muenster, Germany, Univ of Toronto, JILA, NIST and University of Colorado, Boulder, Institut fuer Quantenoptik, Leibniz Uni Hannover, ZARM, Uni Bremen, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, SLAC - Natl Accelerator Lab, Louisiana State University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA, PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California, 94025, USA, Joint Quantum Institute/University of Maryland and NIST, College Park, MOE Key Laboratory of Fundamental Physical Quantities Measurement, School of physics, Huazhong university of Science and technology, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Max-Planck-Institut fur Quantenoptik, University of Southampton, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77251, USA, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China, University of Tokyo, RIKEN CEMS, University of Tokyo, School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA, Department of Physics, Oklahoma State University, Joint Quantum Institute, NIST and the University of Maryland, Univ of Oklahoma, Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA, Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany, JILA, University of Colorado, Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms and Department of Physics, Harvard University, Imperial College London, LaserLaB, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, ITAMP, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, The United States Naval Academy, JQC Durham--Newcastle, and School of Mathematics and Statistics, Newcastle Univ., Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK, INO-CNR BEC Center and Dipartimento di Fisica, Universit\`a di Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy, Cavendish Laboratory, Univ. of Cambridge, UK, Queen's Univ., Kingston, Canada, Joint Quantum Centre (JQC) Durham-Newcastle, Newcastle Univ., UK, Univ of Maryland-College Park, Natl Tsing Hua Univ, University of Cambridge, Army Research Lab and Joint Quantum Institute, University of MD, 20742, Joint Quantum Institute, Univ of MD, College Park, 20742, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Ulm Univ, Sandia Natl Lab, JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA, University of Washington, The University of Chicago, The James Franck Institute, The Enrico Fermi Institute, and Department of Physics, The University of Chicago, Inst. for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information (IQOQI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, and Inst. for Experimental Physics, University of Innsbruck, Inst. for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information (IQOQI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, and University of Innsbruck, Austria, Texas A\&M University, Baylor University, Texas A\&M University, College of William and Mary, UoM, EMCO, Department of Physics, Harvard University, INAF - Fundacion Galileo Galilei, University of Illinois - Urbana-Champaign, JILA, NIST, and University of Colorado, Boulder, Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, The Pennsylvania State University, Heidelberg University, Simon Fraser University, Institut f\"ur Laserphysik, Universit\"at Hamburg, Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics, Heidelberg, Germany, National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA, Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA, Physics Department, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA, JILA, NIST and University of Colorado, and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Yale University, JILA, NIST and University of Colorado and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Air Force Institute of Technology, Air Force Research Laboratory, Dartmouth, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA, Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, Michigan, USA, J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Kansas, USA, Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Davis, Univ of Southampton, Dept. of Physics, University of Central Florida, Physics Department, The University of Texas at Dallas, University of Texas at Dallas, Hong Kong Univ of Sci \& Tech, Peking University, Medical College of Wisconsin, Amherst College, University of Nebraska- Kearney, ITAMP, Faculty of Physics, Babes-Bolyai Univ, Romania, Dept of Physics, UAE Univ, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE, Missouri Univ of Sci \& Tech, National Institute of Standards and Technology, University of Delaware, University of California, San Diego, University of California Berkeley, J.R. Macdonald Laboratory, Physics Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Davis and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Univ of Nebraska - Lincoln, SLAC National Laboratory, Univ of York, Univ of Potsdam, Dickinson College, Stony Brook University, SLAC and PULSE Institute, Rochester Inst of Tech, Indian Inst of Tech, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire CARNOT de Bourgogne, UMR 6303 CNRS-Universit\'e Bourgogne Franche-Comt\'e , Dijon, France, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada, Laboratoire de Photonique Quantique et Mol\'eculaire, Ecole Normale Sup\'erieure de Cachan, France, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Tsinghua University, Stanford Univ, CQuIC - University of New Mexico, Joint Quantum Institute, National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA, Joint Quantum Institute, National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6T 1Z1, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6T 1Z1, LKB, CNRS, ENS-PSL Research University, UPMC-Sorbonne Universités and Collège de France, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information, Austrian Academy of Science, and Institute for Experimental Physics, University of Innsbruck, Colby College Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Michigan, Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Department of Physics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, LPTMS, CNRS, Univ. Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 5th Institute of Physics and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology, Universitat Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany, MIT, MPI PKS Dresden, Germany, Lancaster University, UK, TU Berlin, Germany, Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Weizmann Institute of Science, JILA, Washington State University, Hong Kong Univ of Sci $ \& $ Tech, Sumitomo Electric Industries Ltd., Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, Ulm University, University of Tsukuba, Institute for Quantum Electronics, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland, CENOLI, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), B-1050 Brussels, Belgium, JQI, Physics, U. of Maryland \& NIST, Instituto de Fisica, UASLP, C. of William and Mary, TRIUMF, Univ of Manitoba, York University, Northwestern University, Forschungzentrum Juelich, Jagiellonian University, Colorado State University, University of Massachusetts Amherst, JILA, University of Colorado Boulder, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, University of Virginia, UVA, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Stanford University, AOSense, Inc., AOSense, Inc., UC San Diego, UC Berkeley, Physics Institute, Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosi, IQ, LU Hannover, Beihang University, Univ of Nevada - Reno, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, University of Massachusetts, Smith College, The University of Texas at Dallas, JILA, NIST and CU-Boulder, Center for Quantum Information and Control, University of New Mexico, Department of Physics and SUPA, University of Strathclyde, Univ of Cambridge, Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Paris, McGill University, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, USC, ANL, UC BERKELEY, SLAC, Argonne National Lab, SLAC National Lab, Argonne National Laboratory, University of Nevada, Kansas State University, Georgia Inst of Tech, National Security Technologies, SSRL, and ALS, JILA, NIST and Physics Department, University of Colorado, Boulder, Michigan State University, Joint Quantum Institute, Army Research Lab, INO-CNR BEC Center and Dipartimento di Fisica, Universita di Trento, Italy, National Tsang Hua University of Education, Taiwan, LPTMS, CNRS, Univ. Paris Sud, Universit\'{e} Paris-Saclay, University of Otago, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, JQI, QuICS, NIST, JQI, NIST, US Naval Academy, University of Cologne, Departamento de F\'isica At\'omica, Molecular y Nuclear, Universidad de Granada, Spain, Florida State University, University of Iowa, University of California Riverside, Chongqing University, Physikalisches Institut, Department of Physics and Research Center OPTIMAS, University of Kaiserslautern, Germany, Institute for Theoretical Physics, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt/Main, Germany, Scientific Computing Laboratory, Institute of Physics Belgrade, University of Belgrade, Serbia, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India, Institut f\"{u}r Experimentalphysik, Universit\"{a}t Innsbruck, Austria; Institut für Quantenoptik, und Quanteninformation IQOQI, Innsbruck, Austria, Institut f\"{u}r Experimentalphysik, Universit\"{a}t Innsbruck, Austria, University of Illinois, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, LMU, Munich, Germany; MPQ, Garching, Germany, California State University, East Bay, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Ecole Normale Superieure, UPMC and CNRS, 24 rue Lhomond, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France, Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056 Basel, Universit\"at Heidelberg, Universit\"at Stuttgart, California Institute of Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden, RWTH Aachen University, Germany, Center for Emergent Matter Science, RIKEN, Japan, Universit\'e de Sherbrooke, Canada, Institute for Quantum Science and Technology and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Calgary, T.J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, U.S. Army Research Lab, Department of Physics University of Massachusetts at Boston, ICFO, JQI, Harvard, University of Pennsylvania, University of California, Los Angeles, University of Birmingham, Department of Physics and research center OPTIMAS, University of Kaiserslautern, Department of Physics and research center OPTIMAS, University of Kaiserslautern / Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz, Univ of Virginia, University of Azad and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Berkeley Research Associates, Naval Research Lavoratory, Universit\'{e} Montpellier, University of Kolkatta, Universit\'{e} du Havre, Lehigh University, UNSW Australia, Queens University, Belfast, University of Toledo, Penn State University, Emory University, University of Georgia, Queen's University Belfast, Penn State University at Berks, Davidson College, J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Physics Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, Indian Institute of Technology-Tirupati and Indian Institute of Science Eduation and Research, Georgia State University, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Atlanta, USA, Radboud University, NL, University of Texas, Austin, J.R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506 USA, Department of Physics, Augustana University, Sioux Falls, SD 57197 USA, University of Kansas, Element Six Ltd, Dept. of Physics, Lewis and Clark College, Department of Materials Science, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur-721302, India, Department of Applied Science, Haldia Institute of Technology, Haldia-721657, India, Centre for Quantum Technologies, Williams College Dept. of Physics, Max-Planck-Institut fur Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Straße 1, 85784 Garching, Germany, Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, College de France, ENS-PSL Research University, CNRS, UPMC-Sorbonne Universités, 11 place Marcelin Berthelot, 75005 Paris, Computational Nanoscience Lab, Research Center, Salahaddin University, 44001 Erbil, Iraq, NASA Ames Research Center, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, INO-CNR and LENS, Italy, CNR-IOM and SISSA, Italy, INO-CNR and LENS, University of Florence, Italy, INO-CNR BEC Center, University of Trento, Italy and Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany, ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Photoniques, Castelldefels, Spain, University of Toronto and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Max- Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany, JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and University of Colorado, Institute of Quantum Optics, University of Hannover, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA30332, Department of Physics, The Citadel, Charleston,SC 29409, Department of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA30332, Western Washington University, Joint Quantum Institute, National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland, Creighton University, Univ Hamburg, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India, University of St. Andrews, Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, ENS/CNRS/UPMC, Paris (France), Institute for Experimental Physics, University Innsbruck, Austria, LNE-SYRTE, Observatoire de Paris/CNRS/UPMC, Paris (France), U.S. Air Force, Institut für Theoretische Physik, Universität Ulm, Ulm, Germany, Department of Physical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Bilbao, Spain, Center for Quantum Information, IIIS, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P. R. China, U. of Delaware and JQI, U. of Maryland and NIST, School of Physics, U. of New South Wales, JQI, Physics, U. of Maryland and NIST, U. of Manitoba, NRC Kurchatov Institute PNPI, \& St. Petersburg State University, Leibniz Universitaet Hannover, Stony Brook University and Brookhaven National Laboratory, Pomona College, MPQ, MPQ and Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Lebedev Physical Institute, Moscow, MPQ and Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics (MPQ), Institue of Photonics Technologies, National Tsing Hua University, Department of Physics, National Tsing Hua University, US Army Research Lab, NIST Quantum Measurement Division and Joint Quantum Institute, University of Maryland and NIST, Joint Quantum Institute, University of Maryland and NIST, Univ of Rochester, Harvard University, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Lincoln Laboratory, weizmann institute of science, Department of Physics, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, Software Maintenance Group, Tinker AFB, Oklahoma, USA, Northwest Missouri State University, Maryville, MO, Univ of Texas, Dallas, Universitaet Heidelberg, ICTP, Trieste, Italy, IQOQI, Innsbruck, Austria, LENS, Florence, Italy, Department of Physics, University of Kaiserslautern, Department of Physics, University of Kaiserslautern, University of Darmstadt, Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA, Max-Planck Institute for Quantum Optics, 85748 Garching, Germany, Physikalisches Institut, Heidelberg University, Germany, Santa Fe Institute, Indian Inst of Tech-Kanpur, Univ of California - Riverside, ICFO-The Institute of Photonic Sciences, None, Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Instititue
Michael Messer

MPI of Quantum Optics, Middlebury College, Vienna University of Technology, Purdue University, Rice University, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Laboratoire Kastler-Brossel, Coll\`ege de France, CNRS, ENS, PSL Research University, UPMC, Sorbonne Universit\'es, Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn; Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, INO-CNR BEC Center and Dipartimento di Fisica, University of Trento, ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Photoniques, Barcelona, INO-CNR and LENS, University of Florence, Cornell Univ, Massachusetts Inst of Tech-MIT, National Tsing Hua University, MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Joint Quantum Institute and University of Maryland Department of Physics, National Science Foundation, Joint Quantum Institute and University of Maryland Department of Physics, College Park, Maryland 20742, NIST-Boulder, Sandia National Labs, Univ of Colorado - Boulder, UNLV, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, University of Vienna, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Wien, Austria, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest 1117 Magyar, Hungary, The Ohio State University, Center for Computation and Technology / Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Louisiana State University, Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Department of Physics, University of Virginia, LBNL, Auburn, UN-Reno, U-Frankfurt, KSU, University of Ulm, University of Hannover, State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University;Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Toledo, State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, ETH Zurich, JILA, Univ of Colorado - Boulder, UNM Center for High Technology Materials, Helmholtz Institut Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg Universitat Mainz, ODMR Technologies Inc., Harvard University, Stanford University, Stanford University and University of Washington, University of Chicago, University of Maryland, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, University of Oklahoma, Colby College, University of California, Berkeley, University of British Columbia, Beloit College, LLNL, State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai, LISA, CNRS (UMR 7583), Universite Paris Est Creteil, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire CARNOT de Bourgogne, UMR 6303 CNRS-Universite de Bourgogne, Dijon, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, SLAC and LCLS, Stanford University, SLAC, and PULSE Institute, University of California, Davis and Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, University of California, Davis, Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics, California Maritime Academy, Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Denison University, University of Toronto, Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Eindhoven University of Technology, National Taiwan University, Univ of Chicago, Univ of Illinois - Urbana, Harvard University Department of Physics, Harvard University Paulson School of Engineering, Sandia National Laboratories, Center for Correlated Electron Systems, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea, Tsinghua Univ, Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Center for Quantum Information in Tsinghua University, Center for Quantum Information, IIIS, Tsinghua University, Center for Quantum Information,IIIS, Tsinghua University, University of Innsbruck, University of Central Florida, Univ of Innsbruck, IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, USA, Zhejiang University, Denison University, Granville, OH, Army Research Laboratory, United States Military Academy, University of Science and Technology of China, ZHEJIANG University, Auburn University, University of Nebraska, University of Windsor, J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Kansas State University, University of Nebraska- Lincoln, QEERI, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar, Northwest Missouri State University, Maryville, USA, Univ of Washington, Texas A\&M University, College Station, TX, Naval Air Systems Command, Patuxent River, MD, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Department of Engineering Science and Physics, CUNY College of Staten Island, Gemological Institute of America, NY, Department of Physics, University of Melbourne, Department of Atomic Physics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Element Six, UK, Joint Quantum Institute and University of Maryland, Duke University, University of Strathclyde, Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Dallas, JILA / University of Colorado at Boulder, James Franck Institute, Enrico Fermi Institute, Department of Physics, University of Chicago, University of Kaiserslautern, Los Alamos National Laboratory, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Temple University, JQI and NIST Gaithersburg, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, University of Connecticut, University of Oregon, Joint Quantum Institute, NIST and University of Maryland, NIST, UT Austin, ZARM, University of Bremen, Caltech, Joint Quantum Institute and the University of Maryland, Univ of California - Berkeley, Univ of Pennsylvania, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Univ of California - Los Angeles, Williams College, Physics Department, Harvard University; Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Physics Department, Harvard University, School of Physics, University of Melbourne, School of Physics, University of Melbourne and CQC2T, University of Melbourne, Institute for Quantum optics, Ulm University, Germany, University of Nevada, Reno, NIST, Boulder, University of Victoria, BC, Princeton University, Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA, Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA, Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington DC 20015, USA, Harvard Univ, Columbia University, Sensor Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology, Universitaet Stuttgart, Institute of Physics, University of Muenster, Germany, Univ of Toronto, JILA, NIST and University of Colorado, Boulder, Institut fuer Quantenoptik, Leibniz Uni Hannover, ZARM, Uni Bremen, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, SLAC - Natl Accelerator Lab, Louisiana State University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA, PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California, 94025, USA, Joint Quantum Institute/University of Maryland and NIST, College Park, MOE Key Laboratory of Fundamental Physical Quantities Measurement, School of physics, Huazhong university of Science and technology, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Max-Planck-Institut fur Quantenoptik, University of Southampton, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77251, USA, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China, University of Tokyo, RIKEN CEMS, University of Tokyo, School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA, Department of Physics, Oklahoma State University, Joint Quantum Institute, NIST and the University of Maryland, Univ of Oklahoma, Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA, Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany, JILA, University of Colorado, Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms and Department of Physics, Harvard University, Imperial College London, LaserLaB, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, ITAMP, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, The United States Naval Academy, JQC Durham--Newcastle, and School of Mathematics and Statistics, Newcastle Univ., Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK, INO-CNR BEC Center and Dipartimento di Fisica, Universit\`a di Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy, Cavendish Laboratory, Univ. of Cambridge, UK, Queen's Univ., Kingston, Canada, Joint Quantum Centre (JQC) Durham-Newcastle, Newcastle Univ., UK, Univ of Maryland-College Park, Natl Tsing Hua Univ, University of Cambridge, Army Research Lab and Joint Quantum Institute, University of MD, 20742, Joint Quantum Institute, Univ of MD, College Park, 20742, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Ulm Univ, Sandia Natl Lab, JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA, University of Washington, The University of Chicago, The James Franck Institute, The Enrico Fermi Institute, and Department of Physics, The University of Chicago, Inst. for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information (IQOQI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, and Inst. for Experimental Physics, University of Innsbruck, Inst. for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information (IQOQI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, and University of Innsbruck, Austria, Texas A\&M University, Baylor University, Texas A\&M University, College of William and Mary, UoM, EMCO, Department of Physics, Harvard University, INAF - Fundacion Galileo Galilei, University of Illinois - Urbana-Champaign, JILA, NIST, and University of Colorado, Boulder, Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, The Pennsylvania State University, Heidelberg University, Simon Fraser University, Institut f\"ur Laserphysik, Universit\"at Hamburg, Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics, Heidelberg, Germany, National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA, Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA, Physics Department, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA, JILA, NIST and University of Colorado, and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Yale University, JILA, NIST and University of Colorado and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Air Force Institute of Technology, Air Force Research Laboratory, Dartmouth, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA, Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, Michigan, USA, J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Kansas, USA, Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Davis, Univ of Southampton, Dept. of Physics, University of Central Florida, Physics Department, The University of Texas at Dallas, University of Texas at Dallas, Hong Kong Univ of Sci \& Tech, Peking University, Medical College of Wisconsin, Amherst College, University of Nebraska- Kearney, ITAMP, Faculty of Physics, Babes-Bolyai Univ, Romania, Dept of Physics, UAE Univ, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE, Missouri Univ of Sci \& Tech, National Institute of Standards and Technology, University of Delaware, University of California, San Diego, University of California Berkeley, J.R. Macdonald Laboratory, Physics Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Davis and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Univ of Nebraska - Lincoln, SLAC National Laboratory, Univ of York, Univ of Potsdam, Dickinson College, Stony Brook University, SLAC and PULSE Institute, Rochester Inst of Tech, Indian Inst of Tech, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire CARNOT de Bourgogne, UMR 6303 CNRS-Universit\'e Bourgogne Franche-Comt\'e , Dijon, France, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada, Laboratoire de Photonique Quantique et Mol\'eculaire, Ecole Normale Sup\'erieure de Cachan, France, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Tsinghua University, Stanford Univ, CQuIC - University of New Mexico, Joint Quantum Institute, National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA, Joint Quantum Institute, National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6T 1Z1, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6T 1Z1, LKB, CNRS, ENS-PSL Research University, UPMC-Sorbonne Universités and Collège de France, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information, Austrian Academy of Science, and Institute for Experimental Physics, University of Innsbruck, Colby College Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Michigan, Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Department of Physics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, LPTMS, CNRS, Univ. Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 5th Institute of Physics and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology, Universitat Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany, MIT, MPI PKS Dresden, Germany, Lancaster University, UK, TU Berlin, Germany, Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Weizmann Institute of Science, JILA, Washington State University, Hong Kong Univ of Sci $ \& $ Tech, Sumitomo Electric Industries Ltd., Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, Ulm University, University of Tsukuba, Institute for Quantum Electronics, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland, CENOLI, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), B-1050 Brussels, Belgium, JQI, Physics, U. of Maryland \& NIST, Instituto de Fisica, UASLP, C. of William and Mary, TRIUMF, Univ of Manitoba, York University, Northwestern University, Forschungzentrum Juelich, Jagiellonian University, Colorado State University, University of Massachusetts Amherst, JILA, University of Colorado Boulder, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, University of Virginia, UVA, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Stanford University, AOSense, Inc., AOSense, Inc., UC San Diego, UC Berkeley, Physics Institute, Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosi, IQ, LU Hannover, Beihang University, Univ of Nevada - Reno, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, University of Massachusetts, Smith College, The University of Texas at Dallas, JILA, NIST and CU-Boulder, Center for Quantum Information and Control, University of New Mexico, Department of Physics and SUPA, University of Strathclyde, Univ of Cambridge, Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Paris, McGill University, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, USC, ANL, UC BERKELEY, SLAC, Argonne National Lab, SLAC National Lab, Argonne National Laboratory, University of Nevada, Kansas State University, Georgia Inst of Tech, National Security Technologies, SSRL, and ALS, JILA, NIST and Physics Department, University of Colorado, Boulder, Michigan State University, Joint Quantum Institute, Army Research Lab, INO-CNR BEC Center and Dipartimento di Fisica, Universita di Trento, Italy, National Tsang Hua University of Education, Taiwan, LPTMS, CNRS, Univ. Paris Sud, Universit\'{e} Paris-Saclay, University of Otago, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, JQI, QuICS, NIST, JQI, NIST, US Naval Academy, University of Cologne, Departamento de F\'isica At\'omica, Molecular y Nuclear, Universidad de Granada, Spain, Florida State University, University of Iowa, University of California Riverside, Chongqing University, Physikalisches Institut, Department of Physics and Research Center OPTIMAS, University of Kaiserslautern, Germany, Institute for Theoretical Physics, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt/Main, Germany, Scientific Computing Laboratory, Institute of Physics Belgrade, University of Belgrade, Serbia, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India, Institut f\"{u}r Experimentalphysik, Universit\"{a}t Innsbruck, Austria; Institut für Quantenoptik, und Quanteninformation IQOQI, Innsbruck, Austria, Institut f\"{u}r Experimentalphysik, Universit\"{a}t Innsbruck, Austria, University of Illinois, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, LMU, Munich, Germany; MPQ, Garching, Germany, California State University, East Bay, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Ecole Normale Superieure, UPMC and CNRS, 24 rue Lhomond, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France, Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056 Basel, Universit\"at Heidelberg, Universit\"at Stuttgart, California Institute of Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden, RWTH Aachen University, Germany, Center for Emergent Matter Science, RIKEN, Japan, Universit\'e de Sherbrooke, Canada, Institute for Quantum Science and Technology and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Calgary, T.J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, U.S. Army Research Lab, Department of Physics University of Massachusetts at Boston, ICFO, JQI, Harvard, University of Pennsylvania, University of California, Los Angeles, University of Birmingham, Department of Physics and research center OPTIMAS, University of Kaiserslautern, Department of Physics and research center OPTIMAS, University of Kaiserslautern / Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz, Univ of Virginia, University of Azad and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Berkeley Research Associates, Naval Research Lavoratory, Universit\'{e} Montpellier, University of Kolkatta, Universit\'{e} du Havre, Lehigh University, UNSW Australia, Queens University, Belfast, University of Toledo, Penn State University, Emory University, University of Georgia, Queen's University Belfast, Penn State University at Berks, Davidson College, J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Physics Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, Indian Institute of Technology-Tirupati and Indian Institute of Science Eduation and Research, Georgia State University, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Atlanta, USA, Radboud University, NL, University of Texas, Austin, J.R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506 USA, Department of Physics, Augustana University, Sioux Falls, SD 57197 USA, University of Kansas, Element Six Ltd, Dept. of Physics, Lewis and Clark College, Department of Materials Science, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur-721302, India, Department of Applied Science, Haldia Institute of Technology, Haldia-721657, India, Centre for Quantum Technologies, Williams College Dept. of Physics, Max-Planck-Institut fur Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Straße 1, 85784 Garching, Germany, Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, College de France, ENS-PSL Research University, CNRS, UPMC-Sorbonne Universités, 11 place Marcelin Berthelot, 75005 Paris, Computational Nanoscience Lab, Research Center, Salahaddin University, 44001 Erbil, Iraq, NASA Ames Research Center, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, INO-CNR and LENS, Italy, CNR-IOM and SISSA, Italy, INO-CNR and LENS, University of Florence, Italy, INO-CNR BEC Center, University of Trento, Italy and Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany, ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Photoniques, Castelldefels, Spain, University of Toronto and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Max- Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany, JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and University of Colorado, Institute of Quantum Optics, University of Hannover, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA30332, Department of Physics, The Citadel, Charleston,SC 29409, Department of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA30332, Western Washington University, Joint Quantum Institute, National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland, Creighton University, Univ Hamburg, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India, University of St. Andrews, Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, ENS/CNRS/UPMC, Paris (France), Institute for Experimental Physics, University Innsbruck, Austria, LNE-SYRTE, Observatoire de Paris/CNRS/UPMC, Paris (France), U.S. Air Force, Institut für Theoretische Physik, Universität Ulm, Ulm, Germany, Department of Physical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Bilbao, Spain, Center for Quantum Information, IIIS, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P. R. China, U. of Delaware and JQI, U. of Maryland and NIST, School of Physics, U. of New South Wales, JQI, Physics, U. of Maryland and NIST, U. of Manitoba, NRC Kurchatov Institute PNPI, \& St. Petersburg State University, Leibniz Universitaet Hannover, Stony Brook University and Brookhaven National Laboratory, Pomona College, MPQ, MPQ and Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Lebedev Physical Institute, Moscow, MPQ and Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics (MPQ), Institue of Photonics Technologies, National Tsing Hua University, Department of Physics, National Tsing Hua University, US Army Research Lab, NIST Quantum Measurement Division and Joint Quantum Institute, University of Maryland and NIST, Joint Quantum Institute, University of Maryland and NIST, Univ of Rochester, Harvard University, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Lincoln Laboratory, weizmann institute of science, Department of Physics, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, Software Maintenance Group, Tinker AFB, Oklahoma, USA, Northwest Missouri State University, Maryville, MO, Univ of Texas, Dallas, Universitaet Heidelberg, ICTP, Trieste, Italy, IQOQI, Innsbruck, Austria, LENS, Florence, Italy, Department of Physics, University of Kaiserslautern, Department of Physics, University of Kaiserslautern, University of Darmstadt, Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA, Max-Planck Institute for Quantum Optics, 85748 Garching, Germany, Physikalisches Institut, Heidelberg University, Germany, Santa Fe Institute, Indian Inst of Tech-Kanpur, Univ of California - Riverside, ICFO-The Institute of Photonic Sciences, None, Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Instititue