Search for Parity- and Time Reversal-Violating Nuclear Spin-Dependent Interactions in $^{\mathrm{205}}$TlF

Olivier Grasdijk; William Cairncross; William Cairncross; William Cairncross; William Cairncross; William Cairncross; William Cairncross; William Cairncross; William Cairncross; William Cairncross

Search for Parity- and Time Reversal-Violating Nuclear Spin-Dependent Interactions in $^{\mathrm{205}}$TlF

ORAL

Abstract

Parity (P)- and time reversal (T)-violating interactions are sensitive probes of physics beyond the Standard Model. CeNTREX (Cold molecule Nuclear Time-Reversal Experiment) aims to search for nuclear spin-dependent P- and T-violating interactions, e.g. due to the nuclear Schiff Moment of $^{\mathrm{205}}$Tl, in the molecule thallium fluoride (TlF). We will look for a P-,T-violating interaction by sending a cryogenic molecular beam of TlF through an interaction region where the direction of an electric field, relative to the molecular rotational angular momentum, is alternately switched. This will generate a change in the nuclear spin precession frequency proportional to the Schiff moment. We project a significant improvement in sensitivity compared to the current state of the art. Instrumental in achieving this sensitivity is the use of optical cycling for efficient detection, rotational cooling, an electrostatic molecular lens, and a 3 meter long interaction region. We describe the recent progress and current status of the CeNTREX experiment.

May 28, 2019, 1:18 PM – May 28, 2019, 1:30 PM

Authors

Olivier Grasdijk

Yale Univ
William Cairncross

Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, National Institute of Standards and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology; University of Colorado, Boulder; University of Oregon, National Institute of Standards and Technology; University of Colorado, Boulder, University of Wisconsin - Madison, University of Maryland, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, National Institute of Standards and Technology, University of Colorado, Boulder, University of Oregon, Eugene, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, University of Colorado, Boulder, University of British Columbia, Swansea University, Max-Planck-Institute of Quantum Optics, J.R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA, Raman Research Institute, C. V. Raman Avenue, Sadashivanagar, Bangalore 560080., University of Connecticut, Naval Postgraduate School, Claremont McKenna, Pitzer, and Scripps Colleges, Wesleyan University, Wentworth Institute of Technology, Quinnipiac University, University of California, Los Angeles, Purdue University, Department of Physics, Harvard University, Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, University of Cambridge, University of Oxford, Institute for Quantum Optcis and Quantum Information, Austrian Academy of Science, Institute for Experimental Physics and Center for Quantum Physics, University of Innsbruck, Department of Physics, Kindai University, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Aoyama Gakuin University, Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, California Institute of Technology, University of Nevada, Reno, University of Colorado Boulder/NIST, University of Colorado Boulder, Imperial College London, JILA, University of Colorado - Boulder, University of California, Santa Barbara, LMU, Munich, Germany; MPQ, Garching, Germany, University of Maryland, College Park, Aarhus University, Louisiana State University, University of Connecticut, Harvard University, Colby College, Harvard University, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA, Department of Physics, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China, Center for Quantum Information, IIIS, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China, Miami University, Universidad de Sevilla, Institute for Quantum Electronics, ETH Zurich, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, JILA, University of Colorado at Boulder, NIST, JILA, University of Wisconsin - Madison & ColdQuanta, ColdQuanta, Department of Physics and Astronomy and Rice Center for Quantum Materials, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, University of Alberta, Rice University, University of Hamburg, Georgia Institute of Technology, The Pennsylvania State University, University of Florence and LENS, University of Oklahoma, N/A, Institut fuer Quantenoptik, Leibniz Universitaet Hannover, Institut fuer Erdmessung, Leibniz Universitaet Hannover, Pennsylvania State University, University of Chicago, Rochester Institute of Technology, JPL, Caltech, Princeton University, Dept. of Physics, National Tsing Hua University, Dept. of Electrophysics, National Chiao Tung University, Dept. of Engineering Science, National Cheng-Kung University, Dept. of Physics, National Cheng-Kung University, Dept. of Physics, National Chung Hsing University, U.S. Naval Postgraduate School, Texas A&M University, Joint Quantum Institute, University of Maryland and NIST, Army Research Laboratory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, St. Norbert College, University of Nebraska Lincoln, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Department of Physics, Augustana University, Sioux Falls, SD 57197 USA, J.R. Macdonald Laboratory, Kansas State University, JILA, NIST, University of Colorado at Boulder, Northrop Grumman Corporation, Woodland Hills, California 91367, USA, Freedom Photonics, Santa Barbara, CA 93117, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA, Georgia Tech Research Institute, Atlanta, Georgia, 30318, USA, Twinleaf LLC, California State University, East Bay, Middlebury College, University of Toronto, Michigan State University, York University, Institute of Physics, University of Belgrade Serbia, Institute Sinisa Stankovic, University of Belgrade Serbia, University of California, San Diego, TU Wien, Northwest Missouri State University, Maryville, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Smith College, Providence College, LAPLACE, Universite Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France, Stony Brook University, Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universtität München, Temple University, Philadelphia, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, JILA/CU-Boulder, Joint Attosecond Science Lab, University of Ottawa and National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada, Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON. Canada, Williams College, Northwestern University, Center for Fundamental Physics, Northwestern University, Yale University, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Argonne National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, CQI, Tsinghua University, Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, US Army Rsch Lab - Adelphi, Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Centre for Quantum Technologies, National University of Singapore, Institut f\"{u}r Laserphysik - Universit\"{a}t Hamburg, Yale-NUS, University Kaiserslautern, Germany, Imperial College London, London, MIT, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, General Physics Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Harvard University and Technical University of Munich, Harvard University and University of Hamburg, University of Geneva, IST Austra, University of Leeds, IST Austria, University of California Berkeley, Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Honeywell Research Laboratory, University of Maryland at College Park, Physikalisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, University of Kaiserslautern, University of Colorado, Boulder, National University of Singapore, JILA, Univ of Colorado - Boulder, NIST, JILA, Univ of Colorado - Boulder, Naval Postgraduate School, Dept. of Physics, Monterey, CA, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany, University of Washington, United States Naval Research Laboratory, IQ, Leibniz University Hannover, United States Naval Academy, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Harvard University and University of Connecticut, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Stanford University, UCLA, PULSE Institute, JILA, NIST, University of Colorado, Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Department of Physics, Nagoya University, Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, 85748 Garching, Germany, Department of Physics, Temple University, Philadelphia, USA, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Institute of Large Area MicroelectronicsT University of Stuttgart, Institute of Smart Sensors University of Stuttgart, Institute of Large Area Microelectronics University of Stuttgart, University of Maryland - College Park, Fritz Haber Institute of the MPG, Colorado State University, University of Stuttgart, 5.Physikalisches Institut and IQST, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Institute for Quantum Electronics, ETH Z\"{u}rich, Otto-Stern-Weg 1, 8093 Z\"{u}urich, Switzerland, JILA, NIST, U. Colorado, NIST - Boulder, Tampere University, NIST, University of Colorado, Boulder, JILA, NIST, University of Colorado, Boulder, Department of Physics and Center for Theory of Quantum Matter, University of Colorado, Boulder, San José State University, Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, ENS-PSL Research University, CNRS, UPMC-Sorbonne Universite, College de France, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Peking University, Technical University of Munich and Harvard University, Simon Fraser University, University of Wisconsin - La Crosse, Joint Quantum Institute - University of Maryland & NIST, Seoul National University, U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Department of Physics, Fudan University, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Monash University, ETH Zürich, University of Michigan, State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China, Auburn University, J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Kansas State University, Institut fur Physik und CINSaT, Universitat Kassel, Department of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, University of Central Florida, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, National Research Council Canada and University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Canada, INRS-EMT, Varennes, Canada, few-cycle Inc., Montreal, Canada, Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, USA, National Taiwan University, Taiwan, St. Petersburg State University, Russia, Temple University, University of Houston, University of Southampton, Institute of Quantum Optics, Leibniz University Hannover, JILA, NIST, and University of Colorado Boulder, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Rydberg Technologies, Rydberg Technologies, University of Michigan, Software Maintenance Group, Tinker AFB, Penn State University, Berks Campus, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Emory University, University of Georgia, Duke University, Dipartimento di Fisica “Galileo Galilei,” Universit\`a di Padova,, Northwest Missouri State University, Maryville, USA, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, India, Lomonosov Moscow State University and Nuclear Safety Institute of Russian Academy of Science, University of Notre Dame, University of New Mexico, Department of Physics, Temple University, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Curtin University, Stockholm University, US Army Research Lab, US Army Research Lab, University of Maryland, University of Queensland, NIST Boulder, Max-Planck-Institute for Quantum Optics, Tsinghua University, China, Wuhan University, China, Joint Quantum Institute, National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland, Oklahoma State University, Oklahoma State University-Stillwater, Tsinghua University, Institute of Theoretical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, Bar-Ilan University, Max Planck Institute, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Poland, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland, MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Harvard University and JILA, Harvard University and Heidelberg University, University of California at San Diego, University of California, Berkeley, JILA, CU Boulder and NIST, University of Ottawa; NRC, Canada, NRC, Canada, University of Ottawa, Canada, University of Copenhagen, Denmark, Univeristy of Georgia, Department of Physics and Astronomy, UC Berkeley and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11793, USA, JILA, National Institutes of Standards and Technology, Department of Physics University of Colorado, Boulder, JQI, National Institutes of Standards and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL 35812, Naval Postgraduate School, Dept. of Physics, Monterey, CA 93943, General Atomics, Electromagnetic Systems Group, 678 Discovery Dr., Huntsville, AL 35806, Swinburne University of Technology, Shanxi University, Heidelberg University, 5. Physikalisches Institut and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germa, Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Max-Planck-Institute of Quantum Optics, Hans-Kopfermann-Straße, ITAMP, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Rice university, University of Stuttgart, 5. Physikalisches Institut and IQST, Center for Quantum Information and Control, University of New Mexico, College of Optical Sciences, The University of Arizona, University of Maryland Department of Physics and NIST, Microsoft Quantum, Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, LaserLaB, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Uppsala University, Zarm, Universitaet Bremen, JQI and NIST, Georgia Southern University, University of Tokyo, Tokyo Institute of Technology, University of Innsbruck, IQOQI Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, Max-Planck-Institute of Quantum Optics, Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology, ITAMP, University College London, Physics Department and Research Center OPTIMAS, Technical University of Kaiserslautern, Germany, Institute of Physics Belgrade, Serbia, Leibniz Universit\"at Hannover, University of Otago, 1,2,5, 1, 4, 3, PULSE Institute, Stanford University, SLAC National Accelerator Lab, PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Boston University, Fermilab, Joint Quantum Institute, NIST and University of Maryland, Stanford Pulse Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Columbia University, M-Labs Ltd, QuARTIQ GmbH, Warsaw University of Technology, NIST, University of Colorado, University of Oregon, UC Berkeley, UC Riverside, Sharif University of Technology, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Center for Fundamental Physics, Northwestern University, State Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, Russia, Old Dominion University, Lehigh University, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, Yale-NUS College, Department of Physics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, USA, Aalto University, Department of Physics, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University, University of Roma Sapiens, Department of Physics, United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, MD, Institute for Theoretical Physics, Heidelberg University, Philosophenweg 16, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany, Joint Quantum Institute, Army Research Lab, Smith College, University of Massachusetts - Amherst, The University of Texas at Dallas - Richardson, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Japan AND The University of Michigan, USA, Zhejiang University, China, Beijing Computational Science Research Center AND Tsinghua University, China, Iowa State University, Carnegie Institution of Washington, National Institute of Standards and Technology Boulder, Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Heidelberg University, University of Science and Technology of China, Institute for Quantum Computing and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Department of Mathematics and Physics, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, University of California, Berkeley and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Institut f\"ur Kernphysik, Goethe-Universit\"at Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Stra{\ss}e 1, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany, GSI-Helmholtzzentrum f\"ur Schwerionenforschung, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany, J.R. Macdonald Laboratory, Physics Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA, Griffith University, Illinois Wesleyan University, Conklin Media, Amherst College, Tsinghua Univ, School of Electrical Engineering, University of Belgrade, United States Military Academy, University\'e Montpellier, St. Petersburg State University, Biophysics Graduate Program, Chemical Physics Graduate Program, Department of Astronomy, The Ohio State University, Department of Astronomy, The Ohio State University, Denison University, Center for Advanced Studies, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland, Kansas State University, University of Arizona, Centre for Quantum Technologies,National University of Singapore, JILA, NIST, and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, 440 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA, Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, College de France, CNRS, ENS-PSL University, Sorbonne Universite, Paris, France, Eindhoven University of Technology, Joint Quantum Centre (JQC) Durham-Newcastle, Newcastle Univ., UK, Sensor Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, JILA, NIST, and University of Colorado, Boulder, and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Department of Physics, Columbia University, JILA and Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, LMU M\"unchen; MPI f\"ur Quantenoptik; MCQST, Universit\'e Libre de Bruxelles, LMU M\"unchen; MCQST, Technical University of Munich; MCQST, Virginia Tech, Institute for Quantum Computing and Dept of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada, QOLS, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, Honeywell Quantum Solutions, Budapest Univ. of Tech., University of Maryland, IonQ,Inc, Central Connecticut State University, Mind Foundry Limited, Sandia National Laboratories, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Argonne National Lab
William Cairncross

Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, National Institute of Standards and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology; University of Colorado, Boulder; University of Oregon, National Institute of Standards and Technology; University of Colorado, Boulder, University of Wisconsin - Madison, University of Maryland, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, National Institute of Standards and Technology, University of Colorado, Boulder, University of Oregon, Eugene, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, University of Colorado, Boulder, University of British Columbia, Swansea University, Max-Planck-Institute of Quantum Optics, J.R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA, Raman Research Institute, C. V. Raman Avenue, Sadashivanagar, Bangalore 560080., University of Connecticut, Naval Postgraduate School, Claremont McKenna, Pitzer, and Scripps Colleges, Wesleyan University, Wentworth Institute of Technology, Quinnipiac University, University of California, Los Angeles, Purdue University, Department of Physics, Harvard University, Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, University of Cambridge, University of Oxford, Institute for Quantum Optcis and Quantum Information, Austrian Academy of Science, Institute for Experimental Physics and Center for Quantum Physics, University of Innsbruck, Department of Physics, Kindai University, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Aoyama Gakuin University, Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, California Institute of Technology, University of Nevada, Reno, University of Colorado Boulder/NIST, University of Colorado Boulder, Imperial College London, JILA, University of Colorado - Boulder, University of California, Santa Barbara, LMU, Munich, Germany; MPQ, Garching, Germany, University of Maryland, College Park, Aarhus University, Louisiana State University, University of Connecticut, Harvard University, Colby College, Harvard University, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA, Department of Physics, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China, Center for Quantum Information, IIIS, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China, Miami University, Universidad de Sevilla, Institute for Quantum Electronics, ETH Zurich, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, JILA, University of Colorado at Boulder, NIST, JILA, University of Wisconsin - Madison & ColdQuanta, ColdQuanta, Department of Physics and Astronomy and Rice Center for Quantum Materials, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, University of Alberta, Rice University, University of Hamburg, Georgia Institute of Technology, The Pennsylvania State University, University of Florence and LENS, University of Oklahoma, N/A, Institut fuer Quantenoptik, Leibniz Universitaet Hannover, Institut fuer Erdmessung, Leibniz Universitaet Hannover, Pennsylvania State University, University of Chicago, Rochester Institute of Technology, JPL, Caltech, Princeton University, Dept. of Physics, National Tsing Hua University, Dept. of Electrophysics, National Chiao Tung University, Dept. of Engineering Science, National Cheng-Kung University, Dept. of Physics, National Cheng-Kung University, Dept. of Physics, National Chung Hsing University, U.S. Naval Postgraduate School, Texas A&M University, Joint Quantum Institute, University of Maryland and NIST, Army Research Laboratory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, St. Norbert College, University of Nebraska Lincoln, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Department of Physics, Augustana University, Sioux Falls, SD 57197 USA, J.R. Macdonald Laboratory, Kansas State University, JILA, NIST, University of Colorado at Boulder, Northrop Grumman Corporation, Woodland Hills, California 91367, USA, Freedom Photonics, Santa Barbara, CA 93117, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA, Georgia Tech Research Institute, Atlanta, Georgia, 30318, USA, Twinleaf LLC, California State University, East Bay, Middlebury College, University of Toronto, Michigan State University, York University, Institute of Physics, University of Belgrade Serbia, Institute Sinisa Stankovic, University of Belgrade Serbia, University of California, San Diego, TU Wien, Northwest Missouri State University, Maryville, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Smith College, Providence College, LAPLACE, Universite Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France, Stony Brook University, Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universtität München, Temple University, Philadelphia, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, JILA/CU-Boulder, Joint Attosecond Science Lab, University of Ottawa and National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada, Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON. Canada, Williams College, Northwestern University, Center for Fundamental Physics, Northwestern University, Yale University, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Argonne National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, CQI, Tsinghua University, Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, US Army Rsch Lab - Adelphi, Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Centre for Quantum Technologies, National University of Singapore, Institut f\"{u}r Laserphysik - Universit\"{a}t Hamburg, Yale-NUS, University Kaiserslautern, Germany, Imperial College London, London, MIT, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, General Physics Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Harvard University and Technical University of Munich, Harvard University and University of Hamburg, University of Geneva, IST Austra, University of Leeds, IST Austria, University of California Berkeley, Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Honeywell Research Laboratory, University of Maryland at College Park, Physikalisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, University of Kaiserslautern, University of Colorado, Boulder, National University of Singapore, JILA, Univ of Colorado - Boulder, NIST, JILA, Univ of Colorado - Boulder, Naval Postgraduate School, Dept. of Physics, Monterey, CA, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany, University of Washington, United States Naval Research Laboratory, IQ, Leibniz University Hannover, United States Naval Academy, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Harvard University and University of Connecticut, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Stanford University, UCLA, PULSE Institute, JILA, NIST, University of Colorado, Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Department of Physics, Nagoya University, Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, 85748 Garching, Germany, Department of Physics, Temple University, Philadelphia, USA, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Institute of Large Area MicroelectronicsT University of Stuttgart, Institute of Smart Sensors University of Stuttgart, Institute of Large Area Microelectronics University of Stuttgart, University of Maryland - College Park, Fritz Haber Institute of the MPG, Colorado State University, University of Stuttgart, 5.Physikalisches Institut and IQST, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Institute for Quantum Electronics, ETH Z\"{u}rich, Otto-Stern-Weg 1, 8093 Z\"{u}urich, Switzerland, JILA, NIST, U. Colorado, NIST - Boulder, Tampere University, NIST, University of Colorado, Boulder, JILA, NIST, University of Colorado, Boulder, Department of Physics and Center for Theory of Quantum Matter, University of Colorado, Boulder, San José State University, Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, ENS-PSL Research University, CNRS, UPMC-Sorbonne Universite, College de France, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Peking University, Technical University of Munich and Harvard University, Simon Fraser University, University of Wisconsin - La Crosse, Joint Quantum Institute - University of Maryland & NIST, Seoul National University, U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Department of Physics, Fudan University, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Monash University, ETH Zürich, University of Michigan, State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China, Auburn University, J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Kansas State University, Institut fur Physik und CINSaT, Universitat Kassel, Department of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, University of Central Florida, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, National Research Council Canada and University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Canada, INRS-EMT, Varennes, Canada, few-cycle Inc., Montreal, Canada, Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, USA, National Taiwan University, Taiwan, St. Petersburg State University, Russia, Temple University, University of Houston, University of Southampton, Institute of Quantum Optics, Leibniz University Hannover, JILA, NIST, and University of Colorado Boulder, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Rydberg Technologies, Rydberg Technologies, University of Michigan, Software Maintenance Group, Tinker AFB, Penn State University, Berks Campus, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Emory University, University of Georgia, Duke University, Dipartimento di Fisica “Galileo Galilei,” Universit\`a di Padova,, Northwest Missouri State University, Maryville, USA, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, India, Lomonosov Moscow State University and Nuclear Safety Institute of Russian Academy of Science, University of Notre Dame, University of New Mexico, Department of Physics, Temple University, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Curtin University, Stockholm University, US Army Research Lab, US Army Research Lab, University of Maryland, University of Queensland, NIST Boulder, Max-Planck-Institute for Quantum Optics, Tsinghua University, China, Wuhan University, China, Joint Quantum Institute, National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland, Oklahoma State University, Oklahoma State University-Stillwater, Tsinghua University, Institute of Theoretical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, Bar-Ilan University, Max Planck Institute, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Poland, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland, MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Harvard University and JILA, Harvard University and Heidelberg University, University of California at San Diego, University of California, Berkeley, JILA, CU Boulder and NIST, University of Ottawa; NRC, Canada, NRC, Canada, University of Ottawa, Canada, University of Copenhagen, Denmark, Univeristy of Georgia, Department of Physics and Astronomy, UC Berkeley and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11793, USA, JILA, National Institutes of Standards and Technology, Department of Physics University of Colorado, Boulder, JQI, National Institutes of Standards and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL 35812, Naval Postgraduate School, Dept. of Physics, Monterey, CA 93943, General Atomics, Electromagnetic Systems Group, 678 Discovery Dr., Huntsville, AL 35806, Swinburne University of Technology, Shanxi University, Heidelberg University, 5. Physikalisches Institut and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germa, Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Max-Planck-Institute of Quantum Optics, Hans-Kopfermann-Straße, ITAMP, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Rice university, University of Stuttgart, 5. Physikalisches Institut and IQST, Center for Quantum Information and Control, University of New Mexico, College of Optical Sciences, The University of Arizona, University of Maryland Department of Physics and NIST, Microsoft Quantum, Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, LaserLaB, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Uppsala University, Zarm, Universitaet Bremen, JQI and NIST, Georgia Southern University, University of Tokyo, Tokyo Institute of Technology, University of Innsbruck, IQOQI Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, Max-Planck-Institute of Quantum Optics, Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology, ITAMP, University College London, Physics Department and Research Center OPTIMAS, Technical University of Kaiserslautern, Germany, Institute of Physics Belgrade, Serbia, Leibniz Universit\"at Hannover, University of Otago, 1,2,5, 1, 4, 3, PULSE Institute, Stanford University, SLAC National Accelerator Lab, PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Boston University, Fermilab, Joint Quantum Institute, NIST and University of Maryland, Stanford Pulse Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Columbia University, M-Labs Ltd, QuARTIQ GmbH, Warsaw University of Technology, NIST, University of Colorado, University of Oregon, UC Berkeley, UC Riverside, Sharif University of Technology, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Center for Fundamental Physics, Northwestern University, State Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, Russia, Old Dominion University, Lehigh University, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, Yale-NUS College, Department of Physics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, USA, Aalto University, Department of Physics, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University, University of Roma Sapiens, Department of Physics, United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, MD, Institute for Theoretical Physics, Heidelberg University, Philosophenweg 16, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany, Joint Quantum Institute, Army Research Lab, Smith College, University of Massachusetts - Amherst, The University of Texas at Dallas - Richardson, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Japan AND The University of Michigan, USA, Zhejiang University, China, Beijing Computational Science Research Center AND Tsinghua University, China, Iowa State University, Carnegie Institution of Washington, National Institute of Standards and Technology Boulder, Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Heidelberg University, University of Science and Technology of China, Institute for Quantum Computing and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Department of Mathematics and Physics, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, University of California, Berkeley and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Institut f\"ur Kernphysik, Goethe-Universit\"at Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Stra{\ss}e 1, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany, GSI-Helmholtzzentrum f\"ur Schwerionenforschung, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany, J.R. Macdonald Laboratory, Physics Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA, Griffith University, Illinois Wesleyan University, Conklin Media, Amherst College, Tsinghua Univ, School of Electrical Engineering, University of Belgrade, United States Military Academy, University\'e Montpellier, St. Petersburg State University, Biophysics Graduate Program, Chemical Physics Graduate Program, Department of Astronomy, The Ohio State University, Department of Astronomy, The Ohio State University, Denison University, Center for Advanced Studies, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland, Kansas State University, University of Arizona, Centre for Quantum Technologies,National University of Singapore, JILA, NIST, and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, 440 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA, Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, College de France, CNRS, ENS-PSL University, Sorbonne Universite, Paris, France, Eindhoven University of Technology, Joint Quantum Centre (JQC) Durham-Newcastle, Newcastle Univ., UK, Sensor Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, JILA, NIST, and University of Colorado, Boulder, and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Department of Physics, Columbia University, JILA and Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, LMU M\"unchen; MPI f\"ur Quantenoptik; MCQST, Universit\'e Libre de Bruxelles, LMU M\"unchen; MCQST, Technical University of Munich; MCQST, Virginia Tech, Institute for Quantum Computing and Dept of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada, QOLS, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, Honeywell Quantum Solutions, Budapest Univ. of Tech., University of Maryland, IonQ,Inc, Central Connecticut State University, Mind Foundry Limited, Sandia National Laboratories, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Argonne National Lab
William Cairncross

Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, National Institute of Standards and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology; University of Colorado, Boulder; University of Oregon, National Institute of Standards and Technology; University of Colorado, Boulder, University of Wisconsin - Madison, University of Maryland, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, National Institute of Standards and Technology, University of Colorado, Boulder, University of Oregon, Eugene, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, University of Colorado, Boulder, University of British Columbia, Swansea University, Max-Planck-Institute of Quantum Optics, J.R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA, Raman Research Institute, C. V. Raman Avenue, Sadashivanagar, Bangalore 560080., University of Connecticut, Naval Postgraduate School, Claremont McKenna, Pitzer, and Scripps Colleges, Wesleyan University, Wentworth Institute of Technology, Quinnipiac University, University of California, Los Angeles, Purdue University, Department of Physics, Harvard University, Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, University of Cambridge, University of Oxford, Institute for Quantum Optcis and Quantum Information, Austrian Academy of Science, Institute for Experimental Physics and Center for Quantum Physics, University of Innsbruck, Department of Physics, Kindai University, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Aoyama Gakuin University, Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, California Institute of Technology, University of Nevada, Reno, University of Colorado Boulder/NIST, University of Colorado Boulder, Imperial College London, JILA, University of Colorado - Boulder, University of California, Santa Barbara, LMU, Munich, Germany; MPQ, Garching, Germany, University of Maryland, College Park, Aarhus University, Louisiana State University, University of Connecticut, Harvard University, Colby College, Harvard University, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA, Department of Physics, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China, Center for Quantum Information, IIIS, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China, Miami University, Universidad de Sevilla, Institute for Quantum Electronics, ETH Zurich, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, JILA, University of Colorado at Boulder, NIST, JILA, University of Wisconsin - Madison & ColdQuanta, ColdQuanta, Department of Physics and Astronomy and Rice Center for Quantum Materials, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, University of Alberta, Rice University, University of Hamburg, Georgia Institute of Technology, The Pennsylvania State University, University of Florence and LENS, University of Oklahoma, N/A, Institut fuer Quantenoptik, Leibniz Universitaet Hannover, Institut fuer Erdmessung, Leibniz Universitaet Hannover, Pennsylvania State University, University of Chicago, Rochester Institute of Technology, JPL, Caltech, Princeton University, Dept. of Physics, National Tsing Hua University, Dept. of Electrophysics, National Chiao Tung University, Dept. of Engineering Science, National Cheng-Kung University, Dept. of Physics, National Cheng-Kung University, Dept. of Physics, National Chung Hsing University, U.S. Naval Postgraduate School, Texas A&M University, Joint Quantum Institute, University of Maryland and NIST, Army Research Laboratory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, St. Norbert College, University of Nebraska Lincoln, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Department of Physics, Augustana University, Sioux Falls, SD 57197 USA, J.R. Macdonald Laboratory, Kansas State University, JILA, NIST, University of Colorado at Boulder, Northrop Grumman Corporation, Woodland Hills, California 91367, USA, Freedom Photonics, Santa Barbara, CA 93117, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA, Georgia Tech Research Institute, Atlanta, Georgia, 30318, USA, Twinleaf LLC, California State University, East Bay, Middlebury College, University of Toronto, Michigan State University, York University, Institute of Physics, University of Belgrade Serbia, Institute Sinisa Stankovic, University of Belgrade Serbia, University of California, San Diego, TU Wien, Northwest Missouri State University, Maryville, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Smith College, Providence College, LAPLACE, Universite Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France, Stony Brook University, Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universtität München, Temple University, Philadelphia, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, JILA/CU-Boulder, Joint Attosecond Science Lab, University of Ottawa and National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada, Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON. Canada, Williams College, Northwestern University, Center for Fundamental Physics, Northwestern University, Yale University, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Argonne National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, CQI, Tsinghua University, Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, US Army Rsch Lab - Adelphi, Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Centre for Quantum Technologies, National University of Singapore, Institut f\"{u}r Laserphysik - Universit\"{a}t Hamburg, Yale-NUS, University Kaiserslautern, Germany, Imperial College London, London, MIT, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, General Physics Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Harvard University and Technical University of Munich, Harvard University and University of Hamburg, University of Geneva, IST Austra, University of Leeds, IST Austria, University of California Berkeley, Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Honeywell Research Laboratory, University of Maryland at College Park, Physikalisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, University of Kaiserslautern, University of Colorado, Boulder, National University of Singapore, JILA, Univ of Colorado - Boulder, NIST, JILA, Univ of Colorado - Boulder, Naval Postgraduate School, Dept. of Physics, Monterey, CA, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany, University of Washington, United States Naval Research Laboratory, IQ, Leibniz University Hannover, United States Naval Academy, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Harvard University and University of Connecticut, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Stanford University, UCLA, PULSE Institute, JILA, NIST, University of Colorado, Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Department of Physics, Nagoya University, Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, 85748 Garching, Germany, Department of Physics, Temple University, Philadelphia, USA, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Institute of Large Area MicroelectronicsT University of Stuttgart, Institute of Smart Sensors University of Stuttgart, Institute of Large Area Microelectronics University of Stuttgart, University of Maryland - College Park, Fritz Haber Institute of the MPG, Colorado State University, University of Stuttgart, 5.Physikalisches Institut and IQST, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Institute for Quantum Electronics, ETH Z\"{u}rich, Otto-Stern-Weg 1, 8093 Z\"{u}urich, Switzerland, JILA, NIST, U. Colorado, NIST - Boulder, Tampere University, NIST, University of Colorado, Boulder, JILA, NIST, University of Colorado, Boulder, Department of Physics and Center for Theory of Quantum Matter, University of Colorado, Boulder, San José State University, Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, ENS-PSL Research University, CNRS, UPMC-Sorbonne Universite, College de France, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Peking University, Technical University of Munich and Harvard University, Simon Fraser University, University of Wisconsin - La Crosse, Joint Quantum Institute - University of Maryland & NIST, Seoul National University, U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Department of Physics, Fudan University, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Monash University, ETH Zürich, University of Michigan, State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China, Auburn University, J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Kansas State University, Institut fur Physik und CINSaT, Universitat Kassel, Department of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, University of Central Florida, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, National Research Council Canada and University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Canada, INRS-EMT, Varennes, Canada, few-cycle Inc., Montreal, Canada, Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, USA, National Taiwan University, Taiwan, St. Petersburg State University, Russia, Temple University, University of Houston, University of Southampton, Institute of Quantum Optics, Leibniz University Hannover, JILA, NIST, and University of Colorado Boulder, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Rydberg Technologies, Rydberg Technologies, University of Michigan, Software Maintenance Group, Tinker AFB, Penn State University, Berks Campus, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Emory University, University of Georgia, Duke University, Dipartimento di Fisica “Galileo Galilei,” Universit\`a di Padova,, Northwest Missouri State University, Maryville, USA, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, India, Lomonosov Moscow State University and Nuclear Safety Institute of Russian Academy of Science, University of Notre Dame, University of New Mexico, Department of Physics, Temple University, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Curtin University, Stockholm University, US Army Research Lab, US Army Research Lab, University of Maryland, University of Queensland, NIST Boulder, Max-Planck-Institute for Quantum Optics, Tsinghua University, China, Wuhan University, China, Joint Quantum Institute, National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland, Oklahoma State University, Oklahoma State University-Stillwater, Tsinghua University, Institute of Theoretical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, Bar-Ilan University, Max Planck Institute, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Poland, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland, MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Harvard University and JILA, Harvard University and Heidelberg University, University of California at San Diego, University of California, Berkeley, JILA, CU Boulder and NIST, University of Ottawa; NRC, Canada, NRC, Canada, University of Ottawa, Canada, University of Copenhagen, Denmark, Univeristy of Georgia, Department of Physics and Astronomy, UC Berkeley and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11793, USA, JILA, National Institutes of Standards and Technology, Department of Physics University of Colorado, Boulder, JQI, National Institutes of Standards and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL 35812, Naval Postgraduate School, Dept. of Physics, Monterey, CA 93943, General Atomics, Electromagnetic Systems Group, 678 Discovery Dr., Huntsville, AL 35806, Swinburne University of Technology, Shanxi University, Heidelberg University, 5. Physikalisches Institut and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germa, Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Max-Planck-Institute of Quantum Optics, Hans-Kopfermann-Straße, ITAMP, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Rice university, University of Stuttgart, 5. Physikalisches Institut and IQST, Center for Quantum Information and Control, University of New Mexico, College of Optical Sciences, The University of Arizona, University of Maryland Department of Physics and NIST, Microsoft Quantum, Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, LaserLaB, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Uppsala University, Zarm, Universitaet Bremen, JQI and NIST, Georgia Southern University, University of Tokyo, Tokyo Institute of Technology, University of Innsbruck, IQOQI Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, Max-Planck-Institute of Quantum Optics, Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology, ITAMP, University College London, Physics Department and Research Center OPTIMAS, Technical University of Kaiserslautern, Germany, Institute of Physics Belgrade, Serbia, Leibniz Universit\"at Hannover, University of Otago, 1,2,5, 1, 4, 3, PULSE Institute, Stanford University, SLAC National Accelerator Lab, PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Boston University, Fermilab, Joint Quantum Institute, NIST and University of Maryland, Stanford Pulse Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Columbia University, M-Labs Ltd, QuARTIQ GmbH, Warsaw University of Technology, NIST, University of Colorado, University of Oregon, UC Berkeley, UC Riverside, Sharif University of Technology, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Center for Fundamental Physics, Northwestern University, State Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, Russia, Old Dominion University, Lehigh University, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, Yale-NUS College, Department of Physics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, USA, Aalto University, Department of Physics, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University, University of Roma Sapiens, Department of Physics, United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, MD, Institute for Theoretical Physics, Heidelberg University, Philosophenweg 16, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany, Joint Quantum Institute, Army Research Lab, Smith College, University of Massachusetts - Amherst, The University of Texas at Dallas - Richardson, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Japan AND The University of Michigan, USA, Zhejiang University, China, Beijing Computational Science Research Center AND Tsinghua University, China, Iowa State University, Carnegie Institution of Washington, National Institute of Standards and Technology Boulder, Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Heidelberg University, University of Science and Technology of China, Institute for Quantum Computing and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Department of Mathematics and Physics, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, University of California, Berkeley and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Institut f\"ur Kernphysik, Goethe-Universit\"at Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Stra{\ss}e 1, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany, GSI-Helmholtzzentrum f\"ur Schwerionenforschung, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany, J.R. Macdonald Laboratory, Physics Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA, Griffith University, Illinois Wesleyan University, Conklin Media, Amherst College, Tsinghua Univ, School of Electrical Engineering, University of Belgrade, United States Military Academy, University\'e Montpellier, St. Petersburg State University, Biophysics Graduate Program, Chemical Physics Graduate Program, Department of Astronomy, The Ohio State University, Department of Astronomy, The Ohio State University, Denison University, Center for Advanced Studies, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland, Kansas State University, University of Arizona, Centre for Quantum Technologies,National University of Singapore, JILA, NIST, and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, 440 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA, Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, College de France, CNRS, ENS-PSL University, Sorbonne Universite, Paris, France, Eindhoven University of Technology, Joint Quantum Centre (JQC) Durham-Newcastle, Newcastle Univ., UK, Sensor Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, JILA, NIST, and University of Colorado, Boulder, and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Department of Physics, Columbia University, JILA and Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, LMU M\"unchen; MPI f\"ur Quantenoptik; MCQST, Universit\'e Libre de Bruxelles, LMU M\"unchen; MCQST, Technical University of Munich; MCQST, Virginia Tech, Institute for Quantum Computing and Dept of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada, QOLS, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, Honeywell Quantum Solutions, Budapest Univ. of Tech., University of Maryland, IonQ,Inc, Central Connecticut State University, Mind Foundry Limited, Sandia National Laboratories, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Argonne National Lab
William Cairncross

Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, National Institute of Standards and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology; University of Colorado, Boulder; University of Oregon, National Institute of Standards and Technology; University of Colorado, Boulder, University of Wisconsin - Madison, University of Maryland, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, National Institute of Standards and Technology, University of Colorado, Boulder, University of Oregon, Eugene, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, University of Colorado, Boulder, University of British Columbia, Swansea University, Max-Planck-Institute of Quantum Optics, J.R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA, Raman Research Institute, C. V. Raman Avenue, Sadashivanagar, Bangalore 560080., University of Connecticut, Naval Postgraduate School, Claremont McKenna, Pitzer, and Scripps Colleges, Wesleyan University, Wentworth Institute of Technology, Quinnipiac University, University of California, Los Angeles, Purdue University, Department of Physics, Harvard University, Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, University of Cambridge, University of Oxford, Institute for Quantum Optcis and Quantum Information, Austrian Academy of Science, Institute for Experimental Physics and Center for Quantum Physics, University of Innsbruck, Department of Physics, Kindai University, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Aoyama Gakuin University, Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, California Institute of Technology, University of Nevada, Reno, University of Colorado Boulder/NIST, University of Colorado Boulder, Imperial College London, JILA, University of Colorado - Boulder, University of California, Santa Barbara, LMU, Munich, Germany; MPQ, Garching, Germany, University of Maryland, College Park, Aarhus University, Louisiana State University, University of Connecticut, Harvard University, Colby College, Harvard University, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA, Department of Physics, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China, Center for Quantum Information, IIIS, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China, Miami University, Universidad de Sevilla, Institute for Quantum Electronics, ETH Zurich, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, JILA, University of Colorado at Boulder, NIST, JILA, University of Wisconsin - Madison & ColdQuanta, ColdQuanta, Department of Physics and Astronomy and Rice Center for Quantum Materials, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, University of Alberta, Rice University, University of Hamburg, Georgia Institute of Technology, The Pennsylvania State University, University of Florence and LENS, University of Oklahoma, N/A, Institut fuer Quantenoptik, Leibniz Universitaet Hannover, Institut fuer Erdmessung, Leibniz Universitaet Hannover, Pennsylvania State University, University of Chicago, Rochester Institute of Technology, JPL, Caltech, Princeton University, Dept. of Physics, National Tsing Hua University, Dept. of Electrophysics, National Chiao Tung University, Dept. of Engineering Science, National Cheng-Kung University, Dept. of Physics, National Cheng-Kung University, Dept. of Physics, National Chung Hsing University, U.S. Naval Postgraduate School, Texas A&M University, Joint Quantum Institute, University of Maryland and NIST, Army Research Laboratory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, St. Norbert College, University of Nebraska Lincoln, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Department of Physics, Augustana University, Sioux Falls, SD 57197 USA, J.R. Macdonald Laboratory, Kansas State University, JILA, NIST, University of Colorado at Boulder, Northrop Grumman Corporation, Woodland Hills, California 91367, USA, Freedom Photonics, Santa Barbara, CA 93117, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA, Georgia Tech Research Institute, Atlanta, Georgia, 30318, USA, Twinleaf LLC, California State University, East Bay, Middlebury College, University of Toronto, Michigan State University, York University, Institute of Physics, University of Belgrade Serbia, Institute Sinisa Stankovic, University of Belgrade Serbia, University of California, San Diego, TU Wien, Northwest Missouri State University, Maryville, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Smith College, Providence College, LAPLACE, Universite Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France, Stony Brook University, Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universtität München, Temple University, Philadelphia, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, JILA/CU-Boulder, Joint Attosecond Science Lab, University of Ottawa and National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada, Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON. Canada, Williams College, Northwestern University, Center for Fundamental Physics, Northwestern University, Yale University, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Argonne National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, CQI, Tsinghua University, Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, US Army Rsch Lab - Adelphi, Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Centre for Quantum Technologies, National University of Singapore, Institut f\"{u}r Laserphysik - Universit\"{a}t Hamburg, Yale-NUS, University Kaiserslautern, Germany, Imperial College London, London, MIT, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, General Physics Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Harvard University and Technical University of Munich, Harvard University and University of Hamburg, University of Geneva, IST Austra, University of Leeds, IST Austria, University of California Berkeley, Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Honeywell Research Laboratory, University of Maryland at College Park, Physikalisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, University of Kaiserslautern, University of Colorado, Boulder, National University of Singapore, JILA, Univ of Colorado - Boulder, NIST, JILA, Univ of Colorado - Boulder, Naval Postgraduate School, Dept. of Physics, Monterey, CA, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany, University of Washington, United States Naval Research Laboratory, IQ, Leibniz University Hannover, United States Naval Academy, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Harvard University and University of Connecticut, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Stanford University, UCLA, PULSE Institute, JILA, NIST, University of Colorado, Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Department of Physics, Nagoya University, Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, 85748 Garching, Germany, Department of Physics, Temple University, Philadelphia, USA, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Institute of Large Area MicroelectronicsT University of Stuttgart, Institute of Smart Sensors University of Stuttgart, Institute of Large Area Microelectronics University of Stuttgart, University of Maryland - College Park, Fritz Haber Institute of the MPG, Colorado State University, University of Stuttgart, 5.Physikalisches Institut and IQST, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Institute for Quantum Electronics, ETH Z\"{u}rich, Otto-Stern-Weg 1, 8093 Z\"{u}urich, Switzerland, JILA, NIST, U. Colorado, NIST - Boulder, Tampere University, NIST, University of Colorado, Boulder, JILA, NIST, University of Colorado, Boulder, Department of Physics and Center for Theory of Quantum Matter, University of Colorado, Boulder, San José State University, Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, ENS-PSL Research University, CNRS, UPMC-Sorbonne Universite, College de France, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Peking University, Technical University of Munich and Harvard University, Simon Fraser University, University of Wisconsin - La Crosse, Joint Quantum Institute - University of Maryland & NIST, Seoul National University, U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Department of Physics, Fudan University, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Monash University, ETH Zürich, University of Michigan, State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China, Auburn University, J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Kansas State University, Institut fur Physik und CINSaT, Universitat Kassel, Department of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, University of Central Florida, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, National Research Council Canada and University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Canada, INRS-EMT, Varennes, Canada, few-cycle Inc., Montreal, Canada, Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, USA, National Taiwan University, Taiwan, St. Petersburg State University, Russia, Temple University, University of Houston, University of Southampton, Institute of Quantum Optics, Leibniz University Hannover, JILA, NIST, and University of Colorado Boulder, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Rydberg Technologies, Rydberg Technologies, University of Michigan, Software Maintenance Group, Tinker AFB, Penn State University, Berks Campus, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Emory University, University of Georgia, Duke University, Dipartimento di Fisica “Galileo Galilei,” Universit\`a di Padova,, Northwest Missouri State University, Maryville, USA, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, India, Lomonosov Moscow State University and Nuclear Safety Institute of Russian Academy of Science, University of Notre Dame, University of New Mexico, Department of Physics, Temple University, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Curtin University, Stockholm University, US Army Research Lab, US Army Research Lab, University of Maryland, University of Queensland, NIST Boulder, Max-Planck-Institute for Quantum Optics, Tsinghua University, China, Wuhan University, China, Joint Quantum Institute, National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland, Oklahoma State University, Oklahoma State University-Stillwater, Tsinghua University, Institute of Theoretical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, Bar-Ilan University, Max Planck Institute, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Poland, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland, MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Harvard University and JILA, Harvard University and Heidelberg University, University of California at San Diego, University of California, Berkeley, JILA, CU Boulder and NIST, University of Ottawa; NRC, Canada, NRC, Canada, University of Ottawa, Canada, University of Copenhagen, Denmark, Univeristy of Georgia, Department of Physics and Astronomy, UC Berkeley and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11793, USA, JILA, National Institutes of Standards and Technology, Department of Physics University of Colorado, Boulder, JQI, National Institutes of Standards and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL 35812, Naval Postgraduate School, Dept. of Physics, Monterey, CA 93943, General Atomics, Electromagnetic Systems Group, 678 Discovery Dr., Huntsville, AL 35806, Swinburne University of Technology, Shanxi University, Heidelberg University, 5. Physikalisches Institut and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germa, Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Max-Planck-Institute of Quantum Optics, Hans-Kopfermann-Straße, ITAMP, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Rice university, University of Stuttgart, 5. Physikalisches Institut and IQST, Center for Quantum Information and Control, University of New Mexico, College of Optical Sciences, The University of Arizona, University of Maryland Department of Physics and NIST, Microsoft Quantum, Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, LaserLaB, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Uppsala University, Zarm, Universitaet Bremen, JQI and NIST, Georgia Southern University, University of Tokyo, Tokyo Institute of Technology, University of Innsbruck, IQOQI Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, Max-Planck-Institute of Quantum Optics, Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology, ITAMP, University College London, Physics Department and Research Center OPTIMAS, Technical University of Kaiserslautern, Germany, Institute of Physics Belgrade, Serbia, Leibniz Universit\"at Hannover, University of Otago, 1,2,5, 1, 4, 3, PULSE Institute, Stanford University, SLAC National Accelerator Lab, PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Boston University, Fermilab, Joint Quantum Institute, NIST and University of Maryland, Stanford Pulse Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Columbia University, M-Labs Ltd, QuARTIQ GmbH, Warsaw University of Technology, NIST, University of Colorado, University of Oregon, UC Berkeley, UC Riverside, Sharif University of Technology, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Center for Fundamental Physics, Northwestern University, State Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, Russia, Old Dominion University, Lehigh University, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, Yale-NUS College, Department of Physics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, USA, Aalto University, Department of Physics, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University, University of Roma Sapiens, Department of Physics, United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, MD, Institute for Theoretical Physics, Heidelberg University, Philosophenweg 16, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany, Joint Quantum Institute, Army Research Lab, Smith College, University of Massachusetts - Amherst, The University of Texas at Dallas - Richardson, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Japan AND The University of Michigan, USA, Zhejiang University, China, Beijing Computational Science Research Center AND Tsinghua University, China, Iowa State University, Carnegie Institution of Washington, National Institute of Standards and Technology Boulder, Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Heidelberg University, University of Science and Technology of China, Institute for Quantum Computing and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Department of Mathematics and Physics, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, University of California, Berkeley and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Institut f\"ur Kernphysik, Goethe-Universit\"at Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Stra{\ss}e 1, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany, GSI-Helmholtzzentrum f\"ur Schwerionenforschung, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany, J.R. Macdonald Laboratory, Physics Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA, Griffith University, Illinois Wesleyan University, Conklin Media, Amherst College, Tsinghua Univ, School of Electrical Engineering, University of Belgrade, United States Military Academy, University\'e Montpellier, St. Petersburg State University, Biophysics Graduate Program, Chemical Physics Graduate Program, Department of Astronomy, The Ohio State University, Department of Astronomy, The Ohio State University, Denison University, Center for Advanced Studies, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland, Kansas State University, University of Arizona, Centre for Quantum Technologies,National University of Singapore, JILA, NIST, and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, 440 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA, Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, College de France, CNRS, ENS-PSL University, Sorbonne Universite, Paris, France, Eindhoven University of Technology, Joint Quantum Centre (JQC) Durham-Newcastle, Newcastle Univ., UK, Sensor Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, JILA, NIST, and University of Colorado, Boulder, and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Department of Physics, Columbia University, JILA and Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, LMU M\"unchen; MPI f\"ur Quantenoptik; MCQST, Universit\'e Libre de Bruxelles, LMU M\"unchen; MCQST, Technical University of Munich; MCQST, Virginia Tech, Institute for Quantum Computing and Dept of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada, QOLS, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, Honeywell Quantum Solutions, Budapest Univ. of Tech., University of Maryland, IonQ,Inc, Central Connecticut State University, Mind Foundry Limited, Sandia National Laboratories, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Argonne National Lab
William Cairncross

Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, National Institute of Standards and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology; University of Colorado, Boulder; University of Oregon, National Institute of Standards and Technology; University of Colorado, Boulder, University of Wisconsin - Madison, University of Maryland, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, National Institute of Standards and Technology, University of Colorado, Boulder, University of Oregon, Eugene, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, University of Colorado, Boulder, University of British Columbia, Swansea University, Max-Planck-Institute of Quantum Optics, J.R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA, Raman Research Institute, C. V. Raman Avenue, Sadashivanagar, Bangalore 560080., University of Connecticut, Naval Postgraduate School, Claremont McKenna, Pitzer, and Scripps Colleges, Wesleyan University, Wentworth Institute of Technology, Quinnipiac University, University of California, Los Angeles, Purdue University, Department of Physics, Harvard University, Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, University of Cambridge, University of Oxford, Institute for Quantum Optcis and Quantum Information, Austrian Academy of Science, Institute for Experimental Physics and Center for Quantum Physics, University of Innsbruck, Department of Physics, Kindai University, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Aoyama Gakuin University, Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, California Institute of Technology, University of Nevada, Reno, University of Colorado Boulder/NIST, University of Colorado Boulder, Imperial College London, JILA, University of Colorado - Boulder, University of California, Santa Barbara, LMU, Munich, Germany; MPQ, Garching, Germany, University of Maryland, College Park, Aarhus University, Louisiana State University, University of Connecticut, Harvard University, Colby College, Harvard University, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA, Department of Physics, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China, Center for Quantum Information, IIIS, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China, Miami University, Universidad de Sevilla, Institute for Quantum Electronics, ETH Zurich, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, JILA, University of Colorado at Boulder, NIST, JILA, University of Wisconsin - Madison & ColdQuanta, ColdQuanta, Department of Physics and Astronomy and Rice Center for Quantum Materials, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, University of Alberta, Rice University, University of Hamburg, Georgia Institute of Technology, The Pennsylvania State University, University of Florence and LENS, University of Oklahoma, N/A, Institut fuer Quantenoptik, Leibniz Universitaet Hannover, Institut fuer Erdmessung, Leibniz Universitaet Hannover, Pennsylvania State University, University of Chicago, Rochester Institute of Technology, JPL, Caltech, Princeton University, Dept. of Physics, National Tsing Hua University, Dept. of Electrophysics, National Chiao Tung University, Dept. of Engineering Science, National Cheng-Kung University, Dept. of Physics, National Cheng-Kung University, Dept. of Physics, National Chung Hsing University, U.S. Naval Postgraduate School, Texas A&M University, Joint Quantum Institute, University of Maryland and NIST, Army Research Laboratory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, St. Norbert College, University of Nebraska Lincoln, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Department of Physics, Augustana University, Sioux Falls, SD 57197 USA, J.R. Macdonald Laboratory, Kansas State University, JILA, NIST, University of Colorado at Boulder, Northrop Grumman Corporation, Woodland Hills, California 91367, USA, Freedom Photonics, Santa Barbara, CA 93117, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA, Georgia Tech Research Institute, Atlanta, Georgia, 30318, USA, Twinleaf LLC, California State University, East Bay, Middlebury College, University of Toronto, Michigan State University, York University, Institute of Physics, University of Belgrade Serbia, Institute Sinisa Stankovic, University of Belgrade Serbia, University of California, San Diego, TU Wien, Northwest Missouri State University, Maryville, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Smith College, Providence College, LAPLACE, Universite Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France, Stony Brook University, Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universtität München, Temple University, Philadelphia, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, JILA/CU-Boulder, Joint Attosecond Science Lab, University of Ottawa and National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada, Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON. Canada, Williams College, Northwestern University, Center for Fundamental Physics, Northwestern University, Yale University, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Argonne National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, CQI, Tsinghua University, Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, US Army Rsch Lab - Adelphi, Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Centre for Quantum Technologies, National University of Singapore, Institut f\"{u}r Laserphysik - Universit\"{a}t Hamburg, Yale-NUS, University Kaiserslautern, Germany, Imperial College London, London, MIT, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, General Physics Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Harvard University and Technical University of Munich, Harvard University and University of Hamburg, University of Geneva, IST Austra, University of Leeds, IST Austria, University of California Berkeley, Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Honeywell Research Laboratory, University of Maryland at College Park, Physikalisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, University of Kaiserslautern, University of Colorado, Boulder, National University of Singapore, JILA, Univ of Colorado - Boulder, NIST, JILA, Univ of Colorado - Boulder, Naval Postgraduate School, Dept. of Physics, Monterey, CA, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany, University of Washington, United States Naval Research Laboratory, IQ, Leibniz University Hannover, United States Naval Academy, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Harvard University and University of Connecticut, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Stanford University, UCLA, PULSE Institute, JILA, NIST, University of Colorado, Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Department of Physics, Nagoya University, Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, 85748 Garching, Germany, Department of Physics, Temple University, Philadelphia, USA, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Institute of Large Area MicroelectronicsT University of Stuttgart, Institute of Smart Sensors University of Stuttgart, Institute of Large Area Microelectronics University of Stuttgart, University of Maryland - College Park, Fritz Haber Institute of the MPG, Colorado State University, University of Stuttgart, 5.Physikalisches Institut and IQST, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Institute for Quantum Electronics, ETH Z\"{u}rich, Otto-Stern-Weg 1, 8093 Z\"{u}urich, Switzerland, JILA, NIST, U. Colorado, NIST - Boulder, Tampere University, NIST, University of Colorado, Boulder, JILA, NIST, University of Colorado, Boulder, Department of Physics and Center for Theory of Quantum Matter, University of Colorado, Boulder, San José State University, Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, ENS-PSL Research University, CNRS, UPMC-Sorbonne Universite, College de France, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Peking University, Technical University of Munich and Harvard University, Simon Fraser University, University of Wisconsin - La Crosse, Joint Quantum Institute - University of Maryland & NIST, Seoul National University, U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Department of Physics, Fudan University, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Monash University, ETH Zürich, University of Michigan, State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China, Auburn University, J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Kansas State University, Institut fur Physik und CINSaT, Universitat Kassel, Department of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, University of Central Florida, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, National Research Council Canada and University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Canada, INRS-EMT, Varennes, Canada, few-cycle Inc., Montreal, Canada, Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, USA, National Taiwan University, Taiwan, St. Petersburg State University, Russia, Temple University, University of Houston, University of Southampton, Institute of Quantum Optics, Leibniz University Hannover, JILA, NIST, and University of Colorado Boulder, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Rydberg Technologies, Rydberg Technologies, University of Michigan, Software Maintenance Group, Tinker AFB, Penn State University, Berks Campus, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Emory University, University of Georgia, Duke University, Dipartimento di Fisica “Galileo Galilei,” Universit\`a di Padova,, Northwest Missouri State University, Maryville, USA, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, India, Lomonosov Moscow State University and Nuclear Safety Institute of Russian Academy of Science, University of Notre Dame, University of New Mexico, Department of Physics, Temple University, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Curtin University, Stockholm University, US Army Research Lab, US Army Research Lab, University of Maryland, University of Queensland, NIST Boulder, Max-Planck-Institute for Quantum Optics, Tsinghua University, China, Wuhan University, China, Joint Quantum Institute, National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland, Oklahoma State University, Oklahoma State University-Stillwater, Tsinghua University, Institute of Theoretical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, Bar-Ilan University, Max Planck Institute, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Poland, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland, MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Harvard University and JILA, Harvard University and Heidelberg University, University of California at San Diego, University of California, Berkeley, JILA, CU Boulder and NIST, University of Ottawa; NRC, Canada, NRC, Canada, University of Ottawa, Canada, University of Copenhagen, Denmark, Univeristy of Georgia, Department of Physics and Astronomy, UC Berkeley and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11793, USA, JILA, National Institutes of Standards and Technology, Department of Physics University of Colorado, Boulder, JQI, National Institutes of Standards and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL 35812, Naval Postgraduate School, Dept. of Physics, Monterey, CA 93943, General Atomics, Electromagnetic Systems Group, 678 Discovery Dr., Huntsville, AL 35806, Swinburne University of Technology, Shanxi University, Heidelberg University, 5. Physikalisches Institut and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germa, Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Max-Planck-Institute of Quantum Optics, Hans-Kopfermann-Straße, ITAMP, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Rice university, University of Stuttgart, 5. Physikalisches Institut and IQST, Center for Quantum Information and Control, University of New Mexico, College of Optical Sciences, The University of Arizona, University of Maryland Department of Physics and NIST, Microsoft Quantum, Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, LaserLaB, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Uppsala University, Zarm, Universitaet Bremen, JQI and NIST, Georgia Southern University, University of Tokyo, Tokyo Institute of Technology, University of Innsbruck, IQOQI Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, Max-Planck-Institute of Quantum Optics, Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology, ITAMP, University College London, Physics Department and Research Center OPTIMAS, Technical University of Kaiserslautern, Germany, Institute of Physics Belgrade, Serbia, Leibniz Universit\"at Hannover, University of Otago, 1,2,5, 1, 4, 3, PULSE Institute, Stanford University, SLAC National Accelerator Lab, PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Boston University, Fermilab, Joint Quantum Institute, NIST and University of Maryland, Stanford Pulse Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Columbia University, M-Labs Ltd, QuARTIQ GmbH, Warsaw University of Technology, NIST, University of Colorado, University of Oregon, UC Berkeley, UC Riverside, Sharif University of Technology, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Center for Fundamental Physics, Northwestern University, State Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, Russia, Old Dominion University, Lehigh University, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, Yale-NUS College, Department of Physics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, USA, Aalto University, Department of Physics, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University, University of Roma Sapiens, Department of Physics, United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, MD, Institute for Theoretical Physics, Heidelberg University, Philosophenweg 16, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany, Joint Quantum Institute, Army Research Lab, Smith College, University of Massachusetts - Amherst, The University of Texas at Dallas - Richardson, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Japan AND The University of Michigan, USA, Zhejiang University, China, Beijing Computational Science Research Center AND Tsinghua University, China, Iowa State University, Carnegie Institution of Washington, National Institute of Standards and Technology Boulder, Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Heidelberg University, University of Science and Technology of China, Institute for Quantum Computing and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Department of Mathematics and Physics, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, University of California, Berkeley and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Institut f\"ur Kernphysik, Goethe-Universit\"at Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Stra{\ss}e 1, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany, GSI-Helmholtzzentrum f\"ur Schwerionenforschung, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany, J.R. Macdonald Laboratory, Physics Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA, Griffith University, Illinois Wesleyan University, Conklin Media, Amherst College, Tsinghua Univ, School of Electrical Engineering, University of Belgrade, United States Military Academy, University\'e Montpellier, St. Petersburg State University, Biophysics Graduate Program, Chemical Physics Graduate Program, Department of Astronomy, The Ohio State University, Department of Astronomy, The Ohio State University, Denison University, Center for Advanced Studies, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland, Kansas State University, University of Arizona, Centre for Quantum Technologies,National University of Singapore, JILA, NIST, and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, 440 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA, Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, College de France, CNRS, ENS-PSL University, Sorbonne Universite, Paris, France, Eindhoven University of Technology, Joint Quantum Centre (JQC) Durham-Newcastle, Newcastle Univ., UK, Sensor Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, JILA, NIST, and University of Colorado, Boulder, and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Department of Physics, Columbia University, JILA and Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, LMU M\"unchen; MPI f\"ur Quantenoptik; MCQST, Universit\'e Libre de Bruxelles, LMU M\"unchen; MCQST, Technical University of Munich; MCQST, Virginia Tech, Institute for Quantum Computing and Dept of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada, QOLS, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, Honeywell Quantum Solutions, Budapest Univ. of Tech., University of Maryland, IonQ,Inc, Central Connecticut State University, Mind Foundry Limited, Sandia National Laboratories, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Argonne National Lab
William Cairncross

Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, National Institute of Standards and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology; University of Colorado, Boulder; University of Oregon, National Institute of Standards and Technology; University of Colorado, Boulder, University of Wisconsin - Madison, University of Maryland, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, National Institute of Standards and Technology, University of Colorado, Boulder, University of Oregon, Eugene, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, University of Colorado, Boulder, University of British Columbia, Swansea University, Max-Planck-Institute of Quantum Optics, J.R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA, Raman Research Institute, C. V. Raman Avenue, Sadashivanagar, Bangalore 560080., University of Connecticut, Naval Postgraduate School, Claremont McKenna, Pitzer, and Scripps Colleges, Wesleyan University, Wentworth Institute of Technology, Quinnipiac University, University of California, Los Angeles, Purdue University, Department of Physics, Harvard University, Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, University of Cambridge, University of Oxford, Institute for Quantum Optcis and Quantum Information, Austrian Academy of Science, Institute for Experimental Physics and Center for Quantum Physics, University of Innsbruck, Department of Physics, Kindai University, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Aoyama Gakuin University, Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, California Institute of Technology, University of Nevada, Reno, University of Colorado Boulder/NIST, University of Colorado Boulder, Imperial College London, JILA, University of Colorado - Boulder, University of California, Santa Barbara, LMU, Munich, Germany; MPQ, Garching, Germany, University of Maryland, College Park, Aarhus University, Louisiana State University, University of Connecticut, Harvard University, Colby College, Harvard University, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA, Department of Physics, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China, Center for Quantum Information, IIIS, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China, Miami University, Universidad de Sevilla, Institute for Quantum Electronics, ETH Zurich, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, JILA, University of Colorado at Boulder, NIST, JILA, University of Wisconsin - Madison & ColdQuanta, ColdQuanta, Department of Physics and Astronomy and Rice Center for Quantum Materials, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, University of Alberta, Rice University, University of Hamburg, Georgia Institute of Technology, The Pennsylvania State University, University of Florence and LENS, University of Oklahoma, N/A, Institut fuer Quantenoptik, Leibniz Universitaet Hannover, Institut fuer Erdmessung, Leibniz Universitaet Hannover, Pennsylvania State University, University of Chicago, Rochester Institute of Technology, JPL, Caltech, Princeton University, Dept. of Physics, National Tsing Hua University, Dept. of Electrophysics, National Chiao Tung University, Dept. of Engineering Science, National Cheng-Kung University, Dept. of Physics, National Cheng-Kung University, Dept. of Physics, National Chung Hsing University, U.S. Naval Postgraduate School, Texas A&M University, Joint Quantum Institute, University of Maryland and NIST, Army Research Laboratory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, St. Norbert College, University of Nebraska Lincoln, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Department of Physics, Augustana University, Sioux Falls, SD 57197 USA, J.R. Macdonald Laboratory, Kansas State University, JILA, NIST, University of Colorado at Boulder, Northrop Grumman Corporation, Woodland Hills, California 91367, USA, Freedom Photonics, Santa Barbara, CA 93117, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA, Georgia Tech Research Institute, Atlanta, Georgia, 30318, USA, Twinleaf LLC, California State University, East Bay, Middlebury College, University of Toronto, Michigan State University, York University, Institute of Physics, University of Belgrade Serbia, Institute Sinisa Stankovic, University of Belgrade Serbia, University of California, San Diego, TU Wien, Northwest Missouri State University, Maryville, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Smith College, Providence College, LAPLACE, Universite Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France, Stony Brook University, Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universtität München, Temple University, Philadelphia, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, JILA/CU-Boulder, Joint Attosecond Science Lab, University of Ottawa and National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada, Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON. Canada, Williams College, Northwestern University, Center for Fundamental Physics, Northwestern University, Yale University, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Argonne National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, CQI, Tsinghua University, Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, US Army Rsch Lab - Adelphi, Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Centre for Quantum Technologies, National University of Singapore, Institut f\"{u}r Laserphysik - Universit\"{a}t Hamburg, Yale-NUS, University Kaiserslautern, Germany, Imperial College London, London, MIT, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, General Physics Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Harvard University and Technical University of Munich, Harvard University and University of Hamburg, University of Geneva, IST Austra, University of Leeds, IST Austria, University of California Berkeley, Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Honeywell Research Laboratory, University of Maryland at College Park, Physikalisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, University of Kaiserslautern, University of Colorado, Boulder, National University of Singapore, JILA, Univ of Colorado - Boulder, NIST, JILA, Univ of Colorado - Boulder, Naval Postgraduate School, Dept. of Physics, Monterey, CA, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany, University of Washington, United States Naval Research Laboratory, IQ, Leibniz University Hannover, United States Naval Academy, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Harvard University and University of Connecticut, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Stanford University, UCLA, PULSE Institute, JILA, NIST, University of Colorado, Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Department of Physics, Nagoya University, Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, 85748 Garching, Germany, Department of Physics, Temple University, Philadelphia, USA, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Institute of Large Area MicroelectronicsT University of Stuttgart, Institute of Smart Sensors University of Stuttgart, Institute of Large Area Microelectronics University of Stuttgart, University of Maryland - College Park, Fritz Haber Institute of the MPG, Colorado State University, University of Stuttgart, 5.Physikalisches Institut and IQST, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Institute for Quantum Electronics, ETH Z\"{u}rich, Otto-Stern-Weg 1, 8093 Z\"{u}urich, Switzerland, JILA, NIST, U. Colorado, NIST - Boulder, Tampere University, NIST, University of Colorado, Boulder, JILA, NIST, University of Colorado, Boulder, Department of Physics and Center for Theory of Quantum Matter, University of Colorado, Boulder, San José State University, Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, ENS-PSL Research University, CNRS, UPMC-Sorbonne Universite, College de France, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Peking University, Technical University of Munich and Harvard University, Simon Fraser University, University of Wisconsin - La Crosse, Joint Quantum Institute - University of Maryland & NIST, Seoul National University, U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Department of Physics, Fudan University, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Monash University, ETH Zürich, University of Michigan, State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China, Auburn University, J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Kansas State University, Institut fur Physik und CINSaT, Universitat Kassel, Department of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, University of Central Florida, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, National Research Council Canada and University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Canada, INRS-EMT, Varennes, Canada, few-cycle Inc., Montreal, Canada, Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, USA, National Taiwan University, Taiwan, St. Petersburg State University, Russia, Temple University, University of Houston, University of Southampton, Institute of Quantum Optics, Leibniz University Hannover, JILA, NIST, and University of Colorado Boulder, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Rydberg Technologies, Rydberg Technologies, University of Michigan, Software Maintenance Group, Tinker AFB, Penn State University, Berks Campus, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Emory University, University of Georgia, Duke University, Dipartimento di Fisica “Galileo Galilei,” Universit\`a di Padova,, Northwest Missouri State University, Maryville, USA, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, India, Lomonosov Moscow State University and Nuclear Safety Institute of Russian Academy of Science, University of Notre Dame, University of New Mexico, Department of Physics, Temple University, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Curtin University, Stockholm University, US Army Research Lab, US Army Research Lab, University of Maryland, University of Queensland, NIST Boulder, Max-Planck-Institute for Quantum Optics, Tsinghua University, China, Wuhan University, China, Joint Quantum Institute, National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland, Oklahoma State University, Oklahoma State University-Stillwater, Tsinghua University, Institute of Theoretical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, Bar-Ilan University, Max Planck Institute, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Poland, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland, MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Harvard University and JILA, Harvard University and Heidelberg University, University of California at San Diego, University of California, Berkeley, JILA, CU Boulder and NIST, University of Ottawa; NRC, Canada, NRC, Canada, University of Ottawa, Canada, University of Copenhagen, Denmark, Univeristy of Georgia, Department of Physics and Astronomy, UC Berkeley and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11793, USA, JILA, National Institutes of Standards and Technology, Department of Physics University of Colorado, Boulder, JQI, National Institutes of Standards and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL 35812, Naval Postgraduate School, Dept. of Physics, Monterey, CA 93943, General Atomics, Electromagnetic Systems Group, 678 Discovery Dr., Huntsville, AL 35806, Swinburne University of Technology, Shanxi University, Heidelberg University, 5. Physikalisches Institut and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germa, Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Max-Planck-Institute of Quantum Optics, Hans-Kopfermann-Straße, ITAMP, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Rice university, University of Stuttgart, 5. Physikalisches Institut and IQST, Center for Quantum Information and Control, University of New Mexico, College of Optical Sciences, The University of Arizona, University of Maryland Department of Physics and NIST, Microsoft Quantum, Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, LaserLaB, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Uppsala University, Zarm, Universitaet Bremen, JQI and NIST, Georgia Southern University, University of Tokyo, Tokyo Institute of Technology, University of Innsbruck, IQOQI Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, Max-Planck-Institute of Quantum Optics, Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology, ITAMP, University College London, Physics Department and Research Center OPTIMAS, Technical University of Kaiserslautern, Germany, Institute of Physics Belgrade, Serbia, Leibniz Universit\"at Hannover, University of Otago, 1,2,5, 1, 4, 3, PULSE Institute, Stanford University, SLAC National Accelerator Lab, PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Boston University, Fermilab, Joint Quantum Institute, NIST and University of Maryland, Stanford Pulse Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Columbia University, M-Labs Ltd, QuARTIQ GmbH, Warsaw University of Technology, NIST, University of Colorado, University of Oregon, UC Berkeley, UC Riverside, Sharif University of Technology, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Center for Fundamental Physics, Northwestern University, State Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, Russia, Old Dominion University, Lehigh University, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, Yale-NUS College, Department of Physics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, USA, Aalto University, Department of Physics, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University, University of Roma Sapiens, Department of Physics, United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, MD, Institute for Theoretical Physics, Heidelberg University, Philosophenweg 16, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany, Joint Quantum Institute, Army Research Lab, Smith College, University of Massachusetts - Amherst, The University of Texas at Dallas - Richardson, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Japan AND The University of Michigan, USA, Zhejiang University, China, Beijing Computational Science Research Center AND Tsinghua University, China, Iowa State University, Carnegie Institution of Washington, National Institute of Standards and Technology Boulder, Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Heidelberg University, University of Science and Technology of China, Institute for Quantum Computing and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Department of Mathematics and Physics, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, University of California, Berkeley and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Institut f\"ur Kernphysik, Goethe-Universit\"at Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Stra{\ss}e 1, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany, GSI-Helmholtzzentrum f\"ur Schwerionenforschung, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany, J.R. Macdonald Laboratory, Physics Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA, Griffith University, Illinois Wesleyan University, Conklin Media, Amherst College, Tsinghua Univ, School of Electrical Engineering, University of Belgrade, United States Military Academy, University\'e Montpellier, St. Petersburg State University, Biophysics Graduate Program, Chemical Physics Graduate Program, Department of Astronomy, The Ohio State University, Department of Astronomy, The Ohio State University, Denison University, Center for Advanced Studies, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland, Kansas State University, University of Arizona, Centre for Quantum Technologies,National University of Singapore, JILA, NIST, and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, 440 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA, Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, College de France, CNRS, ENS-PSL University, Sorbonne Universite, Paris, France, Eindhoven University of Technology, Joint Quantum Centre (JQC) Durham-Newcastle, Newcastle Univ., UK, Sensor Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, JILA, NIST, and University of Colorado, Boulder, and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Department of Physics, Columbia University, JILA and Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, LMU M\"unchen; MPI f\"ur Quantenoptik; MCQST, Universit\'e Libre de Bruxelles, LMU M\"unchen; MCQST, Technical University of Munich; MCQST, Virginia Tech, Institute for Quantum Computing and Dept of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada, QOLS, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, Honeywell Quantum Solutions, Budapest Univ. of Tech., University of Maryland, IonQ,Inc, Central Connecticut State University, Mind Foundry Limited, Sandia National Laboratories, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Argonne National Lab
William Cairncross

Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, National Institute of Standards and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology; University of Colorado, Boulder; University of Oregon, National Institute of Standards and Technology; University of Colorado, Boulder, University of Wisconsin - Madison, University of Maryland, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, National Institute of Standards and Technology, University of Colorado, Boulder, University of Oregon, Eugene, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, University of Colorado, Boulder, University of British Columbia, Swansea University, Max-Planck-Institute of Quantum Optics, J.R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA, Raman Research Institute, C. V. Raman Avenue, Sadashivanagar, Bangalore 560080., University of Connecticut, Naval Postgraduate School, Claremont McKenna, Pitzer, and Scripps Colleges, Wesleyan University, Wentworth Institute of Technology, Quinnipiac University, University of California, Los Angeles, Purdue University, Department of Physics, Harvard University, Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, University of Cambridge, University of Oxford, Institute for Quantum Optcis and Quantum Information, Austrian Academy of Science, Institute for Experimental Physics and Center for Quantum Physics, University of Innsbruck, Department of Physics, Kindai University, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Aoyama Gakuin University, Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, California Institute of Technology, University of Nevada, Reno, University of Colorado Boulder/NIST, University of Colorado Boulder, Imperial College London, JILA, University of Colorado - Boulder, University of California, Santa Barbara, LMU, Munich, Germany; MPQ, Garching, Germany, University of Maryland, College Park, Aarhus University, Louisiana State University, University of Connecticut, Harvard University, Colby College, Harvard University, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA, Department of Physics, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China, Center for Quantum Information, IIIS, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China, Miami University, Universidad de Sevilla, Institute for Quantum Electronics, ETH Zurich, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, JILA, University of Colorado at Boulder, NIST, JILA, University of Wisconsin - Madison & ColdQuanta, ColdQuanta, Department of Physics and Astronomy and Rice Center for Quantum Materials, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, University of Alberta, Rice University, University of Hamburg, Georgia Institute of Technology, The Pennsylvania State University, University of Florence and LENS, University of Oklahoma, N/A, Institut fuer Quantenoptik, Leibniz Universitaet Hannover, Institut fuer Erdmessung, Leibniz Universitaet Hannover, Pennsylvania State University, University of Chicago, Rochester Institute of Technology, JPL, Caltech, Princeton University, Dept. of Physics, National Tsing Hua University, Dept. of Electrophysics, National Chiao Tung University, Dept. of Engineering Science, National Cheng-Kung University, Dept. of Physics, National Cheng-Kung University, Dept. of Physics, National Chung Hsing University, U.S. Naval Postgraduate School, Texas A&M University, Joint Quantum Institute, University of Maryland and NIST, Army Research Laboratory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, St. Norbert College, University of Nebraska Lincoln, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Department of Physics, Augustana University, Sioux Falls, SD 57197 USA, J.R. Macdonald Laboratory, Kansas State University, JILA, NIST, University of Colorado at Boulder, Northrop Grumman Corporation, Woodland Hills, California 91367, USA, Freedom Photonics, Santa Barbara, CA 93117, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA, Georgia Tech Research Institute, Atlanta, Georgia, 30318, USA, Twinleaf LLC, California State University, East Bay, Middlebury College, University of Toronto, Michigan State University, York University, Institute of Physics, University of Belgrade Serbia, Institute Sinisa Stankovic, University of Belgrade Serbia, University of California, San Diego, TU Wien, Northwest Missouri State University, Maryville, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Smith College, Providence College, LAPLACE, Universite Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France, Stony Brook University, Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universtität München, Temple University, Philadelphia, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, JILA/CU-Boulder, Joint Attosecond Science Lab, University of Ottawa and National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada, Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON. Canada, Williams College, Northwestern University, Center for Fundamental Physics, Northwestern University, Yale University, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Argonne National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, CQI, Tsinghua University, Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, US Army Rsch Lab - Adelphi, Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Centre for Quantum Technologies, National University of Singapore, Institut f\"{u}r Laserphysik - Universit\"{a}t Hamburg, Yale-NUS, University Kaiserslautern, Germany, Imperial College London, London, MIT, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, General Physics Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Harvard University and Technical University of Munich, Harvard University and University of Hamburg, University of Geneva, IST Austra, University of Leeds, IST Austria, University of California Berkeley, Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Honeywell Research Laboratory, University of Maryland at College Park, Physikalisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, University of Kaiserslautern, University of Colorado, Boulder, National University of Singapore, JILA, Univ of Colorado - Boulder, NIST, JILA, Univ of Colorado - Boulder, Naval Postgraduate School, Dept. of Physics, Monterey, CA, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany, University of Washington, United States Naval Research Laboratory, IQ, Leibniz University Hannover, United States Naval Academy, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Harvard University and University of Connecticut, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Stanford University, UCLA, PULSE Institute, JILA, NIST, University of Colorado, Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Department of Physics, Nagoya University, Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, 85748 Garching, Germany, Department of Physics, Temple University, Philadelphia, USA, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Institute of Large Area MicroelectronicsT University of Stuttgart, Institute of Smart Sensors University of Stuttgart, Institute of Large Area Microelectronics University of Stuttgart, University of Maryland - College Park, Fritz Haber Institute of the MPG, Colorado State University, University of Stuttgart, 5.Physikalisches Institut and IQST, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Institute for Quantum Electronics, ETH Z\"{u}rich, Otto-Stern-Weg 1, 8093 Z\"{u}urich, Switzerland, JILA, NIST, U. Colorado, NIST - Boulder, Tampere University, NIST, University of Colorado, Boulder, JILA, NIST, University of Colorado, Boulder, Department of Physics and Center for Theory of Quantum Matter, University of Colorado, Boulder, San José State University, Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, ENS-PSL Research University, CNRS, UPMC-Sorbonne Universite, College de France, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Peking University, Technical University of Munich and Harvard University, Simon Fraser University, University of Wisconsin - La Crosse, Joint Quantum Institute - University of Maryland & NIST, Seoul National University, U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Department of Physics, Fudan University, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Monash University, ETH Zürich, University of Michigan, State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China, Auburn University, J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Kansas State University, Institut fur Physik und CINSaT, Universitat Kassel, Department of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, University of Central Florida, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, National Research Council Canada and University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Canada, INRS-EMT, Varennes, Canada, few-cycle Inc., Montreal, Canada, Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, USA, National Taiwan University, Taiwan, St. Petersburg State University, Russia, Temple University, University of Houston, University of Southampton, Institute of Quantum Optics, Leibniz University Hannover, JILA, NIST, and University of Colorado Boulder, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Rydberg Technologies, Rydberg Technologies, University of Michigan, Software Maintenance Group, Tinker AFB, Penn State University, Berks Campus, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Emory University, University of Georgia, Duke University, Dipartimento di Fisica “Galileo Galilei,” Universit\`a di Padova,, Northwest Missouri State University, Maryville, USA, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, India, Lomonosov Moscow State University and Nuclear Safety Institute of Russian Academy of Science, University of Notre Dame, University of New Mexico, Department of Physics, Temple University, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Curtin University, Stockholm University, US Army Research Lab, US Army Research Lab, University of Maryland, University of Queensland, NIST Boulder, Max-Planck-Institute for Quantum Optics, Tsinghua University, China, Wuhan University, China, Joint Quantum Institute, National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland, Oklahoma State University, Oklahoma State University-Stillwater, Tsinghua University, Institute of Theoretical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, Bar-Ilan University, Max Planck Institute, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Poland, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland, MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Harvard University and JILA, Harvard University and Heidelberg University, University of California at San Diego, University of California, Berkeley, JILA, CU Boulder and NIST, University of Ottawa; NRC, Canada, NRC, Canada, University of Ottawa, Canada, University of Copenhagen, Denmark, Univeristy of Georgia, Department of Physics and Astronomy, UC Berkeley and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11793, USA, JILA, National Institutes of Standards and Technology, Department of Physics University of Colorado, Boulder, JQI, National Institutes of Standards and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL 35812, Naval Postgraduate School, Dept. of Physics, Monterey, CA 93943, General Atomics, Electromagnetic Systems Group, 678 Discovery Dr., Huntsville, AL 35806, Swinburne University of Technology, Shanxi University, Heidelberg University, 5. Physikalisches Institut and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germa, Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Max-Planck-Institute of Quantum Optics, Hans-Kopfermann-Straße, ITAMP, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Rice university, University of Stuttgart, 5. Physikalisches Institut and IQST, Center for Quantum Information and Control, University of New Mexico, College of Optical Sciences, The University of Arizona, University of Maryland Department of Physics and NIST, Microsoft Quantum, Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, LaserLaB, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Uppsala University, Zarm, Universitaet Bremen, JQI and NIST, Georgia Southern University, University of Tokyo, Tokyo Institute of Technology, University of Innsbruck, IQOQI Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, Max-Planck-Institute of Quantum Optics, Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology, ITAMP, University College London, Physics Department and Research Center OPTIMAS, Technical University of Kaiserslautern, Germany, Institute of Physics Belgrade, Serbia, Leibniz Universit\"at Hannover, University of Otago, 1,2,5, 1, 4, 3, PULSE Institute, Stanford University, SLAC National Accelerator Lab, PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Boston University, Fermilab, Joint Quantum Institute, NIST and University of Maryland, Stanford Pulse Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Columbia University, M-Labs Ltd, QuARTIQ GmbH, Warsaw University of Technology, NIST, University of Colorado, University of Oregon, UC Berkeley, UC Riverside, Sharif University of Technology, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Center for Fundamental Physics, Northwestern University, State Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, Russia, Old Dominion University, Lehigh University, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, Yale-NUS College, Department of Physics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, USA, Aalto University, Department of Physics, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University, University of Roma Sapiens, Department of Physics, United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, MD, Institute for Theoretical Physics, Heidelberg University, Philosophenweg 16, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany, Joint Quantum Institute, Army Research Lab, Smith College, University of Massachusetts - Amherst, The University of Texas at Dallas - Richardson, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Japan AND The University of Michigan, USA, Zhejiang University, China, Beijing Computational Science Research Center AND Tsinghua University, China, Iowa State University, Carnegie Institution of Washington, National Institute of Standards and Technology Boulder, Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Heidelberg University, University of Science and Technology of China, Institute for Quantum Computing and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Department of Mathematics and Physics, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, University of California, Berkeley and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Institut f\"ur Kernphysik, Goethe-Universit\"at Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Stra{\ss}e 1, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany, GSI-Helmholtzzentrum f\"ur Schwerionenforschung, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany, J.R. Macdonald Laboratory, Physics Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA, Griffith University, Illinois Wesleyan University, Conklin Media, Amherst College, Tsinghua Univ, School of Electrical Engineering, University of Belgrade, United States Military Academy, University\'e Montpellier, St. Petersburg State University, Biophysics Graduate Program, Chemical Physics Graduate Program, Department of Astronomy, The Ohio State University, Department of Astronomy, The Ohio State University, Denison University, Center for Advanced Studies, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland, Kansas State University, University of Arizona, Centre for Quantum Technologies,National University of Singapore, JILA, NIST, and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, 440 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA, Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, College de France, CNRS, ENS-PSL University, Sorbonne Universite, Paris, France, Eindhoven University of Technology, Joint Quantum Centre (JQC) Durham-Newcastle, Newcastle Univ., UK, Sensor Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, JILA, NIST, and University of Colorado, Boulder, and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Department of Physics, Columbia University, JILA and Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, LMU M\"unchen; MPI f\"ur Quantenoptik; MCQST, Universit\'e Libre de Bruxelles, LMU M\"unchen; MCQST, Technical University of Munich; MCQST, Virginia Tech, Institute for Quantum Computing and Dept of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada, QOLS, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, Honeywell Quantum Solutions, Budapest Univ. of Tech., University of Maryland, IonQ,Inc, Central Connecticut State University, Mind Foundry Limited, Sandia National Laboratories, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Argonne National Lab
William Cairncross

Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, National Institute of Standards and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology; University of Colorado, Boulder; University of Oregon, National Institute of Standards and Technology; University of Colorado, Boulder, University of Wisconsin - Madison, University of Maryland, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, National Institute of Standards and Technology, University of Colorado, Boulder, University of Oregon, Eugene, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, University of Colorado, Boulder, University of British Columbia, Swansea University, Max-Planck-Institute of Quantum Optics, J.R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA, Raman Research Institute, C. V. Raman Avenue, Sadashivanagar, Bangalore 560080., University of Connecticut, Naval Postgraduate School, Claremont McKenna, Pitzer, and Scripps Colleges, Wesleyan University, Wentworth Institute of Technology, Quinnipiac University, University of California, Los Angeles, Purdue University, Department of Physics, Harvard University, Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, University of Cambridge, University of Oxford, Institute for Quantum Optcis and Quantum Information, Austrian Academy of Science, Institute for Experimental Physics and Center for Quantum Physics, University of Innsbruck, Department of Physics, Kindai University, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Aoyama Gakuin University, Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, California Institute of Technology, University of Nevada, Reno, University of Colorado Boulder/NIST, University of Colorado Boulder, Imperial College London, JILA, University of Colorado - Boulder, University of California, Santa Barbara, LMU, Munich, Germany; MPQ, Garching, Germany, University of Maryland, College Park, Aarhus University, Louisiana State University, University of Connecticut, Harvard University, Colby College, Harvard University, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA, Department of Physics, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China, Center for Quantum Information, IIIS, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China, Miami University, Universidad de Sevilla, Institute for Quantum Electronics, ETH Zurich, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, JILA, University of Colorado at Boulder, NIST, JILA, University of Wisconsin - Madison & ColdQuanta, ColdQuanta, Department of Physics and Astronomy and Rice Center for Quantum Materials, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, University of Alberta, Rice University, University of Hamburg, Georgia Institute of Technology, The Pennsylvania State University, University of Florence and LENS, University of Oklahoma, N/A, Institut fuer Quantenoptik, Leibniz Universitaet Hannover, Institut fuer Erdmessung, Leibniz Universitaet Hannover, Pennsylvania State University, University of Chicago, Rochester Institute of Technology, JPL, Caltech, Princeton University, Dept. of Physics, National Tsing Hua University, Dept. of Electrophysics, National Chiao Tung University, Dept. of Engineering Science, National Cheng-Kung University, Dept. of Physics, National Cheng-Kung University, Dept. of Physics, National Chung Hsing University, U.S. Naval Postgraduate School, Texas A&M University, Joint Quantum Institute, University of Maryland and NIST, Army Research Laboratory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, St. Norbert College, University of Nebraska Lincoln, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Department of Physics, Augustana University, Sioux Falls, SD 57197 USA, J.R. Macdonald Laboratory, Kansas State University, JILA, NIST, University of Colorado at Boulder, Northrop Grumman Corporation, Woodland Hills, California 91367, USA, Freedom Photonics, Santa Barbara, CA 93117, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA, Georgia Tech Research Institute, Atlanta, Georgia, 30318, USA, Twinleaf LLC, California State University, East Bay, Middlebury College, University of Toronto, Michigan State University, York University, Institute of Physics, University of Belgrade Serbia, Institute Sinisa Stankovic, University of Belgrade Serbia, University of California, San Diego, TU Wien, Northwest Missouri State University, Maryville, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Smith College, Providence College, LAPLACE, Universite Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France, Stony Brook University, Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universtität München, Temple University, Philadelphia, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, JILA/CU-Boulder, Joint Attosecond Science Lab, University of Ottawa and National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada, Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON. Canada, Williams College, Northwestern University, Center for Fundamental Physics, Northwestern University, Yale University, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Argonne National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, CQI, Tsinghua University, Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, US Army Rsch Lab - Adelphi, Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Centre for Quantum Technologies, National University of Singapore, Institut f\"{u}r Laserphysik - Universit\"{a}t Hamburg, Yale-NUS, University Kaiserslautern, Germany, Imperial College London, London, MIT, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, General Physics Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Harvard University and Technical University of Munich, Harvard University and University of Hamburg, University of Geneva, IST Austra, University of Leeds, IST Austria, University of California Berkeley, Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Honeywell Research Laboratory, University of Maryland at College Park, Physikalisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, University of Kaiserslautern, University of Colorado, Boulder, National University of Singapore, JILA, Univ of Colorado - Boulder, NIST, JILA, Univ of Colorado - Boulder, Naval Postgraduate School, Dept. of Physics, Monterey, CA, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany, University of Washington, United States Naval Research Laboratory, IQ, Leibniz University Hannover, United States Naval Academy, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Harvard University and University of Connecticut, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Stanford University, UCLA, PULSE Institute, JILA, NIST, University of Colorado, Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Department of Physics, Nagoya University, Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, 85748 Garching, Germany, Department of Physics, Temple University, Philadelphia, USA, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Institute of Large Area MicroelectronicsT University of Stuttgart, Institute of Smart Sensors University of Stuttgart, Institute of Large Area Microelectronics University of Stuttgart, University of Maryland - College Park, Fritz Haber Institute of the MPG, Colorado State University, University of Stuttgart, 5.Physikalisches Institut and IQST, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Institute for Quantum Electronics, ETH Z\"{u}rich, Otto-Stern-Weg 1, 8093 Z\"{u}urich, Switzerland, JILA, NIST, U. Colorado, NIST - Boulder, Tampere University, NIST, University of Colorado, Boulder, JILA, NIST, University of Colorado, Boulder, Department of Physics and Center for Theory of Quantum Matter, University of Colorado, Boulder, San José State University, Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, ENS-PSL Research University, CNRS, UPMC-Sorbonne Universite, College de France, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Peking University, Technical University of Munich and Harvard University, Simon Fraser University, University of Wisconsin - La Crosse, Joint Quantum Institute - University of Maryland & NIST, Seoul National University, U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Department of Physics, Fudan University, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Monash University, ETH Zürich, University of Michigan, State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China, Auburn University, J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Kansas State University, Institut fur Physik und CINSaT, Universitat Kassel, Department of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, University of Central Florida, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, National Research Council Canada and University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Canada, INRS-EMT, Varennes, Canada, few-cycle Inc., Montreal, Canada, Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, USA, National Taiwan University, Taiwan, St. Petersburg State University, Russia, Temple University, University of Houston, University of Southampton, Institute of Quantum Optics, Leibniz University Hannover, JILA, NIST, and University of Colorado Boulder, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Rydberg Technologies, Rydberg Technologies, University of Michigan, Software Maintenance Group, Tinker AFB, Penn State University, Berks Campus, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Emory University, University of Georgia, Duke University, Dipartimento di Fisica “Galileo Galilei,” Universit\`a di Padova,, Northwest Missouri State University, Maryville, USA, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, India, Lomonosov Moscow State University and Nuclear Safety Institute of Russian Academy of Science, University of Notre Dame, University of New Mexico, Department of Physics, Temple University, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Curtin University, Stockholm University, US Army Research Lab, US Army Research Lab, University of Maryland, University of Queensland, NIST Boulder, Max-Planck-Institute for Quantum Optics, Tsinghua University, China, Wuhan University, China, Joint Quantum Institute, National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland, Oklahoma State University, Oklahoma State University-Stillwater, Tsinghua University, Institute of Theoretical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, Bar-Ilan University, Max Planck Institute, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Poland, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland, MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Harvard University and JILA, Harvard University and Heidelberg University, University of California at San Diego, University of California, Berkeley, JILA, CU Boulder and NIST, University of Ottawa; NRC, Canada, NRC, Canada, University of Ottawa, Canada, University of Copenhagen, Denmark, Univeristy of Georgia, Department of Physics and Astronomy, UC Berkeley and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11793, USA, JILA, National Institutes of Standards and Technology, Department of Physics University of Colorado, Boulder, JQI, National Institutes of Standards and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL 35812, Naval Postgraduate School, Dept. of Physics, Monterey, CA 93943, General Atomics, Electromagnetic Systems Group, 678 Discovery Dr., Huntsville, AL 35806, Swinburne University of Technology, Shanxi University, Heidelberg University, 5. Physikalisches Institut and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germa, Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Max-Planck-Institute of Quantum Optics, Hans-Kopfermann-Straße, ITAMP, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Rice university, University of Stuttgart, 5. Physikalisches Institut and IQST, Center for Quantum Information and Control, University of New Mexico, College of Optical Sciences, The University of Arizona, University of Maryland Department of Physics and NIST, Microsoft Quantum, Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, LaserLaB, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Uppsala University, Zarm, Universitaet Bremen, JQI and NIST, Georgia Southern University, University of Tokyo, Tokyo Institute of Technology, University of Innsbruck, IQOQI Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, Max-Planck-Institute of Quantum Optics, Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology, ITAMP, University College London, Physics Department and Research Center OPTIMAS, Technical University of Kaiserslautern, Germany, Institute of Physics Belgrade, Serbia, Leibniz Universit\"at Hannover, University of Otago, 1,2,5, 1, 4, 3, PULSE Institute, Stanford University, SLAC National Accelerator Lab, PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Boston University, Fermilab, Joint Quantum Institute, NIST and University of Maryland, Stanford Pulse Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Columbia University, M-Labs Ltd, QuARTIQ GmbH, Warsaw University of Technology, NIST, University of Colorado, University of Oregon, UC Berkeley, UC Riverside, Sharif University of Technology, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Center for Fundamental Physics, Northwestern University, State Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, Russia, Old Dominion University, Lehigh University, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, Yale-NUS College, Department of Physics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, USA, Aalto University, Department of Physics, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University, University of Roma Sapiens, Department of Physics, United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, MD, Institute for Theoretical Physics, Heidelberg University, Philosophenweg 16, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany, Joint Quantum Institute, Army Research Lab, Smith College, University of Massachusetts - Amherst, The University of Texas at Dallas - Richardson, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Japan AND The University of Michigan, USA, Zhejiang University, China, Beijing Computational Science Research Center AND Tsinghua University, China, Iowa State University, Carnegie Institution of Washington, National Institute of Standards and Technology Boulder, Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Heidelberg University, University of Science and Technology of China, Institute for Quantum Computing and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Department of Mathematics and Physics, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, University of California, Berkeley and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Institut f\"ur Kernphysik, Goethe-Universit\"at Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Stra{\ss}e 1, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany, GSI-Helmholtzzentrum f\"ur Schwerionenforschung, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany, J.R. Macdonald Laboratory, Physics Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA, Griffith University, Illinois Wesleyan University, Conklin Media, Amherst College, Tsinghua Univ, School of Electrical Engineering, University of Belgrade, United States Military Academy, University\'e Montpellier, St. Petersburg State University, Biophysics Graduate Program, Chemical Physics Graduate Program, Department of Astronomy, The Ohio State University, Department of Astronomy, The Ohio State University, Denison University, Center for Advanced Studies, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland, Kansas State University, University of Arizona, Centre for Quantum Technologies,National University of Singapore, JILA, NIST, and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, 440 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA, Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, College de France, CNRS, ENS-PSL University, Sorbonne Universite, Paris, France, Eindhoven University of Technology, Joint Quantum Centre (JQC) Durham-Newcastle, Newcastle Univ., UK, Sensor Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, JILA, NIST, and University of Colorado, Boulder, and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Department of Physics, Columbia University, JILA and Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, LMU M\"unchen; MPI f\"ur Quantenoptik; MCQST, Universit\'e Libre de Bruxelles, LMU M\"unchen; MCQST, Technical University of Munich; MCQST, Virginia Tech, Institute for Quantum Computing and Dept of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada, QOLS, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, Honeywell Quantum Solutions, Budapest Univ. of Tech., University of Maryland, IonQ,Inc, Central Connecticut State University, Mind Foundry Limited, Sandia National Laboratories, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Argonne National Lab
William Cairncross

Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, National Institute of Standards and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology; University of Colorado, Boulder; University of Oregon, National Institute of Standards and Technology; University of Colorado, Boulder, University of Wisconsin - Madison, University of Maryland, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, National Institute of Standards and Technology, University of Colorado, Boulder, University of Oregon, Eugene, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, University of Colorado, Boulder, University of British Columbia, Swansea University, Max-Planck-Institute of Quantum Optics, J.R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA, Raman Research Institute, C. V. Raman Avenue, Sadashivanagar, Bangalore 560080., University of Connecticut, Naval Postgraduate School, Claremont McKenna, Pitzer, and Scripps Colleges, Wesleyan University, Wentworth Institute of Technology, Quinnipiac University, University of California, Los Angeles, Purdue University, Department of Physics, Harvard University, Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, University of Cambridge, University of Oxford, Institute for Quantum Optcis and Quantum Information, Austrian Academy of Science, Institute for Experimental Physics and Center for Quantum Physics, University of Innsbruck, Department of Physics, Kindai University, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Aoyama Gakuin University, Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, California Institute of Technology, University of Nevada, Reno, University of Colorado Boulder/NIST, University of Colorado Boulder, Imperial College London, JILA, University of Colorado - Boulder, University of California, Santa Barbara, LMU, Munich, Germany; MPQ, Garching, Germany, University of Maryland, College Park, Aarhus University, Louisiana State University, University of Connecticut, Harvard University, Colby College, Harvard University, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA, Department of Physics, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China, Center for Quantum Information, IIIS, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China, Miami University, Universidad de Sevilla, Institute for Quantum Electronics, ETH Zurich, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, JILA, University of Colorado at Boulder, NIST, JILA, University of Wisconsin - Madison & ColdQuanta, ColdQuanta, Department of Physics and Astronomy and Rice Center for Quantum Materials, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, University of Alberta, Rice University, University of Hamburg, Georgia Institute of Technology, The Pennsylvania State University, University of Florence and LENS, University of Oklahoma, N/A, Institut fuer Quantenoptik, Leibniz Universitaet Hannover, Institut fuer Erdmessung, Leibniz Universitaet Hannover, Pennsylvania State University, University of Chicago, Rochester Institute of Technology, JPL, Caltech, Princeton University, Dept. of Physics, National Tsing Hua University, Dept. of Electrophysics, National Chiao Tung University, Dept. of Engineering Science, National Cheng-Kung University, Dept. of Physics, National Cheng-Kung University, Dept. of Physics, National Chung Hsing University, U.S. Naval Postgraduate School, Texas A&M University, Joint Quantum Institute, University of Maryland and NIST, Army Research Laboratory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, St. Norbert College, University of Nebraska Lincoln, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Department of Physics, Augustana University, Sioux Falls, SD 57197 USA, J.R. Macdonald Laboratory, Kansas State University, JILA, NIST, University of Colorado at Boulder, Northrop Grumman Corporation, Woodland Hills, California 91367, USA, Freedom Photonics, Santa Barbara, CA 93117, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA, Georgia Tech Research Institute, Atlanta, Georgia, 30318, USA, Twinleaf LLC, California State University, East Bay, Middlebury College, University of Toronto, Michigan State University, York University, Institute of Physics, University of Belgrade Serbia, Institute Sinisa Stankovic, University of Belgrade Serbia, University of California, San Diego, TU Wien, Northwest Missouri State University, Maryville, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Smith College, Providence College, LAPLACE, Universite Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France, Stony Brook University, Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universtität München, Temple University, Philadelphia, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, JILA/CU-Boulder, Joint Attosecond Science Lab, University of Ottawa and National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada, Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON. Canada, Williams College, Northwestern University, Center for Fundamental Physics, Northwestern University, Yale University, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Argonne National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, CQI, Tsinghua University, Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, US Army Rsch Lab - Adelphi, Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Centre for Quantum Technologies, National University of Singapore, Institut f\"{u}r Laserphysik - Universit\"{a}t Hamburg, Yale-NUS, University Kaiserslautern, Germany, Imperial College London, London, MIT, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, General Physics Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Harvard University and Technical University of Munich, Harvard University and University of Hamburg, University of Geneva, IST Austra, University of Leeds, IST Austria, University of California Berkeley, Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Honeywell Research Laboratory, University of Maryland at College Park, Physikalisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, University of Kaiserslautern, University of Colorado, Boulder, National University of Singapore, JILA, Univ of Colorado - Boulder, NIST, JILA, Univ of Colorado - Boulder, Naval Postgraduate School, Dept. of Physics, Monterey, CA, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany, University of Washington, United States Naval Research Laboratory, IQ, Leibniz University Hannover, United States Naval Academy, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Harvard University and University of Connecticut, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Stanford University, UCLA, PULSE Institute, JILA, NIST, University of Colorado, Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Department of Physics, Nagoya University, Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, 85748 Garching, Germany, Department of Physics, Temple University, Philadelphia, USA, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Institute of Large Area MicroelectronicsT University of Stuttgart, Institute of Smart Sensors University of Stuttgart, Institute of Large Area Microelectronics University of Stuttgart, University of Maryland - College Park, Fritz Haber Institute of the MPG, Colorado State University, University of Stuttgart, 5.Physikalisches Institut and IQST, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Institute for Quantum Electronics, ETH Z\"{u}rich, Otto-Stern-Weg 1, 8093 Z\"{u}urich, Switzerland, JILA, NIST, U. Colorado, NIST - Boulder, Tampere University, NIST, University of Colorado, Boulder, JILA, NIST, University of Colorado, Boulder, Department of Physics and Center for Theory of Quantum Matter, University of Colorado, Boulder, San José State University, Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, ENS-PSL Research University, CNRS, UPMC-Sorbonne Universite, College de France, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Peking University, Technical University of Munich and Harvard University, Simon Fraser University, University of Wisconsin - La Crosse, Joint Quantum Institute - University of Maryland & NIST, Seoul National University, U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Department of Physics, Fudan University, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Monash University, ETH Zürich, University of Michigan, State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China, Auburn University, J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Kansas State University, Institut fur Physik und CINSaT, Universitat Kassel, Department of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, University of Central Florida, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, National Research Council Canada and University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Canada, INRS-EMT, Varennes, Canada, few-cycle Inc., Montreal, Canada, Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, USA, National Taiwan University, Taiwan, St. Petersburg State University, Russia, Temple University, University of Houston, University of Southampton, Institute of Quantum Optics, Leibniz University Hannover, JILA, NIST, and University of Colorado Boulder, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Rydberg Technologies, Rydberg Technologies, University of Michigan, Software Maintenance Group, Tinker AFB, Penn State University, Berks Campus, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Emory University, University of Georgia, Duke University, Dipartimento di Fisica “Galileo Galilei,” Universit\`a di Padova,, Northwest Missouri State University, Maryville, USA, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, India, Lomonosov Moscow State University and Nuclear Safety Institute of Russian Academy of Science, University of Notre Dame, University of New Mexico, Department of Physics, Temple University, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Curtin University, Stockholm University, US Army Research Lab, US Army Research Lab, University of Maryland, University of Queensland, NIST Boulder, Max-Planck-Institute for Quantum Optics, Tsinghua University, China, Wuhan University, China, Joint Quantum Institute, National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland, Oklahoma State University, Oklahoma State University-Stillwater, Tsinghua University, Institute of Theoretical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, Bar-Ilan University, Max Planck Institute, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Poland, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland, MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Harvard University and JILA, Harvard University and Heidelberg University, University of California at San Diego, University of California, Berkeley, JILA, CU Boulder and NIST, University of Ottawa; NRC, Canada, NRC, Canada, University of Ottawa, Canada, University of Copenhagen, Denmark, Univeristy of Georgia, Department of Physics and Astronomy, UC Berkeley and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11793, USA, JILA, National Institutes of Standards and Technology, Department of Physics University of Colorado, Boulder, JQI, National Institutes of Standards and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL 35812, Naval Postgraduate School, Dept. of Physics, Monterey, CA 93943, General Atomics, Electromagnetic Systems Group, 678 Discovery Dr., Huntsville, AL 35806, Swinburne University of Technology, Shanxi University, Heidelberg University, 5. Physikalisches Institut and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germa, Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Max-Planck-Institute of Quantum Optics, Hans-Kopfermann-Straße, ITAMP, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Rice university, University of Stuttgart, 5. Physikalisches Institut and IQST, Center for Quantum Information and Control, University of New Mexico, College of Optical Sciences, The University of Arizona, University of Maryland Department of Physics and NIST, Microsoft Quantum, Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, LaserLaB, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Uppsala University, Zarm, Universitaet Bremen, JQI and NIST, Georgia Southern University, University of Tokyo, Tokyo Institute of Technology, University of Innsbruck, IQOQI Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, Max-Planck-Institute of Quantum Optics, Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology, ITAMP, University College London, Physics Department and Research Center OPTIMAS, Technical University of Kaiserslautern, Germany, Institute of Physics Belgrade, Serbia, Leibniz Universit\"at Hannover, University of Otago, 1,2,5, 1, 4, 3, PULSE Institute, Stanford University, SLAC National Accelerator Lab, PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Boston University, Fermilab, Joint Quantum Institute, NIST and University of Maryland, Stanford Pulse Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Columbia University, M-Labs Ltd, QuARTIQ GmbH, Warsaw University of Technology, NIST, University of Colorado, University of Oregon, UC Berkeley, UC Riverside, Sharif University of Technology, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Center for Fundamental Physics, Northwestern University, State Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, Russia, Old Dominion University, Lehigh University, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, Yale-NUS College, Department of Physics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, USA, Aalto University, Department of Physics, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University, University of Roma Sapiens, Department of Physics, United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, MD, Institute for Theoretical Physics, Heidelberg University, Philosophenweg 16, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany, Joint Quantum Institute, Army Research Lab, Smith College, University of Massachusetts - Amherst, The University of Texas at Dallas - Richardson, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Japan AND The University of Michigan, USA, Zhejiang University, China, Beijing Computational Science Research Center AND Tsinghua University, China, Iowa State University, Carnegie Institution of Washington, National Institute of Standards and Technology Boulder, Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Heidelberg University, University of Science and Technology of China, Institute for Quantum Computing and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Department of Mathematics and Physics, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, University of California, Berkeley and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Institut f\"ur Kernphysik, Goethe-Universit\"at Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Stra{\ss}e 1, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany, GSI-Helmholtzzentrum f\"ur Schwerionenforschung, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany, J.R. Macdonald Laboratory, Physics Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA, Griffith University, Illinois Wesleyan University, Conklin Media, Amherst College, Tsinghua Univ, School of Electrical Engineering, University of Belgrade, United States Military Academy, University\'e Montpellier, St. Petersburg State University, Biophysics Graduate Program, Chemical Physics Graduate Program, Department of Astronomy, The Ohio State University, Department of Astronomy, The Ohio State University, Denison University, Center for Advanced Studies, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland, Kansas State University, University of Arizona, Centre for Quantum Technologies,National University of Singapore, JILA, NIST, and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, 440 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA, Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, College de France, CNRS, ENS-PSL University, Sorbonne Universite, Paris, France, Eindhoven University of Technology, Joint Quantum Centre (JQC) Durham-Newcastle, Newcastle Univ., UK, Sensor Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, JILA, NIST, and University of Colorado, Boulder, and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Department of Physics, Columbia University, JILA and Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, LMU M\"unchen; MPI f\"ur Quantenoptik; MCQST, Universit\'e Libre de Bruxelles, LMU M\"unchen; MCQST, Technical University of Munich; MCQST, Virginia Tech, Institute for Quantum Computing and Dept of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada, QOLS, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, Honeywell Quantum Solutions, Budapest Univ. of Tech., University of Maryland, IonQ,Inc, Central Connecticut State University, Mind Foundry Limited, Sandia National Laboratories, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Argonne National Lab