Lewis–Riesenfeld invariant-based master equation for driven open quantum systems

We explore a generalized approach to the master equation for driven open quantum systems using Lewis-Riesenfeld invariants [Phys. Rev. A 106, 052217 (2022); Quantum Sci. Technol. 10, 025036 (2025)]. In many cases, the derivation of master equations for driven quantum systems either completely neglects the driving field (“laboratory frame”) or makes secular approximations based on the driving field strength (“rotating frame”). The generalized approach avoids the driving-strength restrictions inherent to these conventional approaches. Extending beyond the prototypical two-level system, we first show that the inclusion of another state coupled to the ground state via reservoir-induced dephasing already gives rise to qualitatively new dissipative behavior and narrows the applicability of standard approximations. We then apply the invariant based master equation framework to a driven quantum dot coupled to a leaky cavity, demonstrating the framework’s ability to capture relevant dissipative dynamics without additional assumptions. Our results demonstrate that the invariant-based master equation provides a systematic route for treating driven open quantum systems beyond conventional regimes, with direct relevance for quantum control in the presence of dissipation