Kinematics and dynamics of sphenisciform wings

Three-dimensional scans of three different species of taxidermied penguins ({\sl Aptenodytes patagonicus}, {\sl Pygoscelis papua}, and {\sl Spheniscus magellanicus}) have been performed. A three-dimensional reproduction of an African penguin ({\sl Sphenicus demersus}) wing was manufactured and tested in a hydrodynamic channel. A six-degree-of-freedom robot was programmed to perform the three dimensional kinematics, obtained from actual footage. A six-component force balance was used to retrieve the dynamics of the wing motion. Results will be presented and discussed.