Kinetic electrons in global electromagnetic gyrokinetic particle simulations

Employing an electromagnetic gyrokinetic simulation model,\footnote{Z.~Lin and L.~Chen, Phys. Plasmas {\bf 8}, 1447 (2001).} kinetic electron dynamics in global tokamak geometry is investigated. The massless fluid electron model is developed as a base. We further evolve gyrokinetic equations for non-adiabatic kinetic electrons. To obtain the magnetic perturbation, the fluid-kinetic hybrid electron model$^1$ employs the inverse of the Faraday's law. Instead, the Ampere's law is used as a closure relation to avoid uncertainties in estimating $u_{e\|}$, the moment of the electron velocities. The physics goal is to investigate the finite beta effects on the turbulent transport, as well as $\alpha$ particle driven turbulence.\footnote{I.~Holod, Z.~Lin, {\it et al.}, this conference.} This work is supported by Department of Energy (DOE) Cooperative Agreement No. DE-FC02-03ER54695 (UCI), DOE Contract No. DE-AC02-76CH03073 (PPPL).