Fluid modelling of the influence of the pulse width in N2-O2 barrier discharges

POSTER

Abstract

Recently, experimental investigations on pulsed driven dielectric barrier discharges in N2-O2 gas mixtures at atmospheric pressure have revealed that the time between subsequent microdischarges influences the discharge characteristics significantly (M. Kettlitz et al., J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 45:245201, 2012). Here, the influence of the pulse width in the range from 5 to 50$\, \mu$s on the particle densities and on the most important reaction kinetic processes in a gas mixture of 0.1 vol\% O2 in N2 is analysed. The studies are performed by means of a time-dependent, spatially one-dimensional fluid model taking into account balance equations for the densities of all relevant species and the mean electron energy, Poisson's equation as well as an equation for the surface charge density on the dielectrics. It is shown that in accordance with measurements the model predicts different current-voltage characteristics at the rising and the falling slope of the voltage pulse if the duty cycle is decreased from 50\% to 10\%. With decreasing pulse width the current maximum at the falling slope also decreases. It is confirmed by the theoretical investigations that for short pulse widths the charge carriers left in the gap play an important role in the reignition dynamics.

Authors

  • M.M. Becker

    INP Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 2, 17489 Greifswald, Germany, INP Greifswald

  • E.A. Startsev

    Universite de Liege, Liege, Belgium, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain, Instituto de Fisica Fundamental, CSIC, Madrid, Spain, CAMS, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia, Tsinghua University, Henderson State University, ARC CoE for Antimatter - Matter Studies, Flinders University, AMPL, Research School of Physics and Engineering, Institute f\"ur Kernphysik, Goethe Universit\"at, Institut of Physics, Belgrade, Serbia, GREMI, University of Orleans, France, The University of Texas at Austin, Tokyo Electron Ltd., Esgee Technologies Inc., Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea., Laboratoire de Physique des Plasmas-CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, France, Synchrotron Soleil, France, York Plasma Institute, University of York, UK, Department for Electrical Engineering and Information Sciences, Ruhr University Bochum, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands, Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research (DIFFER), Nieuwegein, The Netherlands, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Center for Optical Materials Science and Engineering Technologies, Clemson University, ZIK plasmatis at the INP Greifswald e.V., INP Greifswald, ZIK plasmatis at the INP Greifswald, Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Research and Technology Center, Yazaki Corp., Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands, FUJIFILM Manufacturing Europe B.V., Tilburg, The Netherlands, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology, Kyushu University, The University of Tokyo, Institut Pprime CNRS UPR 3346, Universit\'e de Poitiers, ENSMA, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ, University of Houston, Houston, TX, Institute for Electrical Engineering and Plasma Technology, Ruhr University Bochum, Institute of Theoretical Electrical Engineering, Ruhr University Bochum, Ruhr University Bochum, University of Wisconsin-Madison, MKS Instruments, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Ruhr-University Bochum, GPPMM/XLIM, CNRS-UNILIM, France, LPGP-UPS/CNRS, France, Los Alamos National Laboratories, University of Notre Dame, Queen's University Belfast, University of York, University of Mosul, Wigner Research Center for Physics, Budapest, University of Texas at Austin, Tokyo Electron America, Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University, University of Michigan - Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, NC State University, Theoretical Electrical Engineering, Ruhr-University Bochum, University of Liverpool, GREMAN, Tours, France, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Germany, University of Antwerp, Kyoto University, Beihang University, University of Alberta, Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Institute for Plasma and Atomic Physics, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany, Muons, Inc., ORNL, Princeton University, Dalian University of Technology, Instituto de Fisica Fundamental, Consejo Superiorde Investigaciones Cientificas, Madrid, Spain, ARC Centre for Antimatter-Matter Studies, Research School of Physical Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia, ARC Centre for Antimatter-Matter Studies, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia, Institute of Physics, University of Belgrade, Zemun, Belgrade, Serbia, ARC Centre for Antimatter-Matter Studies, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, ARC Centre for Antimatter-Matter Studies, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia, Departamentos de Energ\'ia y Ciencias B\'asicas, Universidad Aut\'onoma Metropolitana, M\'exico, Instituto de Ciencias F\'isicas, UNAM, M\'exico, LAPLACE, CNRS and University of Toulouse, France, Department of Physics and Astronomy, The Open University, Walton Hall, MK76aA, United Kingdom, Institute of Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria, Centre for Plasma Physics, Queen's University Belfast, BT71NN, Northern Ireland, Korea Advanced Institute and Technology (KAIST), Gangneung-Wonju National University (GWNU), Institut f\"ur Theoretische Physik, Goethe-Universit\"at, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany, Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, Department of Physics and Astronomy, York University, Toronto, ON M3J1P3, Canada, N.E. Bauman Moscow State Technical University, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Max-Planck-Institut f\"ur extraterrestrische Physik, Deutsches Zentrum f\"ur Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V., Raumfahrtmanagement, Deutsches Zentrum f\"ur Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. Institut f\"ur Luft- und Raumfahrtmedizin, University of Michigan, University of Sherbrooke, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, University of Twente, TJNAF, Newport News, VA, Center for Accelerator Science, Department of Physics, ODU, Norfolk, VA, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Ruhr-Universitaet Bochum, Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University, Department of Nanoscale Semiconductor Engineering, Hanyang University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Hanyang University, Hanyang University, National Fusion Research Institute, Kyung Won Tech.Inc, Chonbuk National University, PPPL, Tokyo Electron America, Austin, TX, Centre Universitaire J.F. Champollion, Albi, Universit\'e de Toulouse \& CNRS, Old Dominion University, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, College of Science and Mathematics, UMass Boston, Boston, MA, WVU, Morgantown, WV, PPPL, Princeton, NJ, Nagoya University, Meijo University, Department of Electronic Engineering, Tohoku University., Sandia National Laboratories, Department of Electrical Engineering, Pusan National University, Tech-X Corporation, CEA, IRFM, France, LAPLACE, University of Toulouse, France, Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, ZEON CORPORATIO, Applied Materials, Silicon Systems Group, Varian Semiconductor Equipment, Lam Research Corporation, Curtin University, Mississippi State University, Hokkaido Univ., University of Greifswald, University of Houston, Applied Materials, Department of Physical Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK, Institute of Plasmas and Nuclear Fusion, Instituto Superior Tecnico, Technical University of Lisbon, Portugal, Faculty of Physics, Sofia University, Sofia, Bulgaria, Centro de Quimica-Fisica Molecular and IN, Instituto Superior Tecnico, Technical University of Lisbon, Portugal, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA 93943, USA, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Naval Postgraduate School,Monterey, CA 93943, USA, Institute for Plasma and Atomic Physics, Ruhr-University Bochum, York Plasma Institute, University of York, Centre for Plasma Physics, Queen's University Belfast, Nuclear Physics Institute, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, South Korea, Research center, SEMES, \#278 Mosi-ri, Cheonan 331-814, South Korea, None, Sulyman Dimeril University, Department of Material Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 131 dong 404 ho, Gwanak-ro 599, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, South Korea, Department of Electrical Engineering, Hanyang University, 17 Haengdang-dong, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 133-791, South Korea, Hokkaid University, National Institute for Fusion Science, Osaka University, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, U. Michigan, UCLA Department of Physics, Department of Physics, Dalian Maritime University, School of Physics and Optoelectronic Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Institute of Physics University of Belgrade Serbia, Graduate school of Engineering, Hiroshima University, Beihang University, Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Auburn University, University of Manchester, Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, CAMS, Flinders University, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Univ Liverpool, United Kingdom, IPFN/IST-UTL, Portugal, Curtin Univ, Australia, Drake Univ, USA, Institute of Physics, Belgrade, Serbia, University of Michigan, USA, University of Minnesota, USA, IPFN/IST-UTL, IPFN/FEUP, Portugal, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Kanazawa University, Centrum Wiskunde and Informatica, Amsterdam, The Ohio State University, Supelec, France, Ecole Centrale Paris, EM2C Laboratory, France, ARC Centre for Antimatter-Matter Studies, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Flinders University, ARC Centre for Antimatter-Matter Studies, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, James Cook University, ARC Centre for Antimatter-Matter Studies, School of Engine ering and Physical Sciences, James Cook University, Laboratoire de Genie des Procedes Plasma et Traitements de Surface, Institut Jean Le Rond d'Alembert, Laboratoire des Sciences des Procedes et Materiaux, Laboratoire de genie des procedes plasma et traitement de surface, France, Laboratoire des Sciences des Procedes et Materiaux, France, Laboratoire des Reactions et Genie des Procedes, France, A.V. Rzhanov Institute of Semiconductor Physics, SB RAS, Department of Electrical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Hokkaido University, Texas A\&M University, Centre for Plasma Physics, Queen's University Belfast, UK, Centre for Plasma Physics, Queens University of Belfast, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, NU Eco-Engineering, Co., Ltd., PINSTECH, Islamabad, Govt. College Lahore, LAPLACE, University de Toulouse, France, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Institute of Physics, University of Belgrade, Pregrevica 118, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia, A. J. Drexel Plasma Institute, A. J. Drexel Plasma Institute. Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics Department, Drexel University, Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Kyoto University, Royal Military College of Canada, Kyusyu University, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queens University of Belfast, Lab. MSS/MAT, CNRS UMR 8579, Ecole Centrale Paris, 92295 Ch\^atenay Malabry Cedex, Institute of Microelectronics Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique, Nagoya Univ., PLANT, Nagoya Univ., PLANT, Nagoya Univ., Tokyo Electron Ltd., Nagoya Univ., Imagineering, Inc., GE Global Research, MSU SINP, Moscow, RF, VNIINM, Moscow, RF, Academy of Opto-electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, ITER Organization, CEA, IRFM, Association Euratom-CEA, France, Kharkov National University, Svobody Sq.4, Kharkov 61022, Ukraine, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Dublin City University, University College Dublin, Eindhoven University of Technology, Stanford University, ABB Switzerland Ltd., Corporate Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Wesleyan University, Queen's University, Belfast, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, PPRIME Institute (CNRS - University of Poitiers - ENSMA), EM2C Laboratory, CNRS - Ecole Centrale Paris, Joint Institute for High Temperatures, Russian Academy of Sciences, Max-Planck-Institut fur Extraterrestrische Physik, Germany, Aix-Marseille-Universite, France, Max-Planck-Institut fur Extraterrestrische Physik, Garching, Germany, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, University of Alberta, Canada, State Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, Russia

  • E.A. Startsev

    Universite de Liege, Liege, Belgium, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain, Instituto de Fisica Fundamental, CSIC, Madrid, Spain, CAMS, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia, Tsinghua University, Henderson State University, ARC CoE for Antimatter - Matter Studies, Flinders University, AMPL, Research School of Physics and Engineering, Institute f\"ur Kernphysik, Goethe Universit\"at, Institut of Physics, Belgrade, Serbia, GREMI, University of Orleans, France, The University of Texas at Austin, Tokyo Electron Ltd., Esgee Technologies Inc., Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea., Laboratoire de Physique des Plasmas-CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, France, Synchrotron Soleil, France, York Plasma Institute, University of York, UK, Department for Electrical Engineering and Information Sciences, Ruhr University Bochum, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands, Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research (DIFFER), Nieuwegein, The Netherlands, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Center for Optical Materials Science and Engineering Technologies, Clemson University, ZIK plasmatis at the INP Greifswald e.V., INP Greifswald, ZIK plasmatis at the INP Greifswald, Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Research and Technology Center, Yazaki Corp., Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands, FUJIFILM Manufacturing Europe B.V., Tilburg, The Netherlands, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology, Kyushu University, The University of Tokyo, Institut Pprime CNRS UPR 3346, Universit\'e de Poitiers, ENSMA, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ, University of Houston, Houston, TX, Institute for Electrical Engineering and Plasma Technology, Ruhr University Bochum, Institute of Theoretical Electrical Engineering, Ruhr University Bochum, Ruhr University Bochum, University of Wisconsin-Madison, MKS Instruments, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Ruhr-University Bochum, GPPMM/XLIM, CNRS-UNILIM, France, LPGP-UPS/CNRS, France, Los Alamos National Laboratories, University of Notre Dame, Queen's University Belfast, University of York, University of Mosul, Wigner Research Center for Physics, Budapest, University of Texas at Austin, Tokyo Electron America, Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University, University of Michigan - Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, NC State University, Theoretical Electrical Engineering, Ruhr-University Bochum, University of Liverpool, GREMAN, Tours, France, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Germany, University of Antwerp, Kyoto University, Beihang University, University of Alberta, Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Institute for Plasma and Atomic Physics, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany, Muons, Inc., ORNL, Princeton University, Dalian University of Technology, Instituto de Fisica Fundamental, Consejo Superiorde Investigaciones Cientificas, Madrid, Spain, ARC Centre for Antimatter-Matter Studies, Research School of Physical Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia, ARC Centre for Antimatter-Matter Studies, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia, Institute of Physics, University of Belgrade, Zemun, Belgrade, Serbia, ARC Centre for Antimatter-Matter Studies, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, ARC Centre for Antimatter-Matter Studies, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia, Departamentos de Energ\'ia y Ciencias B\'asicas, Universidad Aut\'onoma Metropolitana, M\'exico, Instituto de Ciencias F\'isicas, UNAM, M\'exico, LAPLACE, CNRS and University of Toulouse, France, Department of Physics and Astronomy, The Open University, Walton Hall, MK76aA, United Kingdom, Institute of Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria, Centre for Plasma Physics, Queen's University Belfast, BT71NN, Northern Ireland, Korea Advanced Institute and Technology (KAIST), Gangneung-Wonju National University (GWNU), Institut f\"ur Theoretische Physik, Goethe-Universit\"at, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany, Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, Department of Physics and Astronomy, York University, Toronto, ON M3J1P3, Canada, N.E. Bauman Moscow State Technical University, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Max-Planck-Institut f\"ur extraterrestrische Physik, Deutsches Zentrum f\"ur Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V., Raumfahrtmanagement, Deutsches Zentrum f\"ur Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. Institut f\"ur Luft- und Raumfahrtmedizin, University of Michigan, University of Sherbrooke, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, University of Twente, TJNAF, Newport News, VA, Center for Accelerator Science, Department of Physics, ODU, Norfolk, VA, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Ruhr-Universitaet Bochum, Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University, Department of Nanoscale Semiconductor Engineering, Hanyang University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Hanyang University, Hanyang University, National Fusion Research Institute, Kyung Won Tech.Inc, Chonbuk National University, PPPL, Tokyo Electron America, Austin, TX, Centre Universitaire J.F. Champollion, Albi, Universit\'e de Toulouse \& CNRS, Old Dominion University, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, College of Science and Mathematics, UMass Boston, Boston, MA, WVU, Morgantown, WV, PPPL, Princeton, NJ, Nagoya University, Meijo University, Department of Electronic Engineering, Tohoku University., Sandia National Laboratories, Department of Electrical Engineering, Pusan National University, Tech-X Corporation, CEA, IRFM, France, LAPLACE, University of Toulouse, France, Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, ZEON CORPORATIO, Applied Materials, Silicon Systems Group, Varian Semiconductor Equipment, Lam Research Corporation, Curtin University, Mississippi State University, Hokkaido Univ., University of Greifswald, University of Houston, Applied Materials, Department of Physical Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK, Institute of Plasmas and Nuclear Fusion, Instituto Superior Tecnico, Technical University of Lisbon, Portugal, Faculty of Physics, Sofia University, Sofia, Bulgaria, Centro de Quimica-Fisica Molecular and IN, Instituto Superior Tecnico, Technical University of Lisbon, Portugal, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA 93943, USA, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Naval Postgraduate School,Monterey, CA 93943, USA, Institute for Plasma and Atomic Physics, Ruhr-University Bochum, York Plasma Institute, University of York, Centre for Plasma Physics, Queen's University Belfast, Nuclear Physics Institute, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, South Korea, Research center, SEMES, \#278 Mosi-ri, Cheonan 331-814, South Korea, None, Sulyman Dimeril University, Department of Material Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 131 dong 404 ho, Gwanak-ro 599, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, South Korea, Department of Electrical Engineering, Hanyang University, 17 Haengdang-dong, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 133-791, South Korea, Hokkaid University, National Institute for Fusion Science, Osaka University, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, U. Michigan, UCLA Department of Physics, Department of Physics, Dalian Maritime University, School of Physics and Optoelectronic Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Institute of Physics University of Belgrade Serbia, Graduate school of Engineering, Hiroshima University, Beihang University, Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Auburn University, University of Manchester, Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, CAMS, Flinders University, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Univ Liverpool, United Kingdom, IPFN/IST-UTL, Portugal, Curtin Univ, Australia, Drake Univ, USA, Institute of Physics, Belgrade, Serbia, University of Michigan, USA, University of Minnesota, USA, IPFN/IST-UTL, IPFN/FEUP, Portugal, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Kanazawa University, Centrum Wiskunde and Informatica, Amsterdam, The Ohio State University, Supelec, France, Ecole Centrale Paris, EM2C Laboratory, France, ARC Centre for Antimatter-Matter Studies, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Flinders University, ARC Centre for Antimatter-Matter Studies, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, James Cook University, ARC Centre for Antimatter-Matter Studies, School of Engine ering and Physical Sciences, James Cook University, Laboratoire de Genie des Procedes Plasma et Traitements de Surface, Institut Jean Le Rond d'Alembert, Laboratoire des Sciences des Procedes et Materiaux, Laboratoire de genie des procedes plasma et traitement de surface, France, Laboratoire des Sciences des Procedes et Materiaux, France, Laboratoire des Reactions et Genie des Procedes, France, A.V. Rzhanov Institute of Semiconductor Physics, SB RAS, Department of Electrical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Hokkaido University, Texas A\&M University, Centre for Plasma Physics, Queen's University Belfast, UK, Centre for Plasma Physics, Queens University of Belfast, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, NU Eco-Engineering, Co., Ltd., PINSTECH, Islamabad, Govt. College Lahore, LAPLACE, University de Toulouse, France, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Institute of Physics, University of Belgrade, Pregrevica 118, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia, A. J. Drexel Plasma Institute, A. J. Drexel Plasma Institute. Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics Department, Drexel University, Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Kyoto University, Royal Military College of Canada, Kyusyu University, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queens University of Belfast, Lab. MSS/MAT, CNRS UMR 8579, Ecole Centrale Paris, 92295 Ch\^atenay Malabry Cedex, Institute of Microelectronics Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique, Nagoya Univ., PLANT, Nagoya Univ., PLANT, Nagoya Univ., Tokyo Electron Ltd., Nagoya Univ., Imagineering, Inc., GE Global Research, MSU SINP, Moscow, RF, VNIINM, Moscow, RF, Academy of Opto-electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, ITER Organization, CEA, IRFM, Association Euratom-CEA, France, Kharkov National University, Svobody Sq.4, Kharkov 61022, Ukraine, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Dublin City University, University College Dublin, Eindhoven University of Technology, Stanford University, ABB Switzerland Ltd., Corporate Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Wesleyan University, Queen's University, Belfast, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, PPRIME Institute (CNRS - University of Poitiers - ENSMA), EM2C Laboratory, CNRS - Ecole Centrale Paris, Joint Institute for High Temperatures, Russian Academy of Sciences, Max-Planck-Institut fur Extraterrestrische Physik, Germany, Aix-Marseille-Universite, France, Max-Planck-Institut fur Extraterrestrische Physik, Garching, Germany, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, University of Alberta, Canada, State Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, Russia

  • E.A. Startsev

    Universite de Liege, Liege, Belgium, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain, Instituto de Fisica Fundamental, CSIC, Madrid, Spain, CAMS, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia, Tsinghua University, Henderson State University, ARC CoE for Antimatter - Matter Studies, Flinders University, AMPL, Research School of Physics and Engineering, Institute f\"ur Kernphysik, Goethe Universit\"at, Institut of Physics, Belgrade, Serbia, GREMI, University of Orleans, France, The University of Texas at Austin, Tokyo Electron Ltd., Esgee Technologies Inc., Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea., Laboratoire de Physique des Plasmas-CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, France, Synchrotron Soleil, France, York Plasma Institute, University of York, UK, Department for Electrical Engineering and Information Sciences, Ruhr University Bochum, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands, Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research (DIFFER), Nieuwegein, The Netherlands, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Center for Optical Materials Science and Engineering Technologies, Clemson University, ZIK plasmatis at the INP Greifswald e.V., INP Greifswald, ZIK plasmatis at the INP Greifswald, Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Research and Technology Center, Yazaki Corp., Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands, FUJIFILM Manufacturing Europe B.V., Tilburg, The Netherlands, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology, Kyushu University, The University of Tokyo, Institut Pprime CNRS UPR 3346, Universit\'e de Poitiers, ENSMA, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ, University of Houston, Houston, TX, Institute for Electrical Engineering and Plasma Technology, Ruhr University Bochum, Institute of Theoretical Electrical Engineering, Ruhr University Bochum, Ruhr University Bochum, University of Wisconsin-Madison, MKS Instruments, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Ruhr-University Bochum, GPPMM/XLIM, CNRS-UNILIM, France, LPGP-UPS/CNRS, France, Los Alamos National Laboratories, University of Notre Dame, Queen's University Belfast, University of York, University of Mosul, Wigner Research Center for Physics, Budapest, University of Texas at Austin, Tokyo Electron America, Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University, University of Michigan - Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, NC State University, Theoretical Electrical Engineering, Ruhr-University Bochum, University of Liverpool, GREMAN, Tours, France, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Germany, University of Antwerp, Kyoto University, Beihang University, University of Alberta, Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Institute for Plasma and Atomic Physics, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany, Muons, Inc., ORNL, Princeton University, Dalian University of Technology, Instituto de Fisica Fundamental, Consejo Superiorde Investigaciones Cientificas, Madrid, Spain, ARC Centre for Antimatter-Matter Studies, Research School of Physical Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia, ARC Centre for Antimatter-Matter Studies, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia, Institute of Physics, University of Belgrade, Zemun, Belgrade, Serbia, ARC Centre for Antimatter-Matter Studies, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, ARC Centre for Antimatter-Matter Studies, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia, Departamentos de Energ\'ia y Ciencias B\'asicas, Universidad Aut\'onoma Metropolitana, M\'exico, Instituto de Ciencias F\'isicas, UNAM, M\'exico, LAPLACE, CNRS and University of Toulouse, France, Department of Physics and Astronomy, The Open University, Walton Hall, MK76aA, United Kingdom, Institute of Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria, Centre for Plasma Physics, Queen's University Belfast, BT71NN, Northern Ireland, Korea Advanced Institute and Technology (KAIST), Gangneung-Wonju National University (GWNU), Institut f\"ur Theoretische Physik, Goethe-Universit\"at, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany, Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, Department of Physics and Astronomy, York University, Toronto, ON M3J1P3, Canada, N.E. Bauman Moscow State Technical University, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Max-Planck-Institut f\"ur extraterrestrische Physik, Deutsches Zentrum f\"ur Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V., Raumfahrtmanagement, Deutsches Zentrum f\"ur Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. Institut f\"ur Luft- und Raumfahrtmedizin, University of Michigan, University of Sherbrooke, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, University of Twente, TJNAF, Newport News, VA, Center for Accelerator Science, Department of Physics, ODU, Norfolk, VA, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Ruhr-Universitaet Bochum, Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University, Department of Nanoscale Semiconductor Engineering, Hanyang University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Hanyang University, Hanyang University, National Fusion Research Institute, Kyung Won Tech.Inc, Chonbuk National University, PPPL, Tokyo Electron America, Austin, TX, Centre Universitaire J.F. Champollion, Albi, Universit\'e de Toulouse \& CNRS, Old Dominion University, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, College of Science and Mathematics, UMass Boston, Boston, MA, WVU, Morgantown, WV, PPPL, Princeton, NJ, Nagoya University, Meijo University, Department of Electronic Engineering, Tohoku University., Sandia National Laboratories, Department of Electrical Engineering, Pusan National University, Tech-X Corporation, CEA, IRFM, France, LAPLACE, University of Toulouse, France, Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, ZEON CORPORATIO, Applied Materials, Silicon Systems Group, Varian Semiconductor Equipment, Lam Research Corporation, Curtin University, Mississippi State University, Hokkaido Univ., University of Greifswald, University of Houston, Applied Materials, Department of Physical Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK, Institute of Plasmas and Nuclear Fusion, Instituto Superior Tecnico, Technical University of Lisbon, Portugal, Faculty of Physics, Sofia University, Sofia, Bulgaria, Centro de Quimica-Fisica Molecular and IN, Instituto Superior Tecnico, Technical University of Lisbon, Portugal, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA 93943, USA, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Naval Postgraduate School,Monterey, CA 93943, USA, Institute for Plasma and Atomic Physics, Ruhr-University Bochum, York Plasma Institute, University of York, Centre for Plasma Physics, Queen's University Belfast, Nuclear Physics Institute, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, South Korea, Research center, SEMES, \#278 Mosi-ri, Cheonan 331-814, South Korea, None, Sulyman Dimeril University, Department of Material Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 131 dong 404 ho, Gwanak-ro 599, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, South Korea, Department of Electrical Engineering, Hanyang University, 17 Haengdang-dong, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 133-791, South Korea, Hokkaid University, National Institute for Fusion Science, Osaka University, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, U. Michigan, UCLA Department of Physics, Department of Physics, Dalian Maritime University, School of Physics and Optoelectronic Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Institute of Physics University of Belgrade Serbia, Graduate school of Engineering, Hiroshima University, Beihang University, Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Auburn University, University of Manchester, Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, CAMS, Flinders University, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Univ Liverpool, United Kingdom, IPFN/IST-UTL, Portugal, Curtin Univ, Australia, Drake Univ, USA, Institute of Physics, Belgrade, Serbia, University of Michigan, USA, University of Minnesota, USA, IPFN/IST-UTL, IPFN/FEUP, Portugal, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Kanazawa University, Centrum Wiskunde and Informatica, Amsterdam, The Ohio State University, Supelec, France, Ecole Centrale Paris, EM2C Laboratory, France, ARC Centre for Antimatter-Matter Studies, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Flinders University, ARC Centre for Antimatter-Matter Studies, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, James Cook University, ARC Centre for Antimatter-Matter Studies, School of Engine ering and Physical Sciences, James Cook University, Laboratoire de Genie des Procedes Plasma et Traitements de Surface, Institut Jean Le Rond d'Alembert, Laboratoire des Sciences des Procedes et Materiaux, Laboratoire de genie des procedes plasma et traitement de surface, France, Laboratoire des Sciences des Procedes et Materiaux, France, Laboratoire des Reactions et Genie des Procedes, France, A.V. Rzhanov Institute of Semiconductor Physics, SB RAS, Department of Electrical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Hokkaido University, Texas A\&M University, Centre for Plasma Physics, Queen's University Belfast, UK, Centre for Plasma Physics, Queens University of Belfast, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, NU Eco-Engineering, Co., Ltd., PINSTECH, Islamabad, Govt. College Lahore, LAPLACE, University de Toulouse, France, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Institute of Physics, University of Belgrade, Pregrevica 118, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia, A. J. Drexel Plasma Institute, A. J. Drexel Plasma Institute. Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics Department, Drexel University, Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Kyoto University, Royal Military College of Canada, Kyusyu University, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queens University of Belfast, Lab. MSS/MAT, CNRS UMR 8579, Ecole Centrale Paris, 92295 Ch\^atenay Malabry Cedex, Institute of Microelectronics Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique, Nagoya Univ., PLANT, Nagoya Univ., PLANT, Nagoya Univ., Tokyo Electron Ltd., Nagoya Univ., Imagineering, Inc., GE Global Research, MSU SINP, Moscow, RF, VNIINM, Moscow, RF, Academy of Opto-electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, ITER Organization, CEA, IRFM, Association Euratom-CEA, France, Kharkov National University, Svobody Sq.4, Kharkov 61022, Ukraine, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Dublin City University, University College Dublin, Eindhoven University of Technology, Stanford University, ABB Switzerland Ltd., Corporate Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Wesleyan University, Queen's University, Belfast, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, PPRIME Institute (CNRS - University of Poitiers - ENSMA), EM2C Laboratory, CNRS - Ecole Centrale Paris, Joint Institute for High Temperatures, Russian Academy of Sciences, Max-Planck-Institut fur Extraterrestrische Physik, Germany, Aix-Marseille-Universite, France, Max-Planck-Institut fur Extraterrestrische Physik, Garching, Germany, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, University of Alberta, Canada, State Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, Russia

  • E.A. Startsev

    Universite de Liege, Liege, Belgium, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain, Instituto de Fisica Fundamental, CSIC, Madrid, Spain, CAMS, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia, Tsinghua University, Henderson State University, ARC CoE for Antimatter - Matter Studies, Flinders University, AMPL, Research School of Physics and Engineering, Institute f\"ur Kernphysik, Goethe Universit\"at, Institut of Physics, Belgrade, Serbia, GREMI, University of Orleans, France, The University of Texas at Austin, Tokyo Electron Ltd., Esgee Technologies Inc., Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea., Laboratoire de Physique des Plasmas-CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, France, Synchrotron Soleil, France, York Plasma Institute, University of York, UK, Department for Electrical Engineering and Information Sciences, Ruhr University Bochum, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands, Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research (DIFFER), Nieuwegein, The Netherlands, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Center for Optical Materials Science and Engineering Technologies, Clemson University, ZIK plasmatis at the INP Greifswald e.V., INP Greifswald, ZIK plasmatis at the INP Greifswald, Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Research and Technology Center, Yazaki Corp., Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands, FUJIFILM Manufacturing Europe B.V., Tilburg, The Netherlands, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology, Kyushu University, The University of Tokyo, Institut Pprime CNRS UPR 3346, Universit\'e de Poitiers, ENSMA, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ, University of Houston, Houston, TX, Institute for Electrical Engineering and Plasma Technology, Ruhr University Bochum, Institute of Theoretical Electrical Engineering, Ruhr University Bochum, Ruhr University Bochum, University of Wisconsin-Madison, MKS Instruments, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Ruhr-University Bochum, GPPMM/XLIM, CNRS-UNILIM, France, LPGP-UPS/CNRS, France, Los Alamos National Laboratories, University of Notre Dame, Queen's University Belfast, University of York, University of Mosul, Wigner Research Center for Physics, Budapest, University of Texas at Austin, Tokyo Electron America, Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University, University of Michigan - Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, NC State University, Theoretical Electrical Engineering, Ruhr-University Bochum, University of Liverpool, GREMAN, Tours, France, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Germany, University of Antwerp, Kyoto University, Beihang University, University of Alberta, Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Institute for Plasma and Atomic Physics, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany, Muons, Inc., ORNL, Princeton University, Dalian University of Technology, Instituto de Fisica Fundamental, Consejo Superiorde Investigaciones Cientificas, Madrid, Spain, ARC Centre for Antimatter-Matter Studies, Research School of Physical Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia, ARC Centre for Antimatter-Matter Studies, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia, Institute of Physics, University of Belgrade, Zemun, Belgrade, Serbia, ARC Centre for Antimatter-Matter Studies, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, ARC Centre for Antimatter-Matter Studies, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia, Departamentos de Energ\'ia y Ciencias B\'asicas, Universidad Aut\'onoma Metropolitana, M\'exico, Instituto de Ciencias F\'isicas, UNAM, M\'exico, LAPLACE, CNRS and University of Toulouse, France, Department of Physics and Astronomy, The Open University, Walton Hall, MK76aA, United Kingdom, Institute of Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria, Centre for Plasma Physics, Queen's University Belfast, BT71NN, Northern Ireland, Korea Advanced Institute and Technology (KAIST), Gangneung-Wonju National University (GWNU), Institut f\"ur Theoretische Physik, Goethe-Universit\"at, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany, Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, Department of Physics and Astronomy, York University, Toronto, ON M3J1P3, Canada, N.E. Bauman Moscow State Technical University, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Max-Planck-Institut f\"ur extraterrestrische Physik, Deutsches Zentrum f\"ur Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V., Raumfahrtmanagement, Deutsches Zentrum f\"ur Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. Institut f\"ur Luft- und Raumfahrtmedizin, University of Michigan, University of Sherbrooke, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, University of Twente, TJNAF, Newport News, VA, Center for Accelerator Science, Department of Physics, ODU, Norfolk, VA, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Ruhr-Universitaet Bochum, Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University, Department of Nanoscale Semiconductor Engineering, Hanyang University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Hanyang University, Hanyang University, National Fusion Research Institute, Kyung Won Tech.Inc, Chonbuk National University, PPPL, Tokyo Electron America, Austin, TX, Centre Universitaire J.F. Champollion, Albi, Universit\'e de Toulouse \& CNRS, Old Dominion University, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, College of Science and Mathematics, UMass Boston, Boston, MA, WVU, Morgantown, WV, PPPL, Princeton, NJ, Nagoya University, Meijo University, Department of Electronic Engineering, Tohoku University., Sandia National Laboratories, Department of Electrical Engineering, Pusan National University, Tech-X Corporation, CEA, IRFM, France, LAPLACE, University of Toulouse, France, Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, ZEON CORPORATIO, Applied Materials, Silicon Systems Group, Varian Semiconductor Equipment, Lam Research Corporation, Curtin University, Mississippi State University, Hokkaido Univ., University of Greifswald, University of Houston, Applied Materials, Department of Physical Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK, Institute of Plasmas and Nuclear Fusion, Instituto Superior Tecnico, Technical University of Lisbon, Portugal, Faculty of Physics, Sofia University, Sofia, Bulgaria, Centro de Quimica-Fisica Molecular and IN, Instituto Superior Tecnico, Technical University of Lisbon, Portugal, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA 93943, USA, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Naval Postgraduate School,Monterey, CA 93943, USA, Institute for Plasma and Atomic Physics, Ruhr-University Bochum, York Plasma Institute, University of York, Centre for Plasma Physics, Queen's University Belfast, Nuclear Physics Institute, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, South Korea, Research center, SEMES, \#278 Mosi-ri, Cheonan 331-814, South Korea, None, Sulyman Dimeril University, Department of Material Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 131 dong 404 ho, Gwanak-ro 599, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, South Korea, Department of Electrical Engineering, Hanyang University, 17 Haengdang-dong, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 133-791, South Korea, Hokkaid University, National Institute for Fusion Science, Osaka University, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, U. Michigan, UCLA Department of Physics, Department of Physics, Dalian Maritime University, School of Physics and Optoelectronic Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Institute of Physics University of Belgrade Serbia, Graduate school of Engineering, Hiroshima University, Beihang University, Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Auburn University, University of Manchester, Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, CAMS, Flinders University, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Univ Liverpool, United Kingdom, IPFN/IST-UTL, Portugal, Curtin Univ, Australia, Drake Univ, USA, Institute of Physics, Belgrade, Serbia, University of Michigan, USA, University of Minnesota, USA, IPFN/IST-UTL, IPFN/FEUP, Portugal, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Kanazawa University, Centrum Wiskunde and Informatica, Amsterdam, The Ohio State University, Supelec, France, Ecole Centrale Paris, EM2C Laboratory, France, ARC Centre for Antimatter-Matter Studies, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Flinders University, ARC Centre for Antimatter-Matter Studies, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, James Cook University, ARC Centre for Antimatter-Matter Studies, School of Engine ering and Physical Sciences, James Cook University, Laboratoire de Genie des Procedes Plasma et Traitements de Surface, Institut Jean Le Rond d'Alembert, Laboratoire des Sciences des Procedes et Materiaux, Laboratoire de genie des procedes plasma et traitement de surface, France, Laboratoire des Sciences des Procedes et Materiaux, France, Laboratoire des Reactions et Genie des Procedes, France, A.V. Rzhanov Institute of Semiconductor Physics, SB RAS, Department of Electrical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Hokkaido University, Texas A\&M University, Centre for Plasma Physics, Queen's University Belfast, UK, Centre for Plasma Physics, Queens University of Belfast, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, NU Eco-Engineering, Co., Ltd., PINSTECH, Islamabad, Govt. College Lahore, LAPLACE, University de Toulouse, France, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Institute of Physics, University of Belgrade, Pregrevica 118, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia, A. J. Drexel Plasma Institute, A. J. Drexel Plasma Institute. Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics Department, Drexel University, Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Kyoto University, Royal Military College of Canada, Kyusyu University, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queens University of Belfast, Lab. MSS/MAT, CNRS UMR 8579, Ecole Centrale Paris, 92295 Ch\^atenay Malabry Cedex, Institute of Microelectronics Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique, Nagoya Univ., PLANT, Nagoya Univ., PLANT, Nagoya Univ., Tokyo Electron Ltd., Nagoya Univ., Imagineering, Inc., GE Global Research, MSU SINP, Moscow, RF, VNIINM, Moscow, RF, Academy of Opto-electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, ITER Organization, CEA, IRFM, Association Euratom-CEA, France, Kharkov National University, Svobody Sq.4, Kharkov 61022, Ukraine, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Dublin City University, University College Dublin, Eindhoven University of Technology, Stanford University, ABB Switzerland Ltd., Corporate Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Wesleyan University, Queen's University, Belfast, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, PPRIME Institute (CNRS - University of Poitiers - ENSMA), EM2C Laboratory, CNRS - Ecole Centrale Paris, Joint Institute for High Temperatures, Russian Academy of Sciences, Max-Planck-Institut fur Extraterrestrische Physik, Germany, Aix-Marseille-Universite, France, Max-Planck-Institut fur Extraterrestrische Physik, Garching, Germany, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, University of Alberta, Canada, State Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, Russia