Atmospheric pressure plasma modification and damage quantification of amino acids

Harold McQuaid; Steve Shannon; Steve Shannon; Steve Shannon

Atmospheric pressure plasma modification and damage quantification of amino acids

ORAL

Abstract

Modification of biological material via non-thermal plasmas is continuing to gain much attention, however the mechanisms behind the damage enhancement and cell selectivity of plasmas are far from complete. Cysteine, a key amino acid in proteins, has been previously used in plasma interaction studies due to its relatively simple analysis and suitability as a biological model$^{\mathrm{1}}$. Investigations into plasma interaction with cysteine are currently limited to DBD$^{\mathrm{1}}$, COST-jet and kINPen$^{\mathrm{2}}$, and less directly via a DC plasma jet$^{\mathrm{3}}$. In this study the plasma induced interactions with cysteine are investigated using a remote RF plasma source containing He-H$_{\mathrm{2}}$O and isolated from atmospheric impurities in order to observe effects with relatively simplified plasma chemistry. Using a droplet in plasma system$^{\mathrm{4}}$ cysteine is passed through the plasma for 100 \textmu s and exposed to a high flux of electrons, ions and radicals. To aid understanding of the chemistry involved, buffer and radical scavenger solutions were also added. The modification of cysteine via each treatment method is analysed using FTIR and Raman spectroscopy and differences between those previously published are detected and attributed to a change in the plasma induced chemistry. 1. Kogelheide, F. et al. (2016). 2. Lackmann, J. W. et al. (2018). 3. Yan, D. et al.~ (2015). 4. M Maguire, P. D. et al. (2015).

Nov. 8, 2018, 2:00 PM – Nov. 8, 2018, 2:15 PM

Authors

Harold McQuaid

Ulster University
Steve Shannon

Tohoku University, Yokohama National University, ITER-India, Institute for Plasma Research, Gandhinagar, India and HBNI, Mumbai, Group in Computational Science and HPC, DAIICT, Gandhinagar, India, Ruhr University Bochum, Leuphana University Lüneburg, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM), Applied Physics lab for PLasma Engineering (APPLE), Department of Physics, Chungnam Natl Univ, Applied Materials Inc., 1140 E. Arques Avenue Sunnyvale, California 94085, North Carolina State University, Nagoya University, Meijo University, School of Computing and Engineering, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK, York Plasma Institute, Department of Physics, University of York, York, UK, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 2, 17489 Greifswald, Germany, TEL Technology Center America, Inc., The University of Texas at Austin, Esgee Technologies, Tokyo Electron America, Inc., University of Glasgow, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP), Advanced Research Center for Nanolithography, Los Alamos Natl Lab, Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia, University of Michigan, Australian National University, University of York, The University of Tokyo, University of Notre Dame, Tokyo Metropolitan Univ, Texas A&M University, Tarleton State University, Nagoya University, Japan, Asahi Glass Company, Ltd., Japan, Toyota Technological Institute, Japan, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany, Ferdinand-Braun-Institut, Germany, Univ of Michigan - Ann Arbor, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Ad Astra Rocket Company, University of Houston, University P. Sabatier, Air Force Research Lab - Edwards AFB, Holon Inst of Technology, Stony Brook University, Texas A\&M University, Princeton University, Electrodynamics and Physical Electronics Group, Brandenburg University of Technology, Institute of Theoretical Electrical Engineering, Ruhr University Bochum, Applied Materials Inc, School of Physics, Dalian University of Technology, Ruhr-University Bochum, PlasmaPotential - Physics Consulting and Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Univ of Illinois - Urbana, Paderborn University, Michigan State Univ, Kyushu University, Department of Applied Physics, Ghent University, Belgium, National Institute of Laser, Plasma and Radiation, Romania, Samsung Electronics Co., Ulster University, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Curtin University, Stockholm University, Swansea University, Institut de Mecanique des Fluides de Toulouse (IMFT), Universite de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, France, UMR-CNRS 6226, Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, Universite de Rennes 1, France, Department of Graphic Arts and Photophysics, University of Pardubice, Czech Republic, Institut des Materiaux Jean Rouxel, Universite de Nantes, CNRS, France, Hitachi Ltd., Research Development Group, Columbia University, National University of Defense Technology, Applied Materials, Queen's University Belfast UK, Seikei University, Tokyo, Japan, Kwangwoon University, Institute of Fluid Physics, CAEP, Institute for Plasma Research, Tokai Univ, Chubu Electric Power Co., Inc., Plasma Research Laboratory CO.LTD, Tokai University, Nihon University, Joint Institute for High Temperatures, RUSSIA, V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Ukraine, Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, RadiaSoft LLC, Ioffe Institute RAS, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg Mining University, George Washington University, ISAE, University of Toulouse, LAPLACE, CNRS and University of Toulouse, Dalian University of Technology, Universite Paris 13 - LSPM CNRS UPR 3407, West Virginia University, Dep. Electrical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea, Japan Coast Guard Academy, University of Hyogo, Osaka University, Kyoto Inst of Tech, Dalian Nationalities University, Hokkaido University, Texas A&M Univ, Tokyo City University, Tokyo city University, Tokyo city university, National Fusion Research Institute, Tokyo Metropolitan University, TU Braunschweig, Institute for Surface Technology, Bienroder Weg 54, 38108 Braunschweig, Germany, Groupe des Couches Minces (GCM) and Department of Engineering Physics, Polytechnique Montr{\'e}al, Montreal QC, Canada H3C 3A7, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Plasma \& Coating Group, Lerchenfeldstr.~5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland, Technion, Rafael, University of Saskatchewan, Hanyang University, Hanyang Univ, Applied Physics lab for PLasma Engineering (APPLE), Department of Physics, Chungnam National University, Applied Materials, Inc., Seikei University, The University of Shiga Prefecture, Kyoto University, Ruhr University Bochum, West Virginia University, Instituto de Plasmas e Fusao Nuclear, Instituto Superior Tecnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal, LPP, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, UPMC, Universite Paris-Saclay, 91128 Palaiseau, France, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Illinois Applied Research Institute, Univ. of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Semiconductor R\&D Center, Samsung Electronics, ET Center, Samsung R\&D Institute Japan, Univ of California - San Diego, Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics RAS, Moscow, Moscow Power Engineering Institute, Moscow, Hokkaido Univ, Michigan State University, Institute for High Temperatures of RAS, Universidade da Madeira, Facility for Rare Isotope Beams, Michigan State University, National Superconducting Cy- clotron Laboratory, Michigan State University, Universite de Montreal, Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Garching, Germany, SMDC, Redstone Arsenal, UAH Systems Management and Production Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China, Max-Planck-Institute for Kernphysik, Heidelberg, Germany, Dalian University of Technology, China, Princeton Plasma Phys Lab, Tech-X Corporation, University of Colorado, and Worcester Polytechnic Institute, USA, Department of Electrical Engineering, Hanyang University, Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Plasma Technology Research Center, Nation Fusion Research Institute, Korea Research Inst of Standards and Science (KRISS), Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany, BTU Cottbus-Senftenberg, Germany, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Republic of Korea, Semiconductor R&D Center, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., Republic of Korea, Princeton Plasma Physics Lab, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Institute for Plasma Research India, Lam Research Corp, Ruhr-Univ Bochum, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, West Virginia Univ, Department of Physics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, USA, SUPA and Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK, School of Physical Electronics, University of Electronic Science & Technology of China, Chengdu, China, High Voltage Division, School of Electrical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China, College of Electronic Science and Technology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China, V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, LPP, Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau, France, V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, 61022, Kharkov, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology, 17489 Greifswald, Germany, Kiel University, ITAP, 24098 Kiel, Germany, Institute of High Current Electronics, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Sandia National Laboratories, West Virginia University, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Ruhr-University Bochum, West Virginia University, Samsung Electronics, Tech-X Corporation, U. S. A., Brandenburg University of Technology, Germany, Ecole Polytechnique, France, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Ruhr University, Germany, CEA/CESTA, Sandia Natl Labs, Univ of Sci & Tech of China, UCSD, AU Online, Technical University Chemnitz, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Saint Petersburg Mining University, Osaka Univ, National Institute for Fusion Science, National Defense Academy, Japan, Troitsk Institute for Innovation and Fusion Research, Wigner Research Center for Physics, Hungary, Missouri Univ of Sci & Tech, Tblisi State University, University College London, LSPM-CNRS, LPGP-CNRS, West Virginia University, Morgantown, USA; Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany, University of York, Heslington, UK, Brandenburg University of Technology, Cottbus, Germany, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary, Insitute of Modern Physics Lanzhou, Drexel University, Institute of Electrical Engineering, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany Department of Physics, West Virginia University, USA, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungary, Department of Physics, West Virginia University, USA, Idaho National Laboratory, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Old Dominion University, University of San Francisco, CERFACS, CERFACS - now ONERA, University of Illinois, North Carolina State Universty
Steve Shannon

Tohoku University, Yokohama National University, ITER-India, Institute for Plasma Research, Gandhinagar, India and HBNI, Mumbai, Group in Computational Science and HPC, DAIICT, Gandhinagar, India, Ruhr University Bochum, Leuphana University Lüneburg, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM), Applied Physics lab for PLasma Engineering (APPLE), Department of Physics, Chungnam Natl Univ, Applied Materials Inc., 1140 E. Arques Avenue Sunnyvale, California 94085, North Carolina State University, Nagoya University, Meijo University, School of Computing and Engineering, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK, York Plasma Institute, Department of Physics, University of York, York, UK, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 2, 17489 Greifswald, Germany, TEL Technology Center America, Inc., The University of Texas at Austin, Esgee Technologies, Tokyo Electron America, Inc., University of Glasgow, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP), Advanced Research Center for Nanolithography, Los Alamos Natl Lab, Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia, University of Michigan, Australian National University, University of York, The University of Tokyo, University of Notre Dame, Tokyo Metropolitan Univ, Texas A&M University, Tarleton State University, Nagoya University, Japan, Asahi Glass Company, Ltd., Japan, Toyota Technological Institute, Japan, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany, Ferdinand-Braun-Institut, Germany, Univ of Michigan - Ann Arbor, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Ad Astra Rocket Company, University of Houston, University P. Sabatier, Air Force Research Lab - Edwards AFB, Holon Inst of Technology, Stony Brook University, Texas A\&M University, Princeton University, Electrodynamics and Physical Electronics Group, Brandenburg University of Technology, Institute of Theoretical Electrical Engineering, Ruhr University Bochum, Applied Materials Inc, School of Physics, Dalian University of Technology, Ruhr-University Bochum, PlasmaPotential - Physics Consulting and Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Univ of Illinois - Urbana, Paderborn University, Michigan State Univ, Kyushu University, Department of Applied Physics, Ghent University, Belgium, National Institute of Laser, Plasma and Radiation, Romania, Samsung Electronics Co., Ulster University, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Curtin University, Stockholm University, Swansea University, Institut de Mecanique des Fluides de Toulouse (IMFT), Universite de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, France, UMR-CNRS 6226, Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, Universite de Rennes 1, France, Department of Graphic Arts and Photophysics, University of Pardubice, Czech Republic, Institut des Materiaux Jean Rouxel, Universite de Nantes, CNRS, France, Hitachi Ltd., Research Development Group, Columbia University, National University of Defense Technology, Applied Materials, Queen's University Belfast UK, Seikei University, Tokyo, Japan, Kwangwoon University, Institute of Fluid Physics, CAEP, Institute for Plasma Research, Tokai Univ, Chubu Electric Power Co., Inc., Plasma Research Laboratory CO.LTD, Tokai University, Nihon University, Joint Institute for High Temperatures, RUSSIA, V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Ukraine, Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, RadiaSoft LLC, Ioffe Institute RAS, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg Mining University, George Washington University, ISAE, University of Toulouse, LAPLACE, CNRS and University of Toulouse, Dalian University of Technology, Universite Paris 13 - LSPM CNRS UPR 3407, West Virginia University, Dep. Electrical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea, Japan Coast Guard Academy, University of Hyogo, Osaka University, Kyoto Inst of Tech, Dalian Nationalities University, Hokkaido University, Texas A&M Univ, Tokyo City University, Tokyo city University, Tokyo city university, National Fusion Research Institute, Tokyo Metropolitan University, TU Braunschweig, Institute for Surface Technology, Bienroder Weg 54, 38108 Braunschweig, Germany, Groupe des Couches Minces (GCM) and Department of Engineering Physics, Polytechnique Montr{\'e}al, Montreal QC, Canada H3C 3A7, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Plasma \& Coating Group, Lerchenfeldstr.~5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland, Technion, Rafael, University of Saskatchewan, Hanyang University, Hanyang Univ, Applied Physics lab for PLasma Engineering (APPLE), Department of Physics, Chungnam National University, Applied Materials, Inc., Seikei University, The University of Shiga Prefecture, Kyoto University, Ruhr University Bochum, West Virginia University, Instituto de Plasmas e Fusao Nuclear, Instituto Superior Tecnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal, LPP, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, UPMC, Universite Paris-Saclay, 91128 Palaiseau, France, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Illinois Applied Research Institute, Univ. of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Semiconductor R\&D Center, Samsung Electronics, ET Center, Samsung R\&D Institute Japan, Univ of California - San Diego, Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics RAS, Moscow, Moscow Power Engineering Institute, Moscow, Hokkaido Univ, Michigan State University, Institute for High Temperatures of RAS, Universidade da Madeira, Facility for Rare Isotope Beams, Michigan State University, National Superconducting Cy- clotron Laboratory, Michigan State University, Universite de Montreal, Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Garching, Germany, SMDC, Redstone Arsenal, UAH Systems Management and Production Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China, Max-Planck-Institute for Kernphysik, Heidelberg, Germany, Dalian University of Technology, China, Princeton Plasma Phys Lab, Tech-X Corporation, University of Colorado, and Worcester Polytechnic Institute, USA, Department of Electrical Engineering, Hanyang University, Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Plasma Technology Research Center, Nation Fusion Research Institute, Korea Research Inst of Standards and Science (KRISS), Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany, BTU Cottbus-Senftenberg, Germany, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Republic of Korea, Semiconductor R&D Center, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., Republic of Korea, Princeton Plasma Physics Lab, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Institute for Plasma Research India, Lam Research Corp, Ruhr-Univ Bochum, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, West Virginia Univ, Department of Physics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, USA, SUPA and Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK, School of Physical Electronics, University of Electronic Science & Technology of China, Chengdu, China, High Voltage Division, School of Electrical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China, College of Electronic Science and Technology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China, V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, LPP, Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau, France, V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, 61022, Kharkov, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology, 17489 Greifswald, Germany, Kiel University, ITAP, 24098 Kiel, Germany, Institute of High Current Electronics, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Sandia National Laboratories, West Virginia University, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Ruhr-University Bochum, West Virginia University, Samsung Electronics, Tech-X Corporation, U. S. A., Brandenburg University of Technology, Germany, Ecole Polytechnique, France, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Ruhr University, Germany, CEA/CESTA, Sandia Natl Labs, Univ of Sci & Tech of China, UCSD, AU Online, Technical University Chemnitz, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Saint Petersburg Mining University, Osaka Univ, National Institute for Fusion Science, National Defense Academy, Japan, Troitsk Institute for Innovation and Fusion Research, Wigner Research Center for Physics, Hungary, Missouri Univ of Sci & Tech, Tblisi State University, University College London, LSPM-CNRS, LPGP-CNRS, West Virginia University, Morgantown, USA; Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany, University of York, Heslington, UK, Brandenburg University of Technology, Cottbus, Germany, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary, Insitute of Modern Physics Lanzhou, Drexel University, Institute of Electrical Engineering, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany Department of Physics, West Virginia University, USA, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungary, Department of Physics, West Virginia University, USA, Idaho National Laboratory, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Old Dominion University, University of San Francisco, CERFACS, CERFACS - now ONERA, University of Illinois, North Carolina State Universty
Steve Shannon

Tohoku University, Yokohama National University, ITER-India, Institute for Plasma Research, Gandhinagar, India and HBNI, Mumbai, Group in Computational Science and HPC, DAIICT, Gandhinagar, India, Ruhr University Bochum, Leuphana University Lüneburg, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM), Applied Physics lab for PLasma Engineering (APPLE), Department of Physics, Chungnam Natl Univ, Applied Materials Inc., 1140 E. Arques Avenue Sunnyvale, California 94085, North Carolina State University, Nagoya University, Meijo University, School of Computing and Engineering, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK, York Plasma Institute, Department of Physics, University of York, York, UK, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 2, 17489 Greifswald, Germany, TEL Technology Center America, Inc., The University of Texas at Austin, Esgee Technologies, Tokyo Electron America, Inc., University of Glasgow, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP), Advanced Research Center for Nanolithography, Los Alamos Natl Lab, Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia, University of Michigan, Australian National University, University of York, The University of Tokyo, University of Notre Dame, Tokyo Metropolitan Univ, Texas A&M University, Tarleton State University, Nagoya University, Japan, Asahi Glass Company, Ltd., Japan, Toyota Technological Institute, Japan, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany, Ferdinand-Braun-Institut, Germany, Univ of Michigan - Ann Arbor, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Ad Astra Rocket Company, University of Houston, University P. Sabatier, Air Force Research Lab - Edwards AFB, Holon Inst of Technology, Stony Brook University, Texas A\&M University, Princeton University, Electrodynamics and Physical Electronics Group, Brandenburg University of Technology, Institute of Theoretical Electrical Engineering, Ruhr University Bochum, Applied Materials Inc, School of Physics, Dalian University of Technology, Ruhr-University Bochum, PlasmaPotential - Physics Consulting and Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Univ of Illinois - Urbana, Paderborn University, Michigan State Univ, Kyushu University, Department of Applied Physics, Ghent University, Belgium, National Institute of Laser, Plasma and Radiation, Romania, Samsung Electronics Co., Ulster University, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Curtin University, Stockholm University, Swansea University, Institut de Mecanique des Fluides de Toulouse (IMFT), Universite de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, France, UMR-CNRS 6226, Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, Universite de Rennes 1, France, Department of Graphic Arts and Photophysics, University of Pardubice, Czech Republic, Institut des Materiaux Jean Rouxel, Universite de Nantes, CNRS, France, Hitachi Ltd., Research Development Group, Columbia University, National University of Defense Technology, Applied Materials, Queen's University Belfast UK, Seikei University, Tokyo, Japan, Kwangwoon University, Institute of Fluid Physics, CAEP, Institute for Plasma Research, Tokai Univ, Chubu Electric Power Co., Inc., Plasma Research Laboratory CO.LTD, Tokai University, Nihon University, Joint Institute for High Temperatures, RUSSIA, V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Ukraine, Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, RadiaSoft LLC, Ioffe Institute RAS, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg Mining University, George Washington University, ISAE, University of Toulouse, LAPLACE, CNRS and University of Toulouse, Dalian University of Technology, Universite Paris 13 - LSPM CNRS UPR 3407, West Virginia University, Dep. Electrical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea, Japan Coast Guard Academy, University of Hyogo, Osaka University, Kyoto Inst of Tech, Dalian Nationalities University, Hokkaido University, Texas A&M Univ, Tokyo City University, Tokyo city University, Tokyo city university, National Fusion Research Institute, Tokyo Metropolitan University, TU Braunschweig, Institute for Surface Technology, Bienroder Weg 54, 38108 Braunschweig, Germany, Groupe des Couches Minces (GCM) and Department of Engineering Physics, Polytechnique Montr{\'e}al, Montreal QC, Canada H3C 3A7, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Plasma \& Coating Group, Lerchenfeldstr.~5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland, Technion, Rafael, University of Saskatchewan, Hanyang University, Hanyang Univ, Applied Physics lab for PLasma Engineering (APPLE), Department of Physics, Chungnam National University, Applied Materials, Inc., Seikei University, The University of Shiga Prefecture, Kyoto University, Ruhr University Bochum, West Virginia University, Instituto de Plasmas e Fusao Nuclear, Instituto Superior Tecnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal, LPP, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, UPMC, Universite Paris-Saclay, 91128 Palaiseau, France, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Illinois Applied Research Institute, Univ. of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Semiconductor R\&D Center, Samsung Electronics, ET Center, Samsung R\&D Institute Japan, Univ of California - San Diego, Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics RAS, Moscow, Moscow Power Engineering Institute, Moscow, Hokkaido Univ, Michigan State University, Institute for High Temperatures of RAS, Universidade da Madeira, Facility for Rare Isotope Beams, Michigan State University, National Superconducting Cy- clotron Laboratory, Michigan State University, Universite de Montreal, Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Garching, Germany, SMDC, Redstone Arsenal, UAH Systems Management and Production Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China, Max-Planck-Institute for Kernphysik, Heidelberg, Germany, Dalian University of Technology, China, Princeton Plasma Phys Lab, Tech-X Corporation, University of Colorado, and Worcester Polytechnic Institute, USA, Department of Electrical Engineering, Hanyang University, Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Plasma Technology Research Center, Nation Fusion Research Institute, Korea Research Inst of Standards and Science (KRISS), Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany, BTU Cottbus-Senftenberg, Germany, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Republic of Korea, Semiconductor R&D Center, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., Republic of Korea, Princeton Plasma Physics Lab, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Institute for Plasma Research India, Lam Research Corp, Ruhr-Univ Bochum, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, West Virginia Univ, Department of Physics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, USA, SUPA and Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK, School of Physical Electronics, University of Electronic Science & Technology of China, Chengdu, China, High Voltage Division, School of Electrical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China, College of Electronic Science and Technology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China, V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, LPP, Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau, France, V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, 61022, Kharkov, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology, 17489 Greifswald, Germany, Kiel University, ITAP, 24098 Kiel, Germany, Institute of High Current Electronics, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Sandia National Laboratories, West Virginia University, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Ruhr-University Bochum, West Virginia University, Samsung Electronics, Tech-X Corporation, U. S. A., Brandenburg University of Technology, Germany, Ecole Polytechnique, France, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Ruhr University, Germany, CEA/CESTA, Sandia Natl Labs, Univ of Sci & Tech of China, UCSD, AU Online, Technical University Chemnitz, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Saint Petersburg Mining University, Osaka Univ, National Institute for Fusion Science, National Defense Academy, Japan, Troitsk Institute for Innovation and Fusion Research, Wigner Research Center for Physics, Hungary, Missouri Univ of Sci & Tech, Tblisi State University, University College London, LSPM-CNRS, LPGP-CNRS, West Virginia University, Morgantown, USA; Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany, University of York, Heslington, UK, Brandenburg University of Technology, Cottbus, Germany, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary, Insitute of Modern Physics Lanzhou, Drexel University, Institute of Electrical Engineering, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany Department of Physics, West Virginia University, USA, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungary, Department of Physics, West Virginia University, USA, Idaho National Laboratory, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Old Dominion University, University of San Francisco, CERFACS, CERFACS - now ONERA, University of Illinois, North Carolina State Universty