Effects of Finite Size of Nuclei on their Thermodynamic Properties

POSTER

Abstract

We investigate the effects of finite size on the thermodynamic properties of nuclei. For this purpose we first calculate the single particle level density, g($\epsilon$), which was derived using the Thomas-Fermi approximation and a finite single particle potential of a trapezoidal form. We carried out these calculations for nuclei with Z=N. We then calculate the level density parameter and the temperature dependence of the excitation energy E* and the entropy S. We demonstrate the important effects the finite size of nuclei has on these values by comparing our results with the values obtained using the commonly adopted Fermi Gas model.

Authors

  • Bruce R. Barrett

    Niigata University, University of Aizu, University of Jyvaskyla, RIKEN Nishina Center, Kyoto University, ORNL, Texas A\&M U, LBNL, TUNL, McMaster U, BNL, Kyushu Institute of Technology, University of Oslo, Senshu University, University of Tokyo, U. of Oxford/U. of Tennessee, Niewodniczanski Institute, Argonne National Laboratory, University of Maryland, Chiba University, KEK, Chiba Institute of Technology, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, CNS, University of Tokyo, TRIUMF, Osaka University, Westmont College, Central Michigan University, Hope College, Wabash College, Florida State University, NSCL/MSU, Kyushu University, RCNP, Osaka University, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Michigan State University, Variale Energy Cycrotron Centre, Nishina Center, RIKEN, Univ. of Zaragoza, Univ. of Milan-Bicocca, NASA, LANL, UC Berkeley, LLNL, UC Berkeley, LLNL, Ohio University, University of Manchester, UK, George Washington University, The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), Hokkaido University, Research Center for Nuclear Physics (RCNP), Osaka Institute of Technology, Center for Nuclear Study (CNS), Tohoku University, Rutgers, Marquette University, Augustana College, UMass, Duke U/TUNL, GA College and State U, Department of Physics, Kocaeli University, Turkey, ISV, Uppsala University, Sweden, Department of physics and astronomy, Ohio University, USA, ISNAP, University of Notre Dame, USA, IPMU, the University of Tokyo, Yamagata University, University of Tsukuba, Chung Ang University, Institute of Modern Physics, Center for Nuclear Study, the University of Tokyo, Department of Physics, Kuyshu University, Department of Physics, Yamagata University, Department of Physics, Tohoku University, Institute of Physics, Vietnamese Academy for Science and Technology, Yale Univ., Rutgers Univ., LSU, ORAU, TN Tech., CO School of Mines, Univ. of TN, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Rutgers University, Oak Ridge Associated Universities, Tennessee Tech. University, UTK, Yale, ANL,JINA, ANL, University of Science and Technology of China, Department of Physics, Kyoto University, Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Riken, Wako-shi, Japan, Jefferson Lab, Newport News, USA, Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, USA, Department of Physics, Tokai Univ., Hiratsuka, Japan, Dept. of Physics, Sophia Univ., Showa Pharmaceutical Univ., UNC, Duke University, NCSU, INL, Duke, PNNL, Center for Nuclear Study, University of Tokyo, University of Virginia, Yale University, Yale University; Nuclear Research Center Negev, Israel, Millsaps College, Research Reactor Institute, Kyoto University, Osaka, Japan, Cyclotron and Radioisotope Center, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan, Department of Physics, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan, Yale University; Nuclear Research Center, Negev, Israel, Rhodes College, Univ. Richmond, WNSL/TU Darmstadt, Germany, WNSL/Surrey, WNSL/Argonne, Univ. Surrey, UK, WNSL, Yale University, Mis.St. U., IFGA, Milan, IKS Leuven, Mississippi State University, University of Warsaw and Polish Academy of Science, NSCL, University of Tennessee, Kyushu Sangyo University, Fukuoka, Japan, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China, University of Aizu, Aizu-Wakamatsu, Fukushima, Japan, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai, Ibaragi, Japan, Chiba Institute of Technology, Narashino, Chiba, Japan, University of Kentucky, TU-Darmstadt, Germany, WNSL Yale CT 06511, Argonne National Laboratory IL 60439, Monmouth College, BfS (Germany), Ohio Wesleyan University, North Carolina State Univ., ICEPP, Univ. of Tokyo, Osaka Univ., RCNP, Osaka Univ., IPNS, KEK, North Carolina State University Department of Nuclear Engineering, North Carolina State University Department of Physics, Tel Aviv University, Texas A\&M University, Cyclotron Institute at Texas A\&M University, KVI, St. Mary`s University, Simon Fraser University, Queens University, University of Guelph, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Cyclotron Institute, Texas A\&M University, IPN Orsay, Department of Physics, University of Tokyo, McGill, Northwestern University, University of Manitoba, University of Chicago, RIKEN, JAEA, University of Jyvaskyla, Finland, University of Edinburgh, UK, National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Joint Institute of Nuclear Astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, Miyazaki University, Chubu University, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Institute of Structure and Nuclear Astrophysics, Univ. Notre Dame, IN, US, National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Michigan State Univ. MI, US, Institut fuer Kernphysik, Technische Universitat Darmstadt, Damstadt, Germany, Max Planck Institut fuer Chemie, Universitat Mainz, Germany, KT Science Ltd., National Institute of Radiological Sciences (NIRS), Cyclotron and Radioisotope Center (CYRIC), Tohoku University, Research Center for Nuclear Physics (RCNP), Osaka University, CNS, the University of Tokyo, Riken, The University of Tokyo, Shizuoka University, Jefferson Laboratory, Universitat de Barcelona, EBAC@JLab, Osaka University, EBAC@JLab, Shizuoka University, EBAC@JLab, ANL, EBAC@JLab, University of Barcelona, Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kyoto University, NIRS, GSI, Tokyo Inst. of Tech., Cyclotron and Radioisotope Center, Tohoku University, Research Center for Nuclear Physics, Osaka University, The George Washington University, Univ. of Manchester, Univ. of Michigan, Idaho National Laboratory, Mines, Rutgers U., Louisiana State University, Colorado School of Mines, Pratt Institute, Mainz/ORAU, Tenn. Tech.Univ., Abilene Christian University, Cyclotron Institute, Texas A\&M University, College Station, TX, USA, Yale, ENS-Cachan, Yale, Surrey, Yale, Darmstadt, Yale, NRC Negev, University of Masschusetts, Smith College, Indiana University (Bloomington), NSCL/Michigan State University, Texas A\&M Cyclotron Institute, National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Michigan State University, Ursinus College, Hendrix College, JINR, Dubna, Union College, University of Notre Dame, Florida International University, Department of Physics, Kyushu University, REU student from Kent State University, Cyclotron Institute, Texas A\&M Univ., Univ. of Wash., California Polytechnic State University, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, UoMD/ANL, Washington University, FSU, Youngstown State University, University of Surrey, JAEA Advanced Science Research Center, JAEA Kansai Photon Science Institute, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Naval Research Lab, University of Richmond, Purdue University, Rice University, WNSL, Yale University; University of Surrey, WNSL, Yale University; TU Darmstadt, North Carolina Central University, NSCL, MSU, University of Idaho, CYRIC, Tohoku University, CYRIC, IKP Cologne, Simon Fraser Unversity, MSU/NSCL, Institute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1784 Sofia, Bulgaria, IKP, University of Cologne, Germany, Kyoto Univ., Kyoto UNiv., Ritsumeikan Univ., Osaka Electric Communication Univ., University of Wisconsin, Virginia Tech, Saitama University, Center for Nuclear Study University of Tokyo, Tokyo University of Science, Niigata Univetsity, RIKEN Nishina Center, RIKEN, Hiroshima University, IAR Dmitrovgrad, Vanderbilt, JINR Dubna, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Istanbul University, Turkey, WNSL, University of Surrey, Guilford, GU2 7XH, U.K., WNSL, WNSL, University of Caen 14000 France, University of Miyazaki, Los Alamos National Laboratory, IN2P3, Institute de Physique, France, Kobe Tokiwa University, Japan, Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taiwan, IN2P3, France, RCNP, Osaka University, Japan, ESA/ESTEC, University of Tokyo, CNS, Nishogakusha University, Nagoya University, CMS, Cambridge, CEA Saclay, University of Washington, Warsaw University, RIKEN, Nishina Center, Chemistry Dept., Oregon State Univ., IFUNAM, Mexico, Univ. of Notre Dame, Miyazaki Univ., CNS, Kyushu Univ., Tohoku Univ., RCNP, UMASS, ANU, Stanford University, Charles University, Prague, NCSU, TUNL, Oslo University, North Carolina State University, IKP, Univ. of Koeln, Germany, IKP, TU Darmstadt, Germany, IKP, Universitaet Koeln, Germany, WNSL, Yale University, USA+IKP, Universitaet Koeln, Germany, Universitaet Stuttgart, Universitaet zu Koeln, Miss. St. U., Louisiana St. U., U. Krakow, U.S. Naval Academy, Vanderbilt U., U. Tennessee, U. Guelph, Ga Tech, UNIRIB/ORAU, Department of Chemistry and Physics \& Astronomy, University of Kentucky, Institude of Nuclear Physics, University of Cologne, Department of Physics, University of Guelph, Technische Universitat Muenchen, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Muenchen, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Univ. of Tokyo, Houghton College, U. Kentucky, Bogazici University, MIT, University of Pisa, Italy, IFIN-HH, Bucharest, Romania, University of Birmingham, UK, University of Surrey, UK, CCLRC Daresbury Laboratory, UK, University of Liverpool, UK, LPC, Caen, France, Cyclotron Institute,Texas A\&M University, UCSD, Los-Alamos National Lab, University of Windsor, GANIL, Argonne National Lab, IKS/K.U. Leuven, Tohoku U., IPN/Orsay, CEA, T.I. Tech, INRNE, University of Regensburg, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, UNIRIB, ORAU, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, Natl. Superconducting Cyclotron Lab./Michigan State Univ., YITP, Kyoto, Nara Womens University, YITP, Kyoto University, Kochi University, Department of Physics, University of Tokyo / Center for Nuclear Study, University of Tokyo / RIKEN Nishina Center / MSU, National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Universite de Bruxelles, California Institute of Technology, University of Texas at El Paso, Universidad de Buenos Aires, University of Texas at Austin, Department of Chemistry and Cyclotron Institute, Texas A\&M University, Cyclotron Institute, Texas A\&M University and INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Catania, Italy, CEA/DAM Valduc, Washington University at St. Louis, Shizuoka Institute of Science and Technology, Los Alamos, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, NCA\&T, UNC-Chapel Hill, Passport Systems, GeorgiaTech, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, AWE/University of Surrey, AWE, Gifu University, Osaka Electro-Communication Univ., Dep. Physics, Ecole Normale Superieure de Cachan, Nucl. Res. Cent. Negev, JMU, UIUC, GWU, USask, NGCSU, Chiba Univ., Univ. of Tsukuba, AIST, TUM, WNSL, Rhodes College, Memphis, Tennessee 38112, USA, TUM, D-85748 Garching, Germany, IKP, Univ. of Koeln, D-50937 Koeln, Germany, WNSL, Univ. of Surrey, Guilford, GU27XH, UK, NIPNE, IKP, Department of Physics, ENS de Cachan, 94230 Cachan, France, Nuclear Research Center Negev, Beer-Sheva, 84190 Israel, Department of Nuclear Physics, The Australian National University (ANU), Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia, Daresbury, iThemba Lab, Georgia Tech, Univ. Guelph, Univ. Strasbourg, USNA, iThemba, Polish Academy of Sciences, Guelph, Richmond, Strasbourg, UT, IreS, Strasbourg, France, ORNL and UT, Tennesee, USA, IRNE, Bulgarian Academy of Science, Sofia, University of Western Cape, South Africa, Tsinghua University, China, JINR, Dubna, Russia, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, Napoli, Italy, Vanderbilt University, Tenn. Tech., U. Tenn., Col. School Mines, Western Michigan University, CIAE, Chung-Ang University, Ewha Womans University, Center for Nuclear Study, The University of Tokyo, Nihon Univ., Kanazawa Univ., Tokyo Univ. Science, ICU, Tokyo Univ. of Tech., Niigata Univ., Kochi Univ. of Tech., Dpt. of Physics, Osaka Univ., Meiji Univ., Tokyo Univ. of Agr. Tech., University of Giessen, University of Electro-Communications, Sophia University, Tokyo Tech, U. Chicago and Argonne National Lab., Argonne National Lab., U. Manitoba, Argonne National Lab. and U. Chicago, McGill U. and Argonne National Lab., Northwestern U. and Argonne National Lab., McGill U., U. Washington, U. Manitoba and Argonne National Lab., Department of Physics, Univesity of Tokyo, Department of Physics, Kyoto Univesity, Rikkyo University, Massachussetts Institute of Technology, Jefferson Lab, Department of Physics, PO Box 210081, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA

  • Bruce R. Barrett

    Niigata University, University of Aizu, University of Jyvaskyla, RIKEN Nishina Center, Kyoto University, ORNL, Texas A\&M U, LBNL, TUNL, McMaster U, BNL, Kyushu Institute of Technology, University of Oslo, Senshu University, University of Tokyo, U. of Oxford/U. of Tennessee, Niewodniczanski Institute, Argonne National Laboratory, University of Maryland, Chiba University, KEK, Chiba Institute of Technology, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, CNS, University of Tokyo, TRIUMF, Osaka University, Westmont College, Central Michigan University, Hope College, Wabash College, Florida State University, NSCL/MSU, Kyushu University, RCNP, Osaka University, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Michigan State University, Variale Energy Cycrotron Centre, Nishina Center, RIKEN, Univ. of Zaragoza, Univ. of Milan-Bicocca, NASA, LANL, UC Berkeley, LLNL, UC Berkeley, LLNL, Ohio University, University of Manchester, UK, George Washington University, The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), Hokkaido University, Research Center for Nuclear Physics (RCNP), Osaka Institute of Technology, Center for Nuclear Study (CNS), Tohoku University, Rutgers, Marquette University, Augustana College, UMass, Duke U/TUNL, GA College and State U, Department of Physics, Kocaeli University, Turkey, ISV, Uppsala University, Sweden, Department of physics and astronomy, Ohio University, USA, ISNAP, University of Notre Dame, USA, IPMU, the University of Tokyo, Yamagata University, University of Tsukuba, Chung Ang University, Institute of Modern Physics, Center for Nuclear Study, the University of Tokyo, Department of Physics, Kuyshu University, Department of Physics, Yamagata University, Department of Physics, Tohoku University, Institute of Physics, Vietnamese Academy for Science and Technology, Yale Univ., Rutgers Univ., LSU, ORAU, TN Tech., CO School of Mines, Univ. of TN, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Rutgers University, Oak Ridge Associated Universities, Tennessee Tech. University, UTK, Yale, ANL,JINA, ANL, University of Science and Technology of China, Department of Physics, Kyoto University, Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Riken, Wako-shi, Japan, Jefferson Lab, Newport News, USA, Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, USA, Department of Physics, Tokai Univ., Hiratsuka, Japan, Dept. of Physics, Sophia Univ., Showa Pharmaceutical Univ., UNC, Duke University, NCSU, INL, Duke, PNNL, Center for Nuclear Study, University of Tokyo, University of Virginia, Yale University, Yale University; Nuclear Research Center Negev, Israel, Millsaps College, Research Reactor Institute, Kyoto University, Osaka, Japan, Cyclotron and Radioisotope Center, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan, Department of Physics, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan, Yale University; Nuclear Research Center, Negev, Israel, Rhodes College, Univ. Richmond, WNSL/TU Darmstadt, Germany, WNSL/Surrey, WNSL/Argonne, Univ. Surrey, UK, WNSL, Yale University, Mis.St. U., IFGA, Milan, IKS Leuven, Mississippi State University, University of Warsaw and Polish Academy of Science, NSCL, University of Tennessee, Kyushu Sangyo University, Fukuoka, Japan, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China, University of Aizu, Aizu-Wakamatsu, Fukushima, Japan, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai, Ibaragi, Japan, Chiba Institute of Technology, Narashino, Chiba, Japan, University of Kentucky, TU-Darmstadt, Germany, WNSL Yale CT 06511, Argonne National Laboratory IL 60439, Monmouth College, BfS (Germany), Ohio Wesleyan University, North Carolina State Univ., ICEPP, Univ. of Tokyo, Osaka Univ., RCNP, Osaka Univ., IPNS, KEK, North Carolina State University Department of Nuclear Engineering, North Carolina State University Department of Physics, Tel Aviv University, Texas A\&M University, Cyclotron Institute at Texas A\&M University, KVI, St. Mary`s University, Simon Fraser University, Queens University, University of Guelph, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Cyclotron Institute, Texas A\&M University, IPN Orsay, Department of Physics, University of Tokyo, McGill, Northwestern University, University of Manitoba, University of Chicago, RIKEN, JAEA, University of Jyvaskyla, Finland, University of Edinburgh, UK, National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Joint Institute of Nuclear Astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, Miyazaki University, Chubu University, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Institute of Structure and Nuclear Astrophysics, Univ. Notre Dame, IN, US, National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Michigan State Univ. MI, US, Institut fuer Kernphysik, Technische Universitat Darmstadt, Damstadt, Germany, Max Planck Institut fuer Chemie, Universitat Mainz, Germany, KT Science Ltd., National Institute of Radiological Sciences (NIRS), Cyclotron and Radioisotope Center (CYRIC), Tohoku University, Research Center for Nuclear Physics (RCNP), Osaka University, CNS, the University of Tokyo, Riken, The University of Tokyo, Shizuoka University, Jefferson Laboratory, Universitat de Barcelona, EBAC@JLab, Osaka University, EBAC@JLab, Shizuoka University, EBAC@JLab, ANL, EBAC@JLab, University of Barcelona, Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kyoto University, NIRS, GSI, Tokyo Inst. of Tech., Cyclotron and Radioisotope Center, Tohoku University, Research Center for Nuclear Physics, Osaka University, The George Washington University, Univ. of Manchester, Univ. of Michigan, Idaho National Laboratory, Mines, Rutgers U., Louisiana State University, Colorado School of Mines, Pratt Institute, Mainz/ORAU, Tenn. Tech.Univ., Abilene Christian University, Cyclotron Institute, Texas A\&M University, College Station, TX, USA, Yale, ENS-Cachan, Yale, Surrey, Yale, Darmstadt, Yale, NRC Negev, University of Masschusetts, Smith College, Indiana University (Bloomington), NSCL/Michigan State University, Texas A\&M Cyclotron Institute, National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Michigan State University, Ursinus College, Hendrix College, JINR, Dubna, Union College, University of Notre Dame, Florida International University, Department of Physics, Kyushu University, REU student from Kent State University, Cyclotron Institute, Texas A\&M Univ., Univ. of Wash., California Polytechnic State University, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, UoMD/ANL, Washington University, FSU, Youngstown State University, University of Surrey, JAEA Advanced Science Research Center, JAEA Kansai Photon Science Institute, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Naval Research Lab, University of Richmond, Purdue University, Rice University, WNSL, Yale University; University of Surrey, WNSL, Yale University; TU Darmstadt, North Carolina Central University, NSCL, MSU, University of Idaho, CYRIC, Tohoku University, CYRIC, IKP Cologne, Simon Fraser Unversity, MSU/NSCL, Institute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1784 Sofia, Bulgaria, IKP, University of Cologne, Germany, Kyoto Univ., Kyoto UNiv., Ritsumeikan Univ., Osaka Electric Communication Univ., University of Wisconsin, Virginia Tech, Saitama University, Center for Nuclear Study University of Tokyo, Tokyo University of Science, Niigata Univetsity, RIKEN Nishina Center, RIKEN, Hiroshima University, IAR Dmitrovgrad, Vanderbilt, JINR Dubna, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Istanbul University, Turkey, WNSL, University of Surrey, Guilford, GU2 7XH, U.K., WNSL, WNSL, University of Caen 14000 France, University of Miyazaki, Los Alamos National Laboratory, IN2P3, Institute de Physique, France, Kobe Tokiwa University, Japan, Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taiwan, IN2P3, France, RCNP, Osaka University, Japan, ESA/ESTEC, University of Tokyo, CNS, Nishogakusha University, Nagoya University, CMS, Cambridge, CEA Saclay, University of Washington, Warsaw University, RIKEN, Nishina Center, Chemistry Dept., Oregon State Univ., IFUNAM, Mexico, Univ. of Notre Dame, Miyazaki Univ., CNS, Kyushu Univ., Tohoku Univ., RCNP, UMASS, ANU, Stanford University, Charles University, Prague, NCSU, TUNL, Oslo University, North Carolina State University, IKP, Univ. of Koeln, Germany, IKP, TU Darmstadt, Germany, IKP, Universitaet Koeln, Germany, WNSL, Yale University, USA+IKP, Universitaet Koeln, Germany, Universitaet Stuttgart, Universitaet zu Koeln, Miss. St. U., Louisiana St. U., U. Krakow, U.S. Naval Academy, Vanderbilt U., U. Tennessee, U. Guelph, Ga Tech, UNIRIB/ORAU, Department of Chemistry and Physics \& Astronomy, University of Kentucky, Institude of Nuclear Physics, University of Cologne, Department of Physics, University of Guelph, Technische Universitat Muenchen, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Muenchen, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Univ. of Tokyo, Houghton College, U. Kentucky, Bogazici University, MIT, University of Pisa, Italy, IFIN-HH, Bucharest, Romania, University of Birmingham, UK, University of Surrey, UK, CCLRC Daresbury Laboratory, UK, University of Liverpool, UK, LPC, Caen, France, Cyclotron Institute,Texas A\&M University, UCSD, Los-Alamos National Lab, University of Windsor, GANIL, Argonne National Lab, IKS/K.U. Leuven, Tohoku U., IPN/Orsay, CEA, T.I. Tech, INRNE, University of Regensburg, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, UNIRIB, ORAU, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, Natl. Superconducting Cyclotron Lab./Michigan State Univ., YITP, Kyoto, Nara Womens University, YITP, Kyoto University, Kochi University, Department of Physics, University of Tokyo / Center for Nuclear Study, University of Tokyo / RIKEN Nishina Center / MSU, National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Universite de Bruxelles, California Institute of Technology, University of Texas at El Paso, Universidad de Buenos Aires, University of Texas at Austin, Department of Chemistry and Cyclotron Institute, Texas A\&M University, Cyclotron Institute, Texas A\&M University and INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Catania, Italy, CEA/DAM Valduc, Washington University at St. Louis, Shizuoka Institute of Science and Technology, Los Alamos, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, NCA\&T, UNC-Chapel Hill, Passport Systems, GeorgiaTech, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, AWE/University of Surrey, AWE, Gifu University, Osaka Electro-Communication Univ., Dep. Physics, Ecole Normale Superieure de Cachan, Nucl. Res. Cent. Negev, JMU, UIUC, GWU, USask, NGCSU, Chiba Univ., Univ. of Tsukuba, AIST, TUM, WNSL, Rhodes College, Memphis, Tennessee 38112, USA, TUM, D-85748 Garching, Germany, IKP, Univ. of Koeln, D-50937 Koeln, Germany, WNSL, Univ. of Surrey, Guilford, GU27XH, UK, NIPNE, IKP, Department of Physics, ENS de Cachan, 94230 Cachan, France, Nuclear Research Center Negev, Beer-Sheva, 84190 Israel, Department of Nuclear Physics, The Australian National University (ANU), Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia, Daresbury, iThemba Lab, Georgia Tech, Univ. Guelph, Univ. Strasbourg, USNA, iThemba, Polish Academy of Sciences, Guelph, Richmond, Strasbourg, UT, IreS, Strasbourg, France, ORNL and UT, Tennesee, USA, IRNE, Bulgarian Academy of Science, Sofia, University of Western Cape, South Africa, Tsinghua University, China, JINR, Dubna, Russia, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, Napoli, Italy, Vanderbilt University, Tenn. Tech., U. Tenn., Col. School Mines, Western Michigan University, CIAE, Chung-Ang University, Ewha Womans University, Center for Nuclear Study, The University of Tokyo, Nihon Univ., Kanazawa Univ., Tokyo Univ. Science, ICU, Tokyo Univ. of Tech., Niigata Univ., Kochi Univ. of Tech., Dpt. of Physics, Osaka Univ., Meiji Univ., Tokyo Univ. of Agr. Tech., University of Giessen, University of Electro-Communications, Sophia University, Tokyo Tech, U. Chicago and Argonne National Lab., Argonne National Lab., U. Manitoba, Argonne National Lab. and U. Chicago, McGill U. and Argonne National Lab., Northwestern U. and Argonne National Lab., McGill U., U. Washington, U. Manitoba and Argonne National Lab., Department of Physics, Univesity of Tokyo, Department of Physics, Kyoto Univesity, Rikkyo University, Massachussetts Institute of Technology, Jefferson Lab, Department of Physics, PO Box 210081, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA

  • Bruce R. Barrett

    Niigata University, University of Aizu, University of Jyvaskyla, RIKEN Nishina Center, Kyoto University, ORNL, Texas A\&M U, LBNL, TUNL, McMaster U, BNL, Kyushu Institute of Technology, University of Oslo, Senshu University, University of Tokyo, U. of Oxford/U. of Tennessee, Niewodniczanski Institute, Argonne National Laboratory, University of Maryland, Chiba University, KEK, Chiba Institute of Technology, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, CNS, University of Tokyo, TRIUMF, Osaka University, Westmont College, Central Michigan University, Hope College, Wabash College, Florida State University, NSCL/MSU, Kyushu University, RCNP, Osaka University, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Michigan State University, Variale Energy Cycrotron Centre, Nishina Center, RIKEN, Univ. of Zaragoza, Univ. of Milan-Bicocca, NASA, LANL, UC Berkeley, LLNL, UC Berkeley, LLNL, Ohio University, University of Manchester, UK, George Washington University, The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), Hokkaido University, Research Center for Nuclear Physics (RCNP), Osaka Institute of Technology, Center for Nuclear Study (CNS), Tohoku University, Rutgers, Marquette University, Augustana College, UMass, Duke U/TUNL, GA College and State U, Department of Physics, Kocaeli University, Turkey, ISV, Uppsala University, Sweden, Department of physics and astronomy, Ohio University, USA, ISNAP, University of Notre Dame, USA, IPMU, the University of Tokyo, Yamagata University, University of Tsukuba, Chung Ang University, Institute of Modern Physics, Center for Nuclear Study, the University of Tokyo, Department of Physics, Kuyshu University, Department of Physics, Yamagata University, Department of Physics, Tohoku University, Institute of Physics, Vietnamese Academy for Science and Technology, Yale Univ., Rutgers Univ., LSU, ORAU, TN Tech., CO School of Mines, Univ. of TN, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Rutgers University, Oak Ridge Associated Universities, Tennessee Tech. University, UTK, Yale, ANL,JINA, ANL, University of Science and Technology of China, Department of Physics, Kyoto University, Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Riken, Wako-shi, Japan, Jefferson Lab, Newport News, USA, Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, USA, Department of Physics, Tokai Univ., Hiratsuka, Japan, Dept. of Physics, Sophia Univ., Showa Pharmaceutical Univ., UNC, Duke University, NCSU, INL, Duke, PNNL, Center for Nuclear Study, University of Tokyo, University of Virginia, Yale University, Yale University; Nuclear Research Center Negev, Israel, Millsaps College, Research Reactor Institute, Kyoto University, Osaka, Japan, Cyclotron and Radioisotope Center, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan, Department of Physics, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan, Yale University; Nuclear Research Center, Negev, Israel, Rhodes College, Univ. Richmond, WNSL/TU Darmstadt, Germany, WNSL/Surrey, WNSL/Argonne, Univ. Surrey, UK, WNSL, Yale University, Mis.St. U., IFGA, Milan, IKS Leuven, Mississippi State University, University of Warsaw and Polish Academy of Science, NSCL, University of Tennessee, Kyushu Sangyo University, Fukuoka, Japan, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China, University of Aizu, Aizu-Wakamatsu, Fukushima, Japan, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai, Ibaragi, Japan, Chiba Institute of Technology, Narashino, Chiba, Japan, University of Kentucky, TU-Darmstadt, Germany, WNSL Yale CT 06511, Argonne National Laboratory IL 60439, Monmouth College, BfS (Germany), Ohio Wesleyan University, North Carolina State Univ., ICEPP, Univ. of Tokyo, Osaka Univ., RCNP, Osaka Univ., IPNS, KEK, North Carolina State University Department of Nuclear Engineering, North Carolina State University Department of Physics, Tel Aviv University, Texas A\&M University, Cyclotron Institute at Texas A\&M University, KVI, St. Mary`s University, Simon Fraser University, Queens University, University of Guelph, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Cyclotron Institute, Texas A\&M University, IPN Orsay, Department of Physics, University of Tokyo, McGill, Northwestern University, University of Manitoba, University of Chicago, RIKEN, JAEA, University of Jyvaskyla, Finland, University of Edinburgh, UK, National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Joint Institute of Nuclear Astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, Miyazaki University, Chubu University, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Institute of Structure and Nuclear Astrophysics, Univ. Notre Dame, IN, US, National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Michigan State Univ. MI, US, Institut fuer Kernphysik, Technische Universitat Darmstadt, Damstadt, Germany, Max Planck Institut fuer Chemie, Universitat Mainz, Germany, KT Science Ltd., National Institute of Radiological Sciences (NIRS), Cyclotron and Radioisotope Center (CYRIC), Tohoku University, Research Center for Nuclear Physics (RCNP), Osaka University, CNS, the University of Tokyo, Riken, The University of Tokyo, Shizuoka University, Jefferson Laboratory, Universitat de Barcelona, EBAC@JLab, Osaka University, EBAC@JLab, Shizuoka University, EBAC@JLab, ANL, EBAC@JLab, University of Barcelona, Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kyoto University, NIRS, GSI, Tokyo Inst. of Tech., Cyclotron and Radioisotope Center, Tohoku University, Research Center for Nuclear Physics, Osaka University, The George Washington University, Univ. of Manchester, Univ. of Michigan, Idaho National Laboratory, Mines, Rutgers U., Louisiana State University, Colorado School of Mines, Pratt Institute, Mainz/ORAU, Tenn. Tech.Univ., Abilene Christian University, Cyclotron Institute, Texas A\&M University, College Station, TX, USA, Yale, ENS-Cachan, Yale, Surrey, Yale, Darmstadt, Yale, NRC Negev, University of Masschusetts, Smith College, Indiana University (Bloomington), NSCL/Michigan State University, Texas A\&M Cyclotron Institute, National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Michigan State University, Ursinus College, Hendrix College, JINR, Dubna, Union College, University of Notre Dame, Florida International University, Department of Physics, Kyushu University, REU student from Kent State University, Cyclotron Institute, Texas A\&M Univ., Univ. of Wash., California Polytechnic State University, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, UoMD/ANL, Washington University, FSU, Youngstown State University, University of Surrey, JAEA Advanced Science Research Center, JAEA Kansai Photon Science Institute, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Naval Research Lab, University of Richmond, Purdue University, Rice University, WNSL, Yale University; University of Surrey, WNSL, Yale University; TU Darmstadt, North Carolina Central University, NSCL, MSU, University of Idaho, CYRIC, Tohoku University, CYRIC, IKP Cologne, Simon Fraser Unversity, MSU/NSCL, Institute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1784 Sofia, Bulgaria, IKP, University of Cologne, Germany, Kyoto Univ., Kyoto UNiv., Ritsumeikan Univ., Osaka Electric Communication Univ., University of Wisconsin, Virginia Tech, Saitama University, Center for Nuclear Study University of Tokyo, Tokyo University of Science, Niigata Univetsity, RIKEN Nishina Center, RIKEN, Hiroshima University, IAR Dmitrovgrad, Vanderbilt, JINR Dubna, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Istanbul University, Turkey, WNSL, University of Surrey, Guilford, GU2 7XH, U.K., WNSL, WNSL, University of Caen 14000 France, University of Miyazaki, Los Alamos National Laboratory, IN2P3, Institute de Physique, France, Kobe Tokiwa University, Japan, Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taiwan, IN2P3, France, RCNP, Osaka University, Japan, ESA/ESTEC, University of Tokyo, CNS, Nishogakusha University, Nagoya University, CMS, Cambridge, CEA Saclay, University of Washington, Warsaw University, RIKEN, Nishina Center, Chemistry Dept., Oregon State Univ., IFUNAM, Mexico, Univ. of Notre Dame, Miyazaki Univ., CNS, Kyushu Univ., Tohoku Univ., RCNP, UMASS, ANU, Stanford University, Charles University, Prague, NCSU, TUNL, Oslo University, North Carolina State University, IKP, Univ. of Koeln, Germany, IKP, TU Darmstadt, Germany, IKP, Universitaet Koeln, Germany, WNSL, Yale University, USA+IKP, Universitaet Koeln, Germany, Universitaet Stuttgart, Universitaet zu Koeln, Miss. St. U., Louisiana St. U., U. Krakow, U.S. Naval Academy, Vanderbilt U., U. Tennessee, U. Guelph, Ga Tech, UNIRIB/ORAU, Department of Chemistry and Physics \& Astronomy, University of Kentucky, Institude of Nuclear Physics, University of Cologne, Department of Physics, University of Guelph, Technische Universitat Muenchen, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Muenchen, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Univ. of Tokyo, Houghton College, U. Kentucky, Bogazici University, MIT, University of Pisa, Italy, IFIN-HH, Bucharest, Romania, University of Birmingham, UK, University of Surrey, UK, CCLRC Daresbury Laboratory, UK, University of Liverpool, UK, LPC, Caen, France, Cyclotron Institute,Texas A\&M University, UCSD, Los-Alamos National Lab, University of Windsor, GANIL, Argonne National Lab, IKS/K.U. Leuven, Tohoku U., IPN/Orsay, CEA, T.I. Tech, INRNE, University of Regensburg, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, UNIRIB, ORAU, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, Natl. Superconducting Cyclotron Lab./Michigan State Univ., YITP, Kyoto, Nara Womens University, YITP, Kyoto University, Kochi University, Department of Physics, University of Tokyo / Center for Nuclear Study, University of Tokyo / RIKEN Nishina Center / MSU, National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Universite de Bruxelles, California Institute of Technology, University of Texas at El Paso, Universidad de Buenos Aires, University of Texas at Austin, Department of Chemistry and Cyclotron Institute, Texas A\&M University, Cyclotron Institute, Texas A\&M University and INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Catania, Italy, CEA/DAM Valduc, Washington University at St. Louis, Shizuoka Institute of Science and Technology, Los Alamos, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, NCA\&T, UNC-Chapel Hill, Passport Systems, GeorgiaTech, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, AWE/University of Surrey, AWE, Gifu University, Osaka Electro-Communication Univ., Dep. Physics, Ecole Normale Superieure de Cachan, Nucl. Res. Cent. Negev, JMU, UIUC, GWU, USask, NGCSU, Chiba Univ., Univ. of Tsukuba, AIST, TUM, WNSL, Rhodes College, Memphis, Tennessee 38112, USA, TUM, D-85748 Garching, Germany, IKP, Univ. of Koeln, D-50937 Koeln, Germany, WNSL, Univ. of Surrey, Guilford, GU27XH, UK, NIPNE, IKP, Department of Physics, ENS de Cachan, 94230 Cachan, France, Nuclear Research Center Negev, Beer-Sheva, 84190 Israel, Department of Nuclear Physics, The Australian National University (ANU), Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia, Daresbury, iThemba Lab, Georgia Tech, Univ. Guelph, Univ. Strasbourg, USNA, iThemba, Polish Academy of Sciences, Guelph, Richmond, Strasbourg, UT, IreS, Strasbourg, France, ORNL and UT, Tennesee, USA, IRNE, Bulgarian Academy of Science, Sofia, University of Western Cape, South Africa, Tsinghua University, China, JINR, Dubna, Russia, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, Napoli, Italy, Vanderbilt University, Tenn. Tech., U. Tenn., Col. School Mines, Western Michigan University, CIAE, Chung-Ang University, Ewha Womans University, Center for Nuclear Study, The University of Tokyo, Nihon Univ., Kanazawa Univ., Tokyo Univ. Science, ICU, Tokyo Univ. of Tech., Niigata Univ., Kochi Univ. of Tech., Dpt. of Physics, Osaka Univ., Meiji Univ., Tokyo Univ. of Agr. Tech., University of Giessen, University of Electro-Communications, Sophia University, Tokyo Tech, U. Chicago and Argonne National Lab., Argonne National Lab., U. Manitoba, Argonne National Lab. and U. Chicago, McGill U. and Argonne National Lab., Northwestern U. and Argonne National Lab., McGill U., U. Washington, U. Manitoba and Argonne National Lab., Department of Physics, Univesity of Tokyo, Department of Physics, Kyoto Univesity, Rikkyo University, Massachussetts Institute of Technology, Jefferson Lab, Department of Physics, PO Box 210081, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA