Channel-like conduction in LaAlO$_3$/SrTiO$_3$ heterointerfaces

ORAL

Abstract

LaAlO$_3$/SrTiO$_3$ (LAO/STO) heterostructures exhibit metallic conduction at the interface. Many studies of LAO/STO properties are done by transport measurements which measure conductance over macroscopic areas of the sample or device. Local information about the electronic transport is crucial to the understanding of such new materials. We use scanning SQUID microscopy to map the magnetic field locally generated by current flowing at the interface in several LAO/STO samples. We find that the conduction is non-homogeneous and channel-like on the scale of microns and that the stripes/channels are related to tetragonal domains formed in the STO below $\sim$ 105K. We will describe the details of this exciting observation and its impact on transport studies of the LAO/STO interface.

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Authors

  • Beena Kalisky

    Bar-Ilan University and Stanford University

  • Panchapakesan Ganesh

    Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Linfield College, The Ohio State University, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, China, Department of Physics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Rice Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Northwestern University, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Department of Biological Sciences, Northwestern University, Cornell University, Northwestern University, Syracuse University, Northwestern University, Materials Sciences and Engineering at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook Dental School, Stony Brook Medical Center, The National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), RIKEN, Tohoku University, UMass-Amherst, Boston College, Univ. of Bergen, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ohio University, Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996 and Chemical Sciences Division, ORNL, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, Dept. of Physics, NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, Princeton University, Dept of Chemical Engg, University of Houston, Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Photonic Materials Research Laboratory, Auburn University, AL, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617 Taiwan, Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan, Materials Department, UC Santa Barbara, Department of Chemistry, UC Santa Barbara, Materials Research Laboratory, UC Santa Barbara, Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, California Institute of Technology, MC 128-95, Pasadena, CA 91125, Firmenich Inc., School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA, YNano LLC, 14148 Riverdowns South Dr., Midlothian, Virginia 23113-3796, USA, Maggie L. 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Asturias), Spain, Kavli Institute of NanoScience, Delft University of Technology, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Electrical Engineering Department, UCLA, Princeton University Physics Department, Rutgers University Physics and Astronomy Department, Rutgers Center for Emergent Materials \& Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Tel-Aviv University, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1110 West Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801-3080, USA, Raymond and Beverly Sackler School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel-Aviv University, Israel, Department of Physics, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Israel, High Field Magnet Laboratory, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Institute of Physics,Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Egypt, Dept of Physics, Case Western Reserve University, Department of Electrical Engineering, The Penn State Univ., Department of Physics, The Penn State Univ., Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Department of Chemistry and Physics, University of California at Davis, Davis, USA, Department of Computer Science, University of California at Davis, Davis, USA, Department of Chemistry, University of California at Davis, Davis, USA, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, MIT, Fine Theoretical Physics Institute, University of Minnesota, Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Leipzig, UC Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Department of Physics, Concordia University, Department of Physics and Department of Chemistry and Nano Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 120-750, Korea, Department of Chemistry and Nano Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 120-750, Korea, Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Polymers Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA, CNR-NANO Research Center S3, 41125 Modena, Italy, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, University of California at Berkeley, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Physics; CNRS Insitute Neel, Carnegie Mellon University, Instituto Nacional de Technolog\'ia Industrial, Georgia Institute of Technology, CNRS - Institut Neel, Instituto Nacional de Technolog\'ia Industrial, San Mart\'in, Buenos Aires, Argentina, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, Dept. Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, Purdue University, Birck Nanotechnology Center, University of Central Florida, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid. CSIC, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA, Department of Physics, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada, Engineering Science and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Riken, Tokyo Metropolitan University, State Key Laboratory for Superlattices and Microstructures, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Warwick, TU Delft, Department of Physics, Stockholm University, Sweden, HZDR, Hochfeld-Magnetlabor Dresden, Germany, H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, United Kingdom, WMI, Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Garching, Germany, Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research IFW Dresden, Germany, Department of Plant Pathology and Plant ? Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NewY ork, Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, Seoul National University of Science \& Technology, IBS-Center for Functional Interfaces of Correlated Electron Systems and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, Korea, Dept. of Physics, University of New Orleans, Phys. Dept.,The University of Hong Kong, Phys. Dept., Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, College of Physics and Information Engineering,Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Dept. of Phys., Shanghai Jiaotong University, Osun state Polytechnic, Iree, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology Ogbomoso, Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, Centro Federal de Educacao Tecnologica Celso Suckow da Fonseca (CEFET-RJ/UnED-NI), RJ, 26041-271, Brazil, Department of Physics, Boston College, Chestnut Hill MA 02467, Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Army Research Office, Research Triangle Park, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, Army Research Office, Research Triangel Park, NC 27709, London Centre for Nanotechnology and Department of Chemistry, University College London, Theory of Condensed Matter Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Department of Physics, University of York, ICQM and School of Physics, Peking University, KISTI, Kyungpook Nat'l Univ., II. Institute of Physics B, RWTH Aachen and JARA-FIT, Otto-Blumenthal-Strasse, 52074 Aachen, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India 208016, Jefferson Lab, Newport News VA, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Aalto University, University of Innsbruck, Peking University, Beijing, P.R. China, University of California, Davis, CA, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), University of Chicago, CNR-SPIN and University of Genoa, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genova, Italy, CNR-IOM and University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy, Department of Physics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan, University of West Florida Chemistry Department, University of West Florida Physics Department, Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics, University of Maryland, National Cancer Institute, The National Institutes of Health, Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Royal Military College of Canada, McGill University, Photonic Pioneers Center, Osaka University, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Universidad de Valladolid, Spain, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Spain, Department of Chemical System Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Physikalisches Institut, Universit\"at Stuttgart, Lorenz Center and the Department of Earth Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA, Queens College of CUNY and The Graduate Center of CUNY, New York, Institute for Advanced Study, Tsinghua University, Beijing, Institute for Theoretical Physics, Heidelberg University, Germany, Departamento de Física, ICEx, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil, Sincere Learning Centre, Universidad Nacional Aut\'onoma de M\'exico, Virginia Technology, Fuzhou University, SUNY at Stonybrook, Serendipity Research, Department of Physics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China, Department of Physics and High Pressure Science and Engineering Center, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, The University of Texas at Austin, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Department of Physics, Wesleyan University, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, Kodak Research Laboratories, Rochester, NY 14650, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore, London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Department of Mathematical Sciences, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, Quantum Matter Institute, UBC, Vancouver, Canada, 3, Photon Sciences, Brookhaven National Laboratory, IFW Dresden, Cond. Matter Phys. \& Mat'ls Sci Dept, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Department of Physics, National Chung Cheng University, Morgan State University, North Carolina A\&T State University, Solid State Physics Laboratory, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland, Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-4045, USA, Institute for Solid State Research, Dresden, Germany, Florida State University/National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, University at Buffalo/Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil, Instituto de Investigacion en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de M\'exico, Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnologia, HHU Duesseldorf, PCTP and Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Kyungbuk 790-784, Korea, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Korea, Shanghai Institue of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Drexel University, Rowan University, Department of Chemistry, Aalto University School of Chemical Technology, Finland, Institute of Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Tartu - 51014, Tartu, Esonia, Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA, SIMES, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA, Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA, Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA, Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA, Vitreous State Laboratory-The Catholic University of America, Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, University of North Carolina-Charlotte, Benedict College, Columbia, SC, The Catholic University of America, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ 07030, National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, Department of Physics, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE 68182, Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, Cornell Nanoscale Science and Technology Facility, Towson University, (2), Institute of Semiconductor Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Materials Science and Engineering Division, NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, Northrop Grumman ES, Linthicum, MD 21090, The Australian National University, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Miami University of Ohio, Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Korea Univ., Department of Physics, National Cheng Kung University, 701 Tainan, Taiwan, Yale University, Department of Physics, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Stony Brook University, Department of Physics, University of New Hampshire, East Tennessee State University, Sandia National Laboratory, Center for General Education, Tainan University of Technology, Department of Physics, National Cheng Kung University, Duke University, Department of Physics, Yonsei Univ., Korea Institute for Advanced Study, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA, U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Sensors and Electron Devices Directorate, 2800 Powder Mill Rd, Adelphi, MD 20783, USA, Dept. of Advanced Device Technology, UST, Daejeon, Korea, 305-333, Dept. of Electrical Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 305-701,, NNFC, KAIST, Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea, Institute for Plasma Research, Assam, India, Departments of Physics and Astronomy, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, and Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, Physcis Department, Penn State University, IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Graduate School of Advanced Sicneces of Matter, Hiroshima University, The Pennsylvania State University, Shinshu University, Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, Department of Physics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India, JNCASR, Bangalore, India, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Dept of Applied Physics \& Benin School of Engineering \& Computer Science, Photonics Center, College of Physics Science, Nankai University, Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed-Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, IEMN-CNRS (France), NTT Basic Research Labs (Japan), Agilent Santa Rosa (US), California State University San Marcos, Bruker Nano Surfaces Division, CIC Nanogune Consolider, Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain, Dept. of Physics and CeNS, LMU Munich, Garching, Germany, Neaspec GmbH, Martinsried, Germany, Department of Physics, HKUST*, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Department of Physics, University of Florida, Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST), Univ. of Sci. and Tech. of China, Fudan University, Physics Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Translational Research Center, Ehime University Hospital, Graduate school of Bioscience, Aoyamagakuin University, FAS Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA 02125, NIH, Bethesda, MD, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, Chemical Sciences Division, The Glenn T. Seaborg Center, LBNL, Computational Research Division, LBNL, Advanced Light Source, LBNL, Laboratory for Synchrotron Radiation, Paul Scherrer Institute, Switzerland, Peking University, China, The Pennsylvania State University, Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National Cheng-Kung University, Taiwan, Department of CHMS, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, Laboratoire Aime Cotton, CNRS, Universite Paris 11, Orsay France, The Racah Institute of Physics, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Institute of Theoretical Physics, Ulm University, Theoretical Physics, University of Saarland, Centre for Theoretical Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics, Queen's University Belfast, T4 and Center for Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, Microsoft Station Q, TU Kaiserslautern, Marburg University, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Institute for Metal Physics RAS, 620041 Ekaterinburg, Russia, Laboratory for Neutron Scattering, Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232, Switzerland, Neutron Sciences Directorate, ORNL, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA, CU-Boulder, Department of Chemistry, City College and the Graduate Center, CUNY, NY 10016, Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, NY 10027, Department of Physics, Queens College and the Graduate Center, CUNY, NY 10016, University of Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology,China and The Chinese Univ. of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology,China, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA, Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA, University of California, Santa Cruz, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences.Department of Physics and Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, Physics Department, University of Tennessee, Department of Physics and Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, Department of Physics and Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Louisiana State University, Department of Physics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, Department of Physics, University of Florida, Gainesville, University of Illinois at Urbana, Tsinghua University, Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA, Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA, Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China, Augsburg University, Augsburg, Germany, Stanford University, SLAC National Laboratory, Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, Cornell Univ., Univ. of California, Santa Barbara, Univ. of St Andrews, AIST, Tsukuba, Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Postech, Korea, Yonsei University, Korea, Shinshu University, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, GLAM, Stanford University \& SIMES, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, SIMES, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Republic of Korea, Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China, Department of Physics \& Astronomy and the Brockhouse Institute for Materials Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4M1, Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie Theorique, UMR CNRS Gulliver 7083, ESPCI, Paris, France, Ecole Normale Superieure, UCI, University of Washington, The University of Akron, University of Athens, Union College, Universite de Montreal, Univ of Montreal, Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University, Penn State University, Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley; Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, University of California, Berkeley, Arizona State University, Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Research Triangle Institute International, Research Triangle Park, NC, LASSP, Cornell University, IENI-CNR, Milano,Italy, and ISI in Torino, Italy, Oxford College, University of Delaware, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA 19104, USA, Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, Universidad Nacional, Mexico, Departamento de Fisica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Departamento de Matematica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Centre for Quantum Technologies; Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Centre for Quantum Technologies, Battelle Memorial Insitute, Columbus, OH, Department of Physics \& Astronomy, Ohio University, Athens, OH, Harvard University and Technisch Universitat Munchen, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands, Element Six, Ltd., Ascot, United Kingdom, Center for Spintronics and Quantum Computation, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, Department of Physics, University of Konstanz, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany, University of Oxford, ETH Zurich, University of Georgia, Athens, Universidad del Pais Vasco UPV/EHU and Ikerbasque, Spain, IFF-CSIC, Madrid, Spain, CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Spain, TU Muenchen and Walther-Meissner-Institut, Germany, Chalmers University, Laboratory for Physical Sciences, JQI, CNAM, Dept. of Physics, University of Maryland, Dept. of Physics, University of Maryland, Dept. of Physics, University of Maryland, Laboratory for Physical Sciences, Laboratory for Physical Sciences, College Park, MD, Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, Department of Physics, University of Maryland and Laboratory for Physical Sciences, College Park, MD, BBN Technologies, Sherbrooke, University of Missouri-Columbia, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, University of Florida, Department of Physics, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, School of physics, Peking University, Beijing, China, Institute of Nano Science, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, P. R. China, Nanjing, China, University of Texas, Austin, USA, Fritz-Haber-Institut, Berlin, Germany, Department of Physics, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea, Australian National University, Miami University, Osram Opto Semiconductors GmbH, 93055 Regensburg, Germany, Catalan Institute of Nanotechnology, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain, Technische Universit\"at Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA, University of Cincinnati, OH, USA, Wayne State University, Samsung Research Park, Soonchunhyang University, Harvard University, Center for Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, QNL, UC Berkeley, Dept. of Physics, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore CA 94551, Sandia National Laboratory, Livermore CA 94551, University of California, Davis CA 95618, Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Halle, Germany, Laboratoire des Solides Irradi\'es, \'Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, CEA-DSM, 91128 Palaiseau, France, Department of Physics, Inha university, Korea, Institute of Physics and Applied physics, Yonsei university, Korea, Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany, Department of Physics, University at Buffalo SUNY, Buffalo, New York 14260, USA, CRHEA-CNRS,France, University of Oklahoma, Univ. of California Santa Barbara, Naval Research Labs, NHMFL, Florida, University of Maryland, College Park, Solid state for electronic materials, University of Groningen, Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience, Ludwig-Maximilians University Muenchen, EMES-CNRS, Toulouse and Instituto de Nanociencia de Arag\'on, Universidad de Zaragoza, Solid state for electronic materials, University of Groningen and GIA and INN, CAC-CNEA, San Martin, University of Dammam, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, RCEM/Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers Univ., Department of Physics \& Astronomy, Rutgers University, Piscataway NJ 08854, Physics Department, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, NM 87545, Quantum Condensed Matter Division, ORNL, Dept. Phys. and NHMFL, Florida State Univ., Dept. Phys. and NHMFL, Univ. Florida, Dept. Chem., Univ. Florida, NHMFL, Physics Department, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, High Altitude Observatory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Dept. of Physics \& Astronomy, University of Tennessee, Knoxville TN, USA, Hochfeld-Magnetlabor Dresden (HLD), Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Germany, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, University of Manitoba, University of Winnipeg, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, NIST Center for Neutron Research, Indiana University, NIST Center for Neutron Research, University of Maryland, University of Manitoba, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, McMaster University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University, Department of Physics, Columbia University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Physik-Department E21, Technische Universit\"at M\"unchen, Brockhouse Institute for Materials Research, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA, Department of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4M1, Canada, The Institute for Quantum Matter, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA, Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea, Tokyo Institute of Technology, RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, University of Tokyo, RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, Novosibirsk State University, Donostia International Physics Center, Tomsk State University, Hiroshima University, The Hashemite University, Northeastern University, Nagoya University, Japan, National Kaohsiung Normal University, Taiwan, Fujitsu Laboratories Ltd., UC Davis, University of Texas at San Antonio, Abilene Christian University, National Research Council, Canada, Larence Berkeley National Lab, Oxford University, Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, NY 11973, USA, Department of Physics, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China, Department of Physics, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China, Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Institute of Material Research and Engineering, Singapore, School of Physical and Mathematical Science, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, University of Wuerzburg, Germany, TU Vienna, Austria, University of Colorado at Boulder, Hiroshima Synchrotron Radiation Center, Department of Physics, UC Berkeley; Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, UC Berkeley, Department of Physics, UC Berkeley, Physics Department, University of Arkanas, Fayetteville AR, 72701, U. of Maryland, Physics Dept. UC Berkeley, LBNL, Dept. of Physics, MIT, Dept. of physics and astronomy, UC Riverside, Physics Dept. UC Berkeley, Shool of Physics, Univ. of Exeter, Advanced Institute for Materials Research (WPI-AIMR), Tohoku University, Advanced Institute for Materials Research (WPI-AIMR), Tohoku University; Department of Physics, Tohoku University, Department of Physics, Tohoku University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08855, USA, SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology, Graphene Research Center, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Department of Physics, Korea University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers University, Chemistry Department, Columbia University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, Nanointegris Inc., University of Southern California, Process Development Group, Samsung Electronics Co, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linkoping University, SE-58183, Linkoping, Sweden, MAX-lab, LCN and UCL, UK, U. Geneva, Switzerland, Tohoku U., Japan, LCN, UCL, and Royal Holloway, U. of London, UK, London Centre for Nanotechnology (LCN) and U. College London (UCL), UK, Caltech, Neel Institute, CNRS-Grenoble, 38042 Grenoble, France, Department of Electrophysics, National Chaio Tung University, University of California at Irvine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Research Institute of Electrical Communication, Tohoku University, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Stanford University / SLAC, UBC, Stony Brook University, Queens College CUNY, Yeshiva University, NY, Yeshiva University High School for Girls, Ma'ayanot Yeshiva High School, BEE, Cornell, ChemE, Cornell, School of Chemical and Biomolecular Eng., Cornell Univ, BME, Cornell, Dept of Biomedical Eng., Cornell Univ, Clarkson University, Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge University, Cambridge, England, Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Lab, Center for Advanced Radiation Sciences, University of Chicago, Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, Department of Physics, Sogang University, Seoul 121-742, Korea, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, IA,50011, Walther-Meissner-Institut, Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften and Physik-Department TU M\"{u}nchen, Garching, Germany, \`{E}cole Polytechnique F\'{e}d\'{e}rale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland; Max-Planck-Institut f\"{u}r Quantenoptik, Garching, Germany, Department of Physics and Applied Physics, Yale University, Department of Physics, Yale University, Department of Physics, UCLA, NIST Boulder, University of Munich, Germany, University of Erlangen, Germany, Joint Quantum Institute, University of Maryland and National Institute of Standards and Technology, Department of Physics and Oregon Center for Optics University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA, Theoretische Physik, ETH Zurich, Switzerland, Department of Physics, University of Fribourg, Switzerland, The University of Hong Kong, Department of Physics, Keio University, JILA, NIST and the University of Colorado, and the Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CEA Saclay, Department of Materials Science \& Engineering, Northwestern University, Faculty of Physics, Center for Computational Materials Science, Universitat Wien, University of Guelph Department of Physics, University of Guelph Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Guelph Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, The University of Tulsa, National Energy Technology Lab, 626 Cochrans Mill Road, Pittsburgh, PA 15236, SLAC, JCAP, JCAP, UCB, SLAC, Stanford U., CA, SLAC , JCAP, Dept. of Chem. and Bio. Eng., UCB, CA, National Chiao Tung University, Department of Electronics Engineering, Department of Chemistry and department of Physics, University of California, Davis, Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, Kyoto University, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, HFML Nijmegen, LNCMI, Toulouse, University of Bristol, The University of Tennessee and Chinese Academy of Sciences, The University of Tennessee, Institute for Solid State Physics, University of Tokyo, RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Beijing Center for Crystal R\&D, Chinese Academy of Science, Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Department of Applied Physics, University of Tokyo, SLAC Nat'l Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, Stanford University, SSRL, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Institute of Physics and Applied Physics, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea, Hiroshima Synchrotron Radiation Center, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-0046, Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba 305-8568, Japan, Department of Physics, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, USA, Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA, Department of Physics, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan, Joseph Henry Laboratory and Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA, NTHU Taiwan, RIKEN Harima Institute, Kyoto University, Japan, Quantum Matter Institute, UBC, Canada, Department of Physics, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, USA, Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, USA, Department of Physics and Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA, PSI, Switzerland, MPI, Stuttgart, Germany, RIKEN, CREST, Max-Planck-Institut, RIKEN CMRG and CERG, Nanyang Technological University, Vienna University of Technology, Argonne National Labs., Harvard Univeristy, Nagoya University, Ames Lab, Clark University, Zhejiang University, Los Alamos National Laboratory and NORDITA, University of Karlsruhe, Los Alamos National Laboratory and Columbia University, Tokyo Inst. of Tech., Brookhaven Natl. Lab., MPI-FKF \& Brookhaven Natl. Lab., Dept. of Phys. \& Natl. High Magnetic Field Lab., Florida State Univ., Sungkyunkwan University, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, UK, Biophysics Program, Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD, Department of Materials Sci. \& Eng., Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD, Almaden Research Center, Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Tallahassee, FL, Ohio State University, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Nano Terra, Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Seoul, Korea, Department of Chemistry, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea, Division of Quantum Phases \& Devices, School of Physics, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea, WPI-AIMR, Tohoku University, Japan; Materials Science and Engineering and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas A\&M University, Materials Science and Engineering; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A\&M University, Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Tohoku University, Japan, WPI-AIMR, Tohoku University, Japan, WPI-AIMR, Tohoku University, Japan and Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A\&M University, WPI-AIMR, Tohoku Univ; Materials Science and Engineering and Dept of Physics and Astronomy, Texas A\&M Univ, Materials Science and Engineering and Dept of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A\&M Univ, WPI-AIMR, Tohoku Univ, Dept of Biomolecular Engineering, Tohoku Univ, WPI-AIMR, Tohoku Univ; Dept of Biomolecular Engineering, Tohoku Univ, WPI-AIMR, Tohoku Univ; Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A\&M Univ, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, NIST/PML, NIST/MML, Dept of Physics, University of Gottingen, Germany, Department of Chemical Physics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel, Dept of Physics, Universita di Roma La Sapienza, Piazale Aldo Moro 2, Rome, Italy, University of Tennessee and Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Levich Institute and Physics Department at City College and CUNY Graduate Center, Washington University, Fujian Institute of Technology, Wuhan Foreign Languages School, Fujian Radio and Television University, LPS-ENS, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87185, University of Wisconsin - 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Universit\"{a}t Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany, (2)Institut N\'{e}el - CNRS and Universit\'{e} Joseph Fourier, 38042 Grenoble, France, Department of Physics, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan, National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Taiwan, Semiconductor Physics Group, Department of Physics, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, University of Nottingham, Cavendish Laboratory, Lund University, University of Oregon, The University of Tennessee \& Oak Ridge National Lab, Oak Ridge National Lab, Micron Technology Inc., Northern Illinois University and the Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, SIMES and Division of Materials Science, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Institute of Physics, Zagreb, Croatia, Georgetown University, London Centre for Nanotechnology, King's College London, Department of Physics and Astromomy, Stony Brook University, Department of Chemistry, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Universit\'e de Picardie, Amiens, France, Waseda University, ORNL, Lehigh University, Rambus, Sunnyvale, California, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, ASU, ARFL, APS, ANL, Chemistry dept., IIT, Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, CSRRI-IIT, Physics Dept., Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT) and MRCAT, Advanced Photon Source (APS), Semiconductor Device Laboratory, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, AIST-NRI, AIST-ICANN, Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, WCU Hybrid Materials Program, Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Inter-university Semiconductor Research Center, Seoul National Univ., Louisiana State University, Eindhoven University of Technology, Ames Laboratory, US DOE and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA, Oxford Instruments America Inc., Northwestern U., Evanston (IL), Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pittsburgh, LANL, Princeton/GFDL, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, The George Washington University, Department of Chemistry, University of Winnipeg, University of Edinburgh, Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Tennessee, Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster Univ., and Brockhouse Institute for Materials Research, ISIS, NCNR NIST, McMaster Univ., now Johns Hopkins Univ. and NCNR NIST, Pennsylvania State University, USA, Universite Paris-Sud 11, France, Paul Scherrer Institut, Switzerland, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, USA, McMaster University, Canada, Southern Connecticut State University, Brandon University, University of Manitoba, Department of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4M1, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1, University of Waterloo, Department of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4M1, Canada, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada, Texas A\&M University, UMass Amherst, GMU, Department of Physics, Harvard, Department of Physics, Caltech, Delft University of Technology, CU Boulder, USA, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, Department of Physics, University of Basel, KTH - 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Univ. Federal de Minas Gerais, UNICAMP - Univ. Estadual de Campinas, US Naval Acdemy, Physics U. 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Landau Institute for Theoretical Physics RAS, 117940 Moscow, Russia, Physics Department, UC Davis, College William \& Mary, Institut Non-Lin\'eaire de Nice, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, Physics Department, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA, INLN, Universit\'e de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, CNRS; 1361 route des Lucioles, 06560 Valbonne, France, Fritz-Haber-Institut der MPG, Berlin, Germany and Princeton University, USA, Laboratoire Pierre Aigrain, ENS and CNRS, 24 rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France and Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, Laboratoire Pierre Aigrain, ENS and CNRS, 24 rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France, Max-Planck-Institut f\"ur Physik komplexer Systeme, N\"othnitzer Strasse 38, D-01187 Dresden, Germany, Dahlem Center for Complex Quantum Systems and Institut f\"ur Theoretische Physik, Freie Universit\"at Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China, Chemistry Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA, Electronic Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA, Department of Physics and Astronomy, MS 61, Rice University, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of Alabama, University of Tennessee - Knoxville, Department of Physics and Astronomy,University of Nebraska-Lincoln, University of Kansas, International Center for Quantum Materials, Peking University, China, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Riverside, University of the Witwatersrand, Los Alamos National Laboratory and Nordita, Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, The University of Tokyo, Department of Physics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA, Instituto de F\'isica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, RJ, Brazil, Department of Physics, University at Buffalo, SUNY, Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University in Prague, Department of Physics, Astronomy and Geosciences, Towson University, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia, Institute of Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Tallinn, Estonia, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (JAIST), National Institute of Advanced Industrial and Science Technology (AIST), HFNL, University of Science and Technology of China, Department of Physics, Boston University, Konkuk University, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Konkuk University, University of Tennesssee, University of British Columbia, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology and MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, The Netherlands, Spallation Neutron Source, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge TN, USA, Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne IL, USA, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Georgia State University, Department of Physics, Miami University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, CA 90840, U. of Birmingham, U.K., Francis Bitter Magnet Lab and Physics Department, MIT, Cambridge, MA, U. of Kent and ISIS, STFC RAL, U.K., ISIS, STFC RAL, U.K., IBM Research, Z{\"u}rich Research Laboratory, S{\"a}umerstrasse 4, 8803 R{\"u}schlikon, Dept. of Appl. Phys., Univ. of Tokyo, Walther-Mei{\ss}ner-Institut, Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 85748 Garching, Germany, LBNL, Universitat Wurzburg, SIMES, Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Center for Condensed Matter Sciences, National Taiwan University, ALS, LBNL and Princeton University, Department of Physics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University and Princeton University, Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, NIST, Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, NIST/Maryland NanoCenter, UMD, Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea, Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899/Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea, Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899/Maryland NanoCenter, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, NRI-AIST, Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Department of Physics, Stanford University, Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Austria, Condensed Matter Research Center and Photon Factory, Institute of Materials Structure Science, KEK, Tsukuba, Japan, National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Department of Physics, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Department of Electrophysics, National Chao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, CFI-CES, Institute for Basic Science, and Department of Physics \& Astronomy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea, Department of Physics, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea, Department of Physics, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Korea, Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea, The Ames Laboratory, U. S. Department of Energy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, University of Louisville, University of Vermont, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, District of Columbia 20375, USA, National Laboratory of High Magnetic Fields, 31400, Toulouse, France, Neel Institute, 38042, Grenoble, France, Kotelnikov Institute of Radio-Engineering and Electronics, 125009, Moscow, Russia, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC, Spain, Dongguk University, University of Guelph, Department of Physics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, Lujan Neutron Scattering Center, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Electrical Engineering, Purdue University, Department of Physics, Penn State Univ., Department of Physics, USTC, ICQM, PKU, ODU, Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Tallahassee, FL 32310, Colgate University, Hamilton, NY 13346, Urban Enviromental Biogeochemistry Laboratory (UEBL), Smart Systems Research Group, Korean Institute of Industrial Technology, Cheonan, South Korea, Triton Services Inc., Towson Unviersity, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Iowa State University, Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao-Tung University, Taiwan, R.O.C., Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, R.O.C., Development, Centers for Disease Control, Department of Health, Taipei, Taiwan, R,O.C., Professor, Student, LPN-CNRS (France), CEA-Marcoules (France), Department of Physics and Astronomy, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, Seton Hall University, Materials Science and Engineering, Stony Brook University, Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, University of Nebraska, Department of Engineering Science and Materials, University of Puerto Rico at Mayaguez, Mayagues 00681-9044, USA, School of Material Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China, Materials Science Division and Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Department of Physics, Oakland University, Nanostructure Physics, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden, Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, Goteborg, Sweden, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia, Theoretische Physik III, Ruhr-Universitat Bochum, Germany, Ibaraki University, Center for Condensed Matter Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taiwan, Institutes of Physics of Complex Matter, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland, Department of Physics, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Taiwan, Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, Japan, Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taiwan, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Nanosystem Research Institute, AIST, Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Faculty of Physics and Electronic Technology, Hubei University, Seoul Natl. Univ., Fudan University, China, The J. Bennett Johnston Sr. Center for Advanced Microstructures and Devices, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70806, Department of Physics and Institute for Functional Nanomaterials, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931, Department of Engineering Physics, Air Force Institute of Technology, OH 45433, Carnegie Institution of Washington, University of Connecticut, Facultad de Quimica, Department of Physics, National Kaohsiung Normal University, Department of Physics, National Sun Yat-sen University, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, CRANN and School of Physics,Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland, Tokyo Institute of Technology; Crest, JST, University of Science \& Technology of China, Univer