Soft-Doping: A Strategy for 2D Materials Electronics

One of the remaining challenges of 2D materials electronics is to achieve high lateral resolution of their chemical potential by doping. Doping of atomic layers by traditional methods such as ion implantation suffer from several deficiencies including their low cross-section and the vulnerability of 2D materials to impurities. In this work, we overcome this challenge by physical adsorption of polar zwitterion dopants, establishing a soft-hard matter interface. We demonstrate a high-resolution effective doping of graphene with a zwitterion co-polymer photoresist that can easily be patterned to arbitrarily predetermined structures. As an example, we demonstrate that this method preserves all structural and electronic properties of graphene and modifies its surface potential exclusively.