Emergence of phytoplankton patchiness at small scales in mild turbulence

Phytoplankton often encounter turbulence in their habitat. The spatial distribution of motile phytoplankton cells exhibits patchiness at distances of decimeter to millimeter scale for numerous species with different motility strategies. The explanation of this general phenomenon remains challenging. We combine particle simulations and continuum theory to study the emergence of patchiness in motile microorganisms in three dimensions, by including hydrodynamic cell-cell interactions, which grow more relevant as the density in the patches increases. By addressing the combined effects of motility, cell-cell interaction and turbulent flow conditions, we uncover a general mechanism: the coupling of cell-cell interactions to the turbulent dynamics favors the formation of dense patches.