Swelling and warpage of orthotropic plates

While isotropic in-plane swelling problems for elastic sheets have been studied extensively in
recent years, many shape-programmable materials, including nematic solids and 3d-printed
structures, are anisotropic. Inspired by the warpage of engineered wood panels, we examine
plates in which both the in-plane swelling and the material stiffness are highly orthotropic,
leading to multiple separations in energy scales. For these orthotropic plates, in-plane swelling
can produce configurations that approximate cylindrical shapes and twisted ruled surfaces.