Optimization of solute dissemination in complex flow networks

Flow networks efficiently transport nutrients in many physical systems, such as plant and animal vasculature. In the case of the animal circulatory system, the oxygen and nutrient distribution are crucial for the survival of tissue. Homogeneity of the nutrient distribution provides a fitness advantage as waste is minimized while all tissue gets enough nutrients to survive. Can biological flow networks self-organize and remodel to optimally perfuse the tissue? We propose a local adaptation rule for the vessel radii that is able to equalize perfusion, while minimizing energy dissipation to circulate the flow and a cost constraint. These different objective functions compete to produce complex network morphologies including hierarchy and asymmetry between the network input and output.