Electro-optic sampling of integrated high-frequency photodiodes for cryogenic signal generation

The generation of high fidelity mmWave and THz signals is imperative for the development of cyogenic computing, however transfering these signals across a dillution refrigirator results in signal loss, and requires extra cooling if using traditional co-axial signal lines. We present electro-optic sampling of integrated on-chip photodiode devices for low-noise, high power sinusoidal wave generation in the THz range, which can be made functional at cryogenic temperatures. Tight integration of optoelectronics to the device of interest allows for localized generation of signals enabling low loss signal transfer, whereas conventional optoelectronic integration relies on lossy interconnects. Furthermore, optoelectronic integration enables more than just sinusoidal signals, but optically modulated arbitrary waveforms.