Pressure driven fractionalization of ionic spins results in cuprate-like high-$T_c$ superconductivity in La$_3$Ni$_2$O$_7$

Beyond 14GPa of pressure, bi-layered La$_3$Ni$_2$O$_7$ was recently found to develop strong superconductivity above the liquid nitrogen boiling temperature. An immediate essential question is the pressure-induced qualitative change of electronic structure that enables the exciting high-temperature superconductivity. We investigate this timely question via a numerical multi-scale derivation of effective many-body physics. At the atomic scale, we first clarify that the system has a strong charge transfer nature with itinerant carriers residing mainly in the in-plane oxygen between spin-1 Ni$^{2+}$ ions. We then elucidate in eV- and sub-eV-scale the key physical effect of the applied pressure: It induces a cuprate-like electronic structure via fractionalizing the Ni ionic spin from 1 to 1/2. This suggests a high-temperature superconductivity in La$_3$Ni$_2$O$_7$ with microscopic mechanism and ($d$-wave) symmetry similar to that in the cuprates.