Electric Field and Potential Measurement Techniques for Surfaces

Electric field and potential measurements on surfaces are of interest to many scientists. This paper gives an overview of the electronic circuits used in sensing of fields and potentials. The intent is to assist the researchers with selection of the approach that is the most appropriate and best fitting the conditions of the measurements. Discussion and recommendations pertaining to sensor shielding, signal denoising and conditioning are also provided. Examples of the surface potential measurements are also given and explained.