Beyond a Decade Beneath the Ice: Science with the IceCube Neutrino Observatory

The IceCube Neutrino Observatory at the South Pole realizes a vision of employing neutrinos as unique messengers to investigate the high-energy universe. The detector instruments one cubic kilometer of glacial ice with more than 5,000 digital optical modules, designed to record Cherenkov light emitted from high energy particles interacting in ice. This provides sensitivity to neutrinos with energies from a few hundred GeV to beyond the PeV scale. These measured neutrinos are both atmospheric and astrophysical in nature. IceCube also detects muons produced from cosmic-ray interactions in the atmosphere. With data collected over more than a decade, IceCube has delivered a variety of scientific results. These include the first observation of neutrinos at PeV energies, the identification of individual astrophysical neutrino sources, discovery of Glashow resonance event, and the detection of spectral features in the diffuse cosmic neutrino flux. In this talk, I will review what we have learned with IceCube, discuss open questions, and outline future opportunities enabled by IceCube and its next-generation extensions.