GEANT4 simulations for in trap decay spectroscopy for electron capture branching ratio measurements using the TITAN facility

Shakil Seeraji; C. Andreoiu; C. Andreoiu; C. Andreoiu; C. Andreoiu; C. Andreoiu; C. Andreoiu; C. Andreoiu; C. Andreoiu; C. Andreoiu; C. Andreoiu; C. Andreoiu; C. Andreoiu; C. Andreoiu; C. Andreoiu; C. Andreoiu; C. Andreoiu; C. Andreoiu

GEANT4 simulations for in trap decay spectroscopy for electron capture branching ratio measurements using the TITAN facility

ORAL

Abstract

The TITAN-EC project has developed a unique technique to measure electron capture branching ratios (ECBRs) of short lived intermediate nuclide involved in double beta decay. The ECBR information is important for determination of nuclear matrix elements of double-$\beta $ decay for both double beta decay (2$\nu \beta \beta)$ and neutrino-less double beta decay (0$\nu \beta \beta )$ processes. An important feature of this technique is the use of open access penning trap. Radioactive ions are stored in the trap and their decays are observed. Electrons produced from $\beta $ decay are guided out of the trap by the Penning trap's strong magnetic field and the x-ray from EC are detected by seven Si(Li) detectors placed radially around trap using thin Be windows. This set-up provides a lower background for the x-ray detection compared to earlier ECBC measurements where the beam is implanted in mylar tape. Detailed GEANT4 simulations have been performed to characterize the efficiency of the detectors and understand their response. In addition the impact of different sizes and shapes of the ion cloud inside the trap has also been investigated to optimize the experimental set-up.

Oct. 19, 2012, 7:38 PM – Oct. 19, 2012, 7:50 PM

Authors

Shakil Seeraji

Simon Fraser University
C. Andreoiu

University of Washington, Centre for Organic Photonics and Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Centre for Organic Photonics and Electronics, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Dalhousie University, Faculty of Mathematics, University of Waterloo, Department of Physics, McMaster University, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford University, IFW-Dresden, Northern Illinois University, University of British Columbia, University of Michigan, Simon Fraser University, Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Washington State University, The University of British Columbia, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Oregon State University, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Aixtron Ltd., Cornell University, TRIUMF, Society of Physics Students, Western Washington University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Washington State University, University of Portland, Pacific University, University of Idaho, Department of Physics, University of Washington, Emory University, SFU, Arizona State University, Research Centre J\"ulich, University of Victoria, EPM, \'Ecole Polytechnique de Montr\'eal (EPM), Technical U of Denmark, Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Department of Physics, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97201, Department of Physics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, Linfield College, Portland State University, University of British Columbia Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Simon Fraser, Los Alamos National Lab, Los Alamos, McGill University, Los Alamos National Laboratory, University of Cambridge, CSNSM-IN2P3-CNRS, University of Manitobia, Univ. of British Columbia and TRIUMF, Ruprecht-Karls-Universitat and MPI and TRIUMF, Westfaelische Wilhelms-Universitaet, Univ. of Manitoba and TRIUMF, Tenische Universitaet Muenchen and TRIUMF, Simon Fraser Univ. and TRIUMF, University of British Columbia, TRIUMF, Ruprecht-Karls-Universit\"at Heidelberg, Max Planck Institute, TRIUMF, Westf\"alische Wilhelms-Universit\"at, TRIUMF, Johannes Gutenberg-Universit\"at Mainz, Ruprecht-Karls-Universit\"at Heidelberg, Univerity of Manitoba, TRIUMF, Simon Fraser University, TRIUMF, TRIUMF \& University of Manitoba, College of William and Mary, Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosi, University of Maryland, University of Manitoba, UBC, Texas A\&M, University of Kentucky, Georgia Institute of Technology, University of Guelph, St. Mary's University
C. Andreoiu

University of Washington, Centre for Organic Photonics and Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Centre for Organic Photonics and Electronics, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Dalhousie University, Faculty of Mathematics, University of Waterloo, Department of Physics, McMaster University, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford University, IFW-Dresden, Northern Illinois University, University of British Columbia, University of Michigan, Simon Fraser University, Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Washington State University, The University of British Columbia, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Oregon State University, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Aixtron Ltd., Cornell University, TRIUMF, Society of Physics Students, Western Washington University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Washington State University, University of Portland, Pacific University, University of Idaho, Department of Physics, University of Washington, Emory University, SFU, Arizona State University, Research Centre J\"ulich, University of Victoria, EPM, \'Ecole Polytechnique de Montr\'eal (EPM), Technical U of Denmark, Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Department of Physics, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97201, Department of Physics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, Linfield College, Portland State University, University of British Columbia Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Simon Fraser, Los Alamos National Lab, Los Alamos, McGill University, Los Alamos National Laboratory, University of Cambridge, CSNSM-IN2P3-CNRS, University of Manitobia, Univ. of British Columbia and TRIUMF, Ruprecht-Karls-Universitat and MPI and TRIUMF, Westfaelische Wilhelms-Universitaet, Univ. of Manitoba and TRIUMF, Tenische Universitaet Muenchen and TRIUMF, Simon Fraser Univ. and TRIUMF, University of British Columbia, TRIUMF, Ruprecht-Karls-Universit\"at Heidelberg, Max Planck Institute, TRIUMF, Westf\"alische Wilhelms-Universit\"at, TRIUMF, Johannes Gutenberg-Universit\"at Mainz, Ruprecht-Karls-Universit\"at Heidelberg, Univerity of Manitoba, TRIUMF, Simon Fraser University, TRIUMF, TRIUMF \& University of Manitoba, College of William and Mary, Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosi, University of Maryland, University of Manitoba, UBC, Texas A\&M, University of Kentucky, Georgia Institute of Technology, University of Guelph, St. Mary's University
C. Andreoiu

University of Washington, Centre for Organic Photonics and Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Centre for Organic Photonics and Electronics, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Dalhousie University, Faculty of Mathematics, University of Waterloo, Department of Physics, McMaster University, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford University, IFW-Dresden, Northern Illinois University, University of British Columbia, University of Michigan, Simon Fraser University, Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Washington State University, The University of British Columbia, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Oregon State University, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Aixtron Ltd., Cornell University, TRIUMF, Society of Physics Students, Western Washington University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Washington State University, University of Portland, Pacific University, University of Idaho, Department of Physics, University of Washington, Emory University, SFU, Arizona State University, Research Centre J\"ulich, University of Victoria, EPM, \'Ecole Polytechnique de Montr\'eal (EPM), Technical U of Denmark, Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Department of Physics, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97201, Department of Physics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, Linfield College, Portland State University, University of British Columbia Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Simon Fraser, Los Alamos National Lab, Los Alamos, McGill University, Los Alamos National Laboratory, University of Cambridge, CSNSM-IN2P3-CNRS, University of Manitobia, Univ. of British Columbia and TRIUMF, Ruprecht-Karls-Universitat and MPI and TRIUMF, Westfaelische Wilhelms-Universitaet, Univ. of Manitoba and TRIUMF, Tenische Universitaet Muenchen and TRIUMF, Simon Fraser Univ. and TRIUMF, University of British Columbia, TRIUMF, Ruprecht-Karls-Universit\"at Heidelberg, Max Planck Institute, TRIUMF, Westf\"alische Wilhelms-Universit\"at, TRIUMF, Johannes Gutenberg-Universit\"at Mainz, Ruprecht-Karls-Universit\"at Heidelberg, Univerity of Manitoba, TRIUMF, Simon Fraser University, TRIUMF, TRIUMF \& University of Manitoba, College of William and Mary, Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosi, University of Maryland, University of Manitoba, UBC, Texas A\&M, University of Kentucky, Georgia Institute of Technology, University of Guelph, St. Mary's University
C. Andreoiu

University of Washington, Centre for Organic Photonics and Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Centre for Organic Photonics and Electronics, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Dalhousie University, Faculty of Mathematics, University of Waterloo, Department of Physics, McMaster University, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford University, IFW-Dresden, Northern Illinois University, University of British Columbia, University of Michigan, Simon Fraser University, Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Washington State University, The University of British Columbia, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Oregon State University, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Aixtron Ltd., Cornell University, TRIUMF, Society of Physics Students, Western Washington University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Washington State University, University of Portland, Pacific University, University of Idaho, Department of Physics, University of Washington, Emory University, SFU, Arizona State University, Research Centre J\"ulich, University of Victoria, EPM, \'Ecole Polytechnique de Montr\'eal (EPM), Technical U of Denmark, Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Department of Physics, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97201, Department of Physics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, Linfield College, Portland State University, University of British Columbia Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Simon Fraser, Los Alamos National Lab, Los Alamos, McGill University, Los Alamos National Laboratory, University of Cambridge, CSNSM-IN2P3-CNRS, University of Manitobia, Univ. of British Columbia and TRIUMF, Ruprecht-Karls-Universitat and MPI and TRIUMF, Westfaelische Wilhelms-Universitaet, Univ. of Manitoba and TRIUMF, Tenische Universitaet Muenchen and TRIUMF, Simon Fraser Univ. and TRIUMF, University of British Columbia, TRIUMF, Ruprecht-Karls-Universit\"at Heidelberg, Max Planck Institute, TRIUMF, Westf\"alische Wilhelms-Universit\"at, TRIUMF, Johannes Gutenberg-Universit\"at Mainz, Ruprecht-Karls-Universit\"at Heidelberg, Univerity of Manitoba, TRIUMF, Simon Fraser University, TRIUMF, TRIUMF \& University of Manitoba, College of William and Mary, Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosi, University of Maryland, University of Manitoba, UBC, Texas A\&M, University of Kentucky, Georgia Institute of Technology, University of Guelph, St. Mary's University
C. Andreoiu

University of Washington, Centre for Organic Photonics and Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Centre for Organic Photonics and Electronics, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Dalhousie University, Faculty of Mathematics, University of Waterloo, Department of Physics, McMaster University, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford University, IFW-Dresden, Northern Illinois University, University of British Columbia, University of Michigan, Simon Fraser University, Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Washington State University, The University of British Columbia, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Oregon State University, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Aixtron Ltd., Cornell University, TRIUMF, Society of Physics Students, Western Washington University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Washington State University, University of Portland, Pacific University, University of Idaho, Department of Physics, University of Washington, Emory University, SFU, Arizona State University, Research Centre J\"ulich, University of Victoria, EPM, \'Ecole Polytechnique de Montr\'eal (EPM), Technical U of Denmark, Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Department of Physics, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97201, Department of Physics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, Linfield College, Portland State University, University of British Columbia Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Simon Fraser, Los Alamos National Lab, Los Alamos, McGill University, Los Alamos National Laboratory, University of Cambridge, CSNSM-IN2P3-CNRS, University of Manitobia, Univ. of British Columbia and TRIUMF, Ruprecht-Karls-Universitat and MPI and TRIUMF, Westfaelische Wilhelms-Universitaet, Univ. of Manitoba and TRIUMF, Tenische Universitaet Muenchen and TRIUMF, Simon Fraser Univ. and TRIUMF, University of British Columbia, TRIUMF, Ruprecht-Karls-Universit\"at Heidelberg, Max Planck Institute, TRIUMF, Westf\"alische Wilhelms-Universit\"at, TRIUMF, Johannes Gutenberg-Universit\"at Mainz, Ruprecht-Karls-Universit\"at Heidelberg, Univerity of Manitoba, TRIUMF, Simon Fraser University, TRIUMF, TRIUMF \& University of Manitoba, College of William and Mary, Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosi, University of Maryland, University of Manitoba, UBC, Texas A\&M, University of Kentucky, Georgia Institute of Technology, University of Guelph, St. Mary's University
C. Andreoiu

University of Washington, Centre for Organic Photonics and Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Centre for Organic Photonics and Electronics, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Dalhousie University, Faculty of Mathematics, University of Waterloo, Department of Physics, McMaster University, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford University, IFW-Dresden, Northern Illinois University, University of British Columbia, University of Michigan, Simon Fraser University, Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Washington State University, The University of British Columbia, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Oregon State University, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Aixtron Ltd., Cornell University, TRIUMF, Society of Physics Students, Western Washington University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Washington State University, University of Portland, Pacific University, University of Idaho, Department of Physics, University of Washington, Emory University, SFU, Arizona State University, Research Centre J\"ulich, University of Victoria, EPM, \'Ecole Polytechnique de Montr\'eal (EPM), Technical U of Denmark, Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Department of Physics, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97201, Department of Physics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, Linfield College, Portland State University, University of British Columbia Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Simon Fraser, Los Alamos National Lab, Los Alamos, McGill University, Los Alamos National Laboratory, University of Cambridge, CSNSM-IN2P3-CNRS, University of Manitobia, Univ. of British Columbia and TRIUMF, Ruprecht-Karls-Universitat and MPI and TRIUMF, Westfaelische Wilhelms-Universitaet, Univ. of Manitoba and TRIUMF, Tenische Universitaet Muenchen and TRIUMF, Simon Fraser Univ. and TRIUMF, University of British Columbia, TRIUMF, Ruprecht-Karls-Universit\"at Heidelberg, Max Planck Institute, TRIUMF, Westf\"alische Wilhelms-Universit\"at, TRIUMF, Johannes Gutenberg-Universit\"at Mainz, Ruprecht-Karls-Universit\"at Heidelberg, Univerity of Manitoba, TRIUMF, Simon Fraser University, TRIUMF, TRIUMF \& University of Manitoba, College of William and Mary, Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosi, University of Maryland, University of Manitoba, UBC, Texas A\&M, University of Kentucky, Georgia Institute of Technology, University of Guelph, St. Mary's University
C. Andreoiu

University of Washington, Centre for Organic Photonics and Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Centre for Organic Photonics and Electronics, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Dalhousie University, Faculty of Mathematics, University of Waterloo, Department of Physics, McMaster University, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford University, IFW-Dresden, Northern Illinois University, University of British Columbia, University of Michigan, Simon Fraser University, Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Washington State University, The University of British Columbia, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Oregon State University, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Aixtron Ltd., Cornell University, TRIUMF, Society of Physics Students, Western Washington University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Washington State University, University of Portland, Pacific University, University of Idaho, Department of Physics, University of Washington, Emory University, SFU, Arizona State University, Research Centre J\"ulich, University of Victoria, EPM, \'Ecole Polytechnique de Montr\'eal (EPM), Technical U of Denmark, Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Department of Physics, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97201, Department of Physics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, Linfield College, Portland State University, University of British Columbia Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Simon Fraser, Los Alamos National Lab, Los Alamos, McGill University, Los Alamos National Laboratory, University of Cambridge, CSNSM-IN2P3-CNRS, University of Manitobia, Univ. of British Columbia and TRIUMF, Ruprecht-Karls-Universitat and MPI and TRIUMF, Westfaelische Wilhelms-Universitaet, Univ. of Manitoba and TRIUMF, Tenische Universitaet Muenchen and TRIUMF, Simon Fraser Univ. and TRIUMF, University of British Columbia, TRIUMF, Ruprecht-Karls-Universit\"at Heidelberg, Max Planck Institute, TRIUMF, Westf\"alische Wilhelms-Universit\"at, TRIUMF, Johannes Gutenberg-Universit\"at Mainz, Ruprecht-Karls-Universit\"at Heidelberg, Univerity of Manitoba, TRIUMF, Simon Fraser University, TRIUMF, TRIUMF \& University of Manitoba, College of William and Mary, Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosi, University of Maryland, University of Manitoba, UBC, Texas A\&M, University of Kentucky, Georgia Institute of Technology, University of Guelph, St. Mary's University
C. Andreoiu

University of Washington, Centre for Organic Photonics and Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Centre for Organic Photonics and Electronics, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Dalhousie University, Faculty of Mathematics, University of Waterloo, Department of Physics, McMaster University, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford University, IFW-Dresden, Northern Illinois University, University of British Columbia, University of Michigan, Simon Fraser University, Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Washington State University, The University of British Columbia, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Oregon State University, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Aixtron Ltd., Cornell University, TRIUMF, Society of Physics Students, Western Washington University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Washington State University, University of Portland, Pacific University, University of Idaho, Department of Physics, University of Washington, Emory University, SFU, Arizona State University, Research Centre J\"ulich, University of Victoria, EPM, \'Ecole Polytechnique de Montr\'eal (EPM), Technical U of Denmark, Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Department of Physics, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97201, Department of Physics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, Linfield College, Portland State University, University of British Columbia Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Simon Fraser, Los Alamos National Lab, Los Alamos, McGill University, Los Alamos National Laboratory, University of Cambridge, CSNSM-IN2P3-CNRS, University of Manitobia, Univ. of British Columbia and TRIUMF, Ruprecht-Karls-Universitat and MPI and TRIUMF, Westfaelische Wilhelms-Universitaet, Univ. of Manitoba and TRIUMF, Tenische Universitaet Muenchen and TRIUMF, Simon Fraser Univ. and TRIUMF, University of British Columbia, TRIUMF, Ruprecht-Karls-Universit\"at Heidelberg, Max Planck Institute, TRIUMF, Westf\"alische Wilhelms-Universit\"at, TRIUMF, Johannes Gutenberg-Universit\"at Mainz, Ruprecht-Karls-Universit\"at Heidelberg, Univerity of Manitoba, TRIUMF, Simon Fraser University, TRIUMF, TRIUMF \& University of Manitoba, College of William and Mary, Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosi, University of Maryland, University of Manitoba, UBC, Texas A\&M, University of Kentucky, Georgia Institute of Technology, University of Guelph, St. Mary's University
C. Andreoiu

University of Washington, Centre for Organic Photonics and Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Centre for Organic Photonics and Electronics, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Dalhousie University, Faculty of Mathematics, University of Waterloo, Department of Physics, McMaster University, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford University, IFW-Dresden, Northern Illinois University, University of British Columbia, University of Michigan, Simon Fraser University, Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Washington State University, The University of British Columbia, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Oregon State University, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Aixtron Ltd., Cornell University, TRIUMF, Society of Physics Students, Western Washington University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Washington State University, University of Portland, Pacific University, University of Idaho, Department of Physics, University of Washington, Emory University, SFU, Arizona State University, Research Centre J\"ulich, University of Victoria, EPM, \'Ecole Polytechnique de Montr\'eal (EPM), Technical U of Denmark, Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Department of Physics, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97201, Department of Physics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, Linfield College, Portland State University, University of British Columbia Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Simon Fraser, Los Alamos National Lab, Los Alamos, McGill University, Los Alamos National Laboratory, University of Cambridge, CSNSM-IN2P3-CNRS, University of Manitobia, Univ. of British Columbia and TRIUMF, Ruprecht-Karls-Universitat and MPI and TRIUMF, Westfaelische Wilhelms-Universitaet, Univ. of Manitoba and TRIUMF, Tenische Universitaet Muenchen and TRIUMF, Simon Fraser Univ. and TRIUMF, University of British Columbia, TRIUMF, Ruprecht-Karls-Universit\"at Heidelberg, Max Planck Institute, TRIUMF, Westf\"alische Wilhelms-Universit\"at, TRIUMF, Johannes Gutenberg-Universit\"at Mainz, Ruprecht-Karls-Universit\"at Heidelberg, Univerity of Manitoba, TRIUMF, Simon Fraser University, TRIUMF, TRIUMF \& University of Manitoba, College of William and Mary, Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosi, University of Maryland, University of Manitoba, UBC, Texas A\&M, University of Kentucky, Georgia Institute of Technology, University of Guelph, St. Mary's University
C. Andreoiu

University of Washington, Centre for Organic Photonics and Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Centre for Organic Photonics and Electronics, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Dalhousie University, Faculty of Mathematics, University of Waterloo, Department of Physics, McMaster University, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford University, IFW-Dresden, Northern Illinois University, University of British Columbia, University of Michigan, Simon Fraser University, Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Washington State University, The University of British Columbia, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Oregon State University, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Aixtron Ltd., Cornell University, TRIUMF, Society of Physics Students, Western Washington University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Washington State University, University of Portland, Pacific University, University of Idaho, Department of Physics, University of Washington, Emory University, SFU, Arizona State University, Research Centre J\"ulich, University of Victoria, EPM, \'Ecole Polytechnique de Montr\'eal (EPM), Technical U of Denmark, Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Department of Physics, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97201, Department of Physics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, Linfield College, Portland State University, University of British Columbia Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Simon Fraser, Los Alamos National Lab, Los Alamos, McGill University, Los Alamos National Laboratory, University of Cambridge, CSNSM-IN2P3-CNRS, University of Manitobia, Univ. of British Columbia and TRIUMF, Ruprecht-Karls-Universitat and MPI and TRIUMF, Westfaelische Wilhelms-Universitaet, Univ. of Manitoba and TRIUMF, Tenische Universitaet Muenchen and TRIUMF, Simon Fraser Univ. and TRIUMF, University of British Columbia, TRIUMF, Ruprecht-Karls-Universit\"at Heidelberg, Max Planck Institute, TRIUMF, Westf\"alische Wilhelms-Universit\"at, TRIUMF, Johannes Gutenberg-Universit\"at Mainz, Ruprecht-Karls-Universit\"at Heidelberg, Univerity of Manitoba, TRIUMF, Simon Fraser University, TRIUMF, TRIUMF \& University of Manitoba, College of William and Mary, Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosi, University of Maryland, University of Manitoba, UBC, Texas A\&M, University of Kentucky, Georgia Institute of Technology, University of Guelph, St. Mary's University
C. Andreoiu

University of Washington, Centre for Organic Photonics and Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Centre for Organic Photonics and Electronics, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Dalhousie University, Faculty of Mathematics, University of Waterloo, Department of Physics, McMaster University, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford University, IFW-Dresden, Northern Illinois University, University of British Columbia, University of Michigan, Simon Fraser University, Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Washington State University, The University of British Columbia, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Oregon State University, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Aixtron Ltd., Cornell University, TRIUMF, Society of Physics Students, Western Washington University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Washington State University, University of Portland, Pacific University, University of Idaho, Department of Physics, University of Washington, Emory University, SFU, Arizona State University, Research Centre J\"ulich, University of Victoria, EPM, \'Ecole Polytechnique de Montr\'eal (EPM), Technical U of Denmark, Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Department of Physics, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97201, Department of Physics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, Linfield College, Portland State University, University of British Columbia Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Simon Fraser, Los Alamos National Lab, Los Alamos, McGill University, Los Alamos National Laboratory, University of Cambridge, CSNSM-IN2P3-CNRS, University of Manitobia, Univ. of British Columbia and TRIUMF, Ruprecht-Karls-Universitat and MPI and TRIUMF, Westfaelische Wilhelms-Universitaet, Univ. of Manitoba and TRIUMF, Tenische Universitaet Muenchen and TRIUMF, Simon Fraser Univ. and TRIUMF, University of British Columbia, TRIUMF, Ruprecht-Karls-Universit\"at Heidelberg, Max Planck Institute, TRIUMF, Westf\"alische Wilhelms-Universit\"at, TRIUMF, Johannes Gutenberg-Universit\"at Mainz, Ruprecht-Karls-Universit\"at Heidelberg, Univerity of Manitoba, TRIUMF, Simon Fraser University, TRIUMF, TRIUMF \& University of Manitoba, College of William and Mary, Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosi, University of Maryland, University of Manitoba, UBC, Texas A\&M, University of Kentucky, Georgia Institute of Technology, University of Guelph, St. Mary's University
C. Andreoiu

University of Washington, Centre for Organic Photonics and Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Centre for Organic Photonics and Electronics, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Dalhousie University, Faculty of Mathematics, University of Waterloo, Department of Physics, McMaster University, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford University, IFW-Dresden, Northern Illinois University, University of British Columbia, University of Michigan, Simon Fraser University, Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Washington State University, The University of British Columbia, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Oregon State University, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Aixtron Ltd., Cornell University, TRIUMF, Society of Physics Students, Western Washington University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Washington State University, University of Portland, Pacific University, University of Idaho, Department of Physics, University of Washington, Emory University, SFU, Arizona State University, Research Centre J\"ulich, University of Victoria, EPM, \'Ecole Polytechnique de Montr\'eal (EPM), Technical U of Denmark, Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Department of Physics, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97201, Department of Physics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, Linfield College, Portland State University, University of British Columbia Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Simon Fraser, Los Alamos National Lab, Los Alamos, McGill University, Los Alamos National Laboratory, University of Cambridge, CSNSM-IN2P3-CNRS, University of Manitobia, Univ. of British Columbia and TRIUMF, Ruprecht-Karls-Universitat and MPI and TRIUMF, Westfaelische Wilhelms-Universitaet, Univ. of Manitoba and TRIUMF, Tenische Universitaet Muenchen and TRIUMF, Simon Fraser Univ. and TRIUMF, University of British Columbia, TRIUMF, Ruprecht-Karls-Universit\"at Heidelberg, Max Planck Institute, TRIUMF, Westf\"alische Wilhelms-Universit\"at, TRIUMF, Johannes Gutenberg-Universit\"at Mainz, Ruprecht-Karls-Universit\"at Heidelberg, Univerity of Manitoba, TRIUMF, Simon Fraser University, TRIUMF, TRIUMF \& University of Manitoba, College of William and Mary, Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosi, University of Maryland, University of Manitoba, UBC, Texas A\&M, University of Kentucky, Georgia Institute of Technology, University of Guelph, St. Mary's University
C. Andreoiu

University of Washington, Centre for Organic Photonics and Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Centre for Organic Photonics and Electronics, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Dalhousie University, Faculty of Mathematics, University of Waterloo, Department of Physics, McMaster University, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford University, IFW-Dresden, Northern Illinois University, University of British Columbia, University of Michigan, Simon Fraser University, Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Washington State University, The University of British Columbia, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Oregon State University, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Aixtron Ltd., Cornell University, TRIUMF, Society of Physics Students, Western Washington University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Washington State University, University of Portland, Pacific University, University of Idaho, Department of Physics, University of Washington, Emory University, SFU, Arizona State University, Research Centre J\"ulich, University of Victoria, EPM, \'Ecole Polytechnique de Montr\'eal (EPM), Technical U of Denmark, Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Department of Physics, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97201, Department of Physics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, Linfield College, Portland State University, University of British Columbia Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Simon Fraser, Los Alamos National Lab, Los Alamos, McGill University, Los Alamos National Laboratory, University of Cambridge, CSNSM-IN2P3-CNRS, University of Manitobia, Univ. of British Columbia and TRIUMF, Ruprecht-Karls-Universitat and MPI and TRIUMF, Westfaelische Wilhelms-Universitaet, Univ. of Manitoba and TRIUMF, Tenische Universitaet Muenchen and TRIUMF, Simon Fraser Univ. and TRIUMF, University of British Columbia, TRIUMF, Ruprecht-Karls-Universit\"at Heidelberg, Max Planck Institute, TRIUMF, Westf\"alische Wilhelms-Universit\"at, TRIUMF, Johannes Gutenberg-Universit\"at Mainz, Ruprecht-Karls-Universit\"at Heidelberg, Univerity of Manitoba, TRIUMF, Simon Fraser University, TRIUMF, TRIUMF \& University of Manitoba, College of William and Mary, Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosi, University of Maryland, University of Manitoba, UBC, Texas A\&M, University of Kentucky, Georgia Institute of Technology, University of Guelph, St. Mary's University
C. Andreoiu

University of Washington, Centre for Organic Photonics and Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Centre for Organic Photonics and Electronics, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Dalhousie University, Faculty of Mathematics, University of Waterloo, Department of Physics, McMaster University, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford University, IFW-Dresden, Northern Illinois University, University of British Columbia, University of Michigan, Simon Fraser University, Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Washington State University, The University of British Columbia, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Oregon State University, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Aixtron Ltd., Cornell University, TRIUMF, Society of Physics Students, Western Washington University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Washington State University, University of Portland, Pacific University, University of Idaho, Department of Physics, University of Washington, Emory University, SFU, Arizona State University, Research Centre J\"ulich, University of Victoria, EPM, \'Ecole Polytechnique de Montr\'eal (EPM), Technical U of Denmark, Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Department of Physics, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97201, Department of Physics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, Linfield College, Portland State University, University of British Columbia Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Simon Fraser, Los Alamos National Lab, Los Alamos, McGill University, Los Alamos National Laboratory, University of Cambridge, CSNSM-IN2P3-CNRS, University of Manitobia, Univ. of British Columbia and TRIUMF, Ruprecht-Karls-Universitat and MPI and TRIUMF, Westfaelische Wilhelms-Universitaet, Univ. of Manitoba and TRIUMF, Tenische Universitaet Muenchen and TRIUMF, Simon Fraser Univ. and TRIUMF, University of British Columbia, TRIUMF, Ruprecht-Karls-Universit\"at Heidelberg, Max Planck Institute, TRIUMF, Westf\"alische Wilhelms-Universit\"at, TRIUMF, Johannes Gutenberg-Universit\"at Mainz, Ruprecht-Karls-Universit\"at Heidelberg, Univerity of Manitoba, TRIUMF, Simon Fraser University, TRIUMF, TRIUMF \& University of Manitoba, College of William and Mary, Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosi, University of Maryland, University of Manitoba, UBC, Texas A\&M, University of Kentucky, Georgia Institute of Technology, University of Guelph, St. Mary's University
C. Andreoiu

University of Washington, Centre for Organic Photonics and Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Centre for Organic Photonics and Electronics, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Dalhousie University, Faculty of Mathematics, University of Waterloo, Department of Physics, McMaster University, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford University, IFW-Dresden, Northern Illinois University, University of British Columbia, University of Michigan, Simon Fraser University, Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Washington State University, The University of British Columbia, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Oregon State University, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Aixtron Ltd., Cornell University, TRIUMF, Society of Physics Students, Western Washington University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Washington State University, University of Portland, Pacific University, University of Idaho, Department of Physics, University of Washington, Emory University, SFU, Arizona State University, Research Centre J\"ulich, University of Victoria, EPM, \'Ecole Polytechnique de Montr\'eal (EPM), Technical U of Denmark, Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Department of Physics, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97201, Department of Physics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, Linfield College, Portland State University, University of British Columbia Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Simon Fraser, Los Alamos National Lab, Los Alamos, McGill University, Los Alamos National Laboratory, University of Cambridge, CSNSM-IN2P3-CNRS, University of Manitobia, Univ. of British Columbia and TRIUMF, Ruprecht-Karls-Universitat and MPI and TRIUMF, Westfaelische Wilhelms-Universitaet, Univ. of Manitoba and TRIUMF, Tenische Universitaet Muenchen and TRIUMF, Simon Fraser Univ. and TRIUMF, University of British Columbia, TRIUMF, Ruprecht-Karls-Universit\"at Heidelberg, Max Planck Institute, TRIUMF, Westf\"alische Wilhelms-Universit\"at, TRIUMF, Johannes Gutenberg-Universit\"at Mainz, Ruprecht-Karls-Universit\"at Heidelberg, Univerity of Manitoba, TRIUMF, Simon Fraser University, TRIUMF, TRIUMF \& University of Manitoba, College of William and Mary, Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosi, University of Maryland, University of Manitoba, UBC, Texas A\&M, University of Kentucky, Georgia Institute of Technology, University of Guelph, St. Mary's University
C. Andreoiu

University of Washington, Centre for Organic Photonics and Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Centre for Organic Photonics and Electronics, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Dalhousie University, Faculty of Mathematics, University of Waterloo, Department of Physics, McMaster University, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford University, IFW-Dresden, Northern Illinois University, University of British Columbia, University of Michigan, Simon Fraser University, Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Washington State University, The University of British Columbia, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Oregon State University, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Aixtron Ltd., Cornell University, TRIUMF, Society of Physics Students, Western Washington University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Washington State University, University of Portland, Pacific University, University of Idaho, Department of Physics, University of Washington, Emory University, SFU, Arizona State University, Research Centre J\"ulich, University of Victoria, EPM, \'Ecole Polytechnique de Montr\'eal (EPM), Technical U of Denmark, Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Department of Physics, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97201, Department of Physics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, Linfield College, Portland State University, University of British Columbia Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Simon Fraser, Los Alamos National Lab, Los Alamos, McGill University, Los Alamos National Laboratory, University of Cambridge, CSNSM-IN2P3-CNRS, University of Manitobia, Univ. of British Columbia and TRIUMF, Ruprecht-Karls-Universitat and MPI and TRIUMF, Westfaelische Wilhelms-Universitaet, Univ. of Manitoba and TRIUMF, Tenische Universitaet Muenchen and TRIUMF, Simon Fraser Univ. and TRIUMF, University of British Columbia, TRIUMF, Ruprecht-Karls-Universit\"at Heidelberg, Max Planck Institute, TRIUMF, Westf\"alische Wilhelms-Universit\"at, TRIUMF, Johannes Gutenberg-Universit\"at Mainz, Ruprecht-Karls-Universit\"at Heidelberg, Univerity of Manitoba, TRIUMF, Simon Fraser University, TRIUMF, TRIUMF \& University of Manitoba, College of William and Mary, Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosi, University of Maryland, University of Manitoba, UBC, Texas A\&M, University of Kentucky, Georgia Institute of Technology, University of Guelph, St. Mary's University
C. Andreoiu

University of Washington, Centre for Organic Photonics and Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Centre for Organic Photonics and Electronics, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Dalhousie University, Faculty of Mathematics, University of Waterloo, Department of Physics, McMaster University, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford University, IFW-Dresden, Northern Illinois University, University of British Columbia, University of Michigan, Simon Fraser University, Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Washington State University, The University of British Columbia, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Oregon State University, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Aixtron Ltd., Cornell University, TRIUMF, Society of Physics Students, Western Washington University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Washington State University, University of Portland, Pacific University, University of Idaho, Department of Physics, University of Washington, Emory University, SFU, Arizona State University, Research Centre J\"ulich, University of Victoria, EPM, \'Ecole Polytechnique de Montr\'eal (EPM), Technical U of Denmark, Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Department of Physics, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97201, Department of Physics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, Linfield College, Portland State University, University of British Columbia Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Simon Fraser, Los Alamos National Lab, Los Alamos, McGill University, Los Alamos National Laboratory, University of Cambridge, CSNSM-IN2P3-CNRS, University of Manitobia, Univ. of British Columbia and TRIUMF, Ruprecht-Karls-Universitat and MPI and TRIUMF, Westfaelische Wilhelms-Universitaet, Univ. of Manitoba and TRIUMF, Tenische Universitaet Muenchen and TRIUMF, Simon Fraser Univ. and TRIUMF, University of British Columbia, TRIUMF, Ruprecht-Karls-Universit\"at Heidelberg, Max Planck Institute, TRIUMF, Westf\"alische Wilhelms-Universit\"at, TRIUMF, Johannes Gutenberg-Universit\"at Mainz, Ruprecht-Karls-Universit\"at Heidelberg, Univerity of Manitoba, TRIUMF, Simon Fraser University, TRIUMF, TRIUMF \& University of Manitoba, College of William and Mary, Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosi, University of Maryland, University of Manitoba, UBC, Texas A\&M, University of Kentucky, Georgia Institute of Technology, University of Guelph, St. Mary's University