Carrier density dependence of spin lifetime in Fe/AlGaAs heterostructures

ORAL

Abstract

Electrical Hanle-type measurements have been performed to determine spin lifetimes at various carrier densities in Si:Al$_{0.3}$Ga$_{0.7}$As, a persistent photoconductor (PPC). The carrier density of this material can be tuned, changing it from insulating to metallic \textit{in situ }via photo excitation. Utilizing this PPC effect, we conduct electrical measurements of spin accumulation and transport under the same experimental conditions without the necessity of making replicas to realize different doping levels. We report the carrier density dependence of the spin lifetime derived from Hanle measurements with spin devices formed on wafers which have different graded junctions and Si doping levels. Carrier densities ranged from 3.5x10$^{16}$ to 2.4x10$^{17}$ cm$^{-3}$ and from 7.2x10$^{16}$ to 6.5x10$^{17}$ cm$^{-3}$ in two different samples. The spin lifetimes (determined using Lorentzian fits to the Hanle curves) ranged from 0.5 to 2.8 ns. From optical studies, the spin lifetime at zero bias and at low temperature in n-GaAs was reported to be larger than 100 ns on the insulating side and $\sim$80 ns on the metallic side. Based on our measurements in Si:Al$_{0.3}$Ga$_{0.7}$As, the extrapolated spin lifetime at zero bias and at 5 K is found to be only $\sim$2.3 ns on the insulating side and decreases with increasing bias current.

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Authors

  • Joon-Il Kim

    Florida State University, Florida State University Department of Physics

  • Chris Neu

    Florida State University, NHMFL, Institut Neel, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, Florida State University, Department of Physics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, Florida State University, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, Austin Peay State University, University of Pardubice, Davidson College, Covenant College, Lookout Mtn, GA 30750, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, RU, University of Tennessee Space Institute, Tullahoma, TN, USA, Sandia National Laboratories,* Albuquerque, NM, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AK, None, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State University Department of Physics and Astronomy, Florida State University and the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Faculte des Sciences et Techniques and Universite Aix-Marseille, MIT Haystack Observatory, Departments of Chemistry and Physics, University of Tennessee of Chattanooga, Departments of Chemistry and Physics, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, Western Kentucky University, Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, Newport News, VA, Fermilab, University of Virginia and Fermilab, Indiana University Bloomington, Indiana University Health Proton Therapy Center, University of North Florida, National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Michigan State University, Flordia State University, Louisiana State University, Washington University, Argonne National Laboratory, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Department of Physics, Florida State University., JINR, Tsinghua University, LBNL, LBNL/Vanderbilt University, Vanderbilt University, Florida A\&M University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Department of Physics, Virginia Tech, Gatton Academy, Exeter University, Florida International University, Office of Research, University of North Florida, Physics Department, University of North Florida, NSCL, Michigan State University, Physics Department, Florida State University, University of Tennessee-Knoxville, Neel Institut, Kazan Federal University, Bielefeld University, Ben Gurion University, LCIB - CEA, University of Georgia, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, NHMFL, Tallahassee, USA, Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, NHMFL, Tallahassee FL 32310 USA, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany, Wigner Research Center for Physics, Budapest, Hungary, Experimental physics II, University of Augsburg, Germany, Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, IM2NP-CNRS (UMR 7334) and Universite Aix-Marseille, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory Applied Superconductivity Center, Heifei National Lab for Physical Science at Microscale, USTC, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Department of Electrical Engineering, Rice University, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory/FSU, University of Virginia

  • Chris Neu

    Florida State University, NHMFL, Institut Neel, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, Florida State University, Department of Physics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, Florida State University, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, Austin Peay State University, University of Pardubice, Davidson College, Covenant College, Lookout Mtn, GA 30750, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, RU, University of Tennessee Space Institute, Tullahoma, TN, USA, Sandia National Laboratories,* Albuquerque, NM, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AK, None, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State University Department of Physics and Astronomy, Florida State University and the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Faculte des Sciences et Techniques and Universite Aix-Marseille, MIT Haystack Observatory, Departments of Chemistry and Physics, University of Tennessee of Chattanooga, Departments of Chemistry and Physics, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, Western Kentucky University, Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, Newport News, VA, Fermilab, University of Virginia and Fermilab, Indiana University Bloomington, Indiana University Health Proton Therapy Center, University of North Florida, National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Michigan State University, Flordia State University, Louisiana State University, Washington University, Argonne National Laboratory, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Department of Physics, Florida State University., JINR, Tsinghua University, LBNL, LBNL/Vanderbilt University, Vanderbilt University, Florida A\&M University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Department of Physics, Virginia Tech, Gatton Academy, Exeter University, Florida International University, Office of Research, University of North Florida, Physics Department, University of North Florida, NSCL, Michigan State University, Physics Department, Florida State University, University of Tennessee-Knoxville, Neel Institut, Kazan Federal University, Bielefeld University, Ben Gurion University, LCIB - CEA, University of Georgia, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, NHMFL, Tallahassee, USA, Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, NHMFL, Tallahassee FL 32310 USA, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany, Wigner Research Center for Physics, Budapest, Hungary, Experimental physics II, University of Augsburg, Germany, Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, IM2NP-CNRS (UMR 7334) and Universite Aix-Marseille, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory Applied Superconductivity Center, Heifei National Lab for Physical Science at Microscale, USTC, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Department of Electrical Engineering, Rice University, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory/FSU, University of Virginia

  • Chris Neu

    Florida State University, NHMFL, Institut Neel, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, Florida State University, Department of Physics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, Florida State University, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, Austin Peay State University, University of Pardubice, Davidson College, Covenant College, Lookout Mtn, GA 30750, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, RU, University of Tennessee Space Institute, Tullahoma, TN, USA, Sandia National Laboratories,* Albuquerque, NM, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AK, None, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State University Department of Physics and Astronomy, Florida State University and the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Faculte des Sciences et Techniques and Universite Aix-Marseille, MIT Haystack Observatory, Departments of Chemistry and Physics, University of Tennessee of Chattanooga, Departments of Chemistry and Physics, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, Western Kentucky University, Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, Newport News, VA, Fermilab, University of Virginia and Fermilab, Indiana University Bloomington, Indiana University Health Proton Therapy Center, University of North Florida, National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Michigan State University, Flordia State University, Louisiana State University, Washington University, Argonne National Laboratory, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Department of Physics, Florida State University., JINR, Tsinghua University, LBNL, LBNL/Vanderbilt University, Vanderbilt University, Florida A\&M University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Department of Physics, Virginia Tech, Gatton Academy, Exeter University, Florida International University, Office of Research, University of North Florida, Physics Department, University of North Florida, NSCL, Michigan State University, Physics Department, Florida State University, University of Tennessee-Knoxville, Neel Institut, Kazan Federal University, Bielefeld University, Ben Gurion University, LCIB - CEA, University of Georgia, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, NHMFL, Tallahassee, USA, Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, NHMFL, Tallahassee FL 32310 USA, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany, Wigner Research Center for Physics, Budapest, Hungary, Experimental physics II, University of Augsburg, Germany, Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, IM2NP-CNRS (UMR 7334) and Universite Aix-Marseille, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory Applied Superconductivity Center, Heifei National Lab for Physical Science at Microscale, USTC, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Department of Electrical Engineering, Rice University, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory/FSU, University of Virginia

  • Chris Neu

    Florida State University, NHMFL, Institut Neel, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, Florida State University, Department of Physics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, Florida State University, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, Austin Peay State University, University of Pardubice, Davidson College, Covenant College, Lookout Mtn, GA 30750, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, RU, University of Tennessee Space Institute, Tullahoma, TN, USA, Sandia National Laboratories,* Albuquerque, NM, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AK, None, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State University Department of Physics and Astronomy, Florida State University and the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Faculte des Sciences et Techniques and Universite Aix-Marseille, MIT Haystack Observatory, Departments of Chemistry and Physics, University of Tennessee of Chattanooga, Departments of Chemistry and Physics, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, Western Kentucky University, Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, Newport News, VA, Fermilab, University of Virginia and Fermilab, Indiana University Bloomington, Indiana University Health Proton Therapy Center, University of North Florida, National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Michigan State University, Flordia State University, Louisiana State University, Washington University, Argonne National Laboratory, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Department of Physics, Florida State University., JINR, Tsinghua University, LBNL, LBNL/Vanderbilt University, Vanderbilt University, Florida A\&M University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Department of Physics, Virginia Tech, Gatton Academy, Exeter University, Florida International University, Office of Research, University of North Florida, Physics Department, University of North Florida, NSCL, Michigan State University, Physics Department, Florida State University, University of Tennessee-Knoxville, Neel Institut, Kazan Federal University, Bielefeld University, Ben Gurion University, LCIB - CEA, University of Georgia, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, NHMFL, Tallahassee, USA, Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, NHMFL, Tallahassee FL 32310 USA, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany, Wigner Research Center for Physics, Budapest, Hungary, Experimental physics II, University of Augsburg, Germany, Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, IM2NP-CNRS (UMR 7334) and Universite Aix-Marseille, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory Applied Superconductivity Center, Heifei National Lab for Physical Science at Microscale, USTC, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Department of Electrical Engineering, Rice University, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory/FSU, University of Virginia

  • Chris Neu

    Florida State University, NHMFL, Institut Neel, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, Florida State University, Department of Physics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, Florida State University, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, Austin Peay State University, University of Pardubice, Davidson College, Covenant College, Lookout Mtn, GA 30750, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, RU, University of Tennessee Space Institute, Tullahoma, TN, USA, Sandia National Laboratories,* Albuquerque, NM, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AK, None, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State University Department of Physics and Astronomy, Florida State University and the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Faculte des Sciences et Techniques and Universite Aix-Marseille, MIT Haystack Observatory, Departments of Chemistry and Physics, University of Tennessee of Chattanooga, Departments of Chemistry and Physics, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, Western Kentucky University, Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, Newport News, VA, Fermilab, University of Virginia and Fermilab, Indiana University Bloomington, Indiana University Health Proton Therapy Center, University of North Florida, National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Michigan State University, Flordia State University, Louisiana State University, Washington University, Argonne National Laboratory, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Department of Physics, Florida State University., JINR, Tsinghua University, LBNL, LBNL/Vanderbilt University, Vanderbilt University, Florida A\&M University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Department of Physics, Virginia Tech, Gatton Academy, Exeter University, Florida International University, Office of Research, University of North Florida, Physics Department, University of North Florida, NSCL, Michigan State University, Physics Department, Florida State University, University of Tennessee-Knoxville, Neel Institut, Kazan Federal University, Bielefeld University, Ben Gurion University, LCIB - CEA, University of Georgia, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, NHMFL, Tallahassee, USA, Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, NHMFL, Tallahassee FL 32310 USA, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany, Wigner Research Center for Physics, Budapest, Hungary, Experimental physics II, University of Augsburg, Germany, Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, IM2NP-CNRS (UMR 7334) and Universite Aix-Marseille, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory Applied Superconductivity Center, Heifei National Lab for Physical Science at Microscale, USTC, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Department of Electrical Engineering, Rice University, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory/FSU, University of Virginia

  • Chris Neu

    Florida State University, NHMFL, Institut Neel, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, Florida State University, Department of Physics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, Florida State University, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, Austin Peay State University, University of Pardubice, Davidson College, Covenant College, Lookout Mtn, GA 30750, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, RU, University of Tennessee Space Institute, Tullahoma, TN, USA, Sandia National Laboratories,* Albuquerque, NM, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AK, None, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State University Department of Physics and Astronomy, Florida State University and the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Faculte des Sciences et Techniques and Universite Aix-Marseille, MIT Haystack Observatory, Departments of Chemistry and Physics, University of Tennessee of Chattanooga, Departments of Chemistry and Physics, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, Western Kentucky University, Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, Newport News, VA, Fermilab, University of Virginia and Fermilab, Indiana University Bloomington, Indiana University Health Proton Therapy Center, University of North Florida, National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Michigan State University, Flordia State University, Louisiana State University, Washington University, Argonne National Laboratory, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Department of Physics, Florida State University., JINR, Tsinghua University, LBNL, LBNL/Vanderbilt University, Vanderbilt University, Florida A\&M University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Department of Physics, Virginia Tech, Gatton Academy, Exeter University, Florida International University, Office of Research, University of North Florida, Physics Department, University of North Florida, NSCL, Michigan State University, Physics Department, Florida State University, University of Tennessee-Knoxville, Neel Institut, Kazan Federal University, Bielefeld University, Ben Gurion University, LCIB - CEA, University of Georgia, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, NHMFL, Tallahassee, USA, Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, NHMFL, Tallahassee FL 32310 USA, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany, Wigner Research Center for Physics, Budapest, Hungary, Experimental physics II, University of Augsburg, Germany, Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, IM2NP-CNRS (UMR 7334) and Universite Aix-Marseille, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory Applied Superconductivity Center, Heifei National Lab for Physical Science at Microscale, USTC, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Department of Electrical Engineering, Rice University, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory/FSU, University of Virginia

  • Chris Neu

    Florida State University, NHMFL, Institut Neel, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, Florida State University, Department of Physics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, Florida State University, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, Austin Peay State University, University of Pardubice, Davidson College, Covenant College, Lookout Mtn, GA 30750, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, RU, University of Tennessee Space Institute, Tullahoma, TN, USA, Sandia National Laboratories,* Albuquerque, NM, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AK, None, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State University Department of Physics and Astronomy, Florida State University and the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Faculte des Sciences et Techniques and Universite Aix-Marseille, MIT Haystack Observatory, Departments of Chemistry and Physics, University of Tennessee of Chattanooga, Departments of Chemistry and Physics, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, Western Kentucky University, Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, Newport News, VA, Fermilab, University of Virginia and Fermilab, Indiana University Bloomington, Indiana University Health Proton Therapy Center, University of North Florida, National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Michigan State University, Flordia State University, Louisiana State University, Washington University, Argonne National Laboratory, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Department of Physics, Florida State University., JINR, Tsinghua University, LBNL, LBNL/Vanderbilt University, Vanderbilt University, Florida A\&M University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Department of Physics, Virginia Tech, Gatton Academy, Exeter University, Florida International University, Office of Research, University of North Florida, Physics Department, University of North Florida, NSCL, Michigan State University, Physics Department, Florida State University, University of Tennessee-Knoxville, Neel Institut, Kazan Federal University, Bielefeld University, Ben Gurion University, LCIB - CEA, University of Georgia, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, NHMFL, Tallahassee, USA, Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, NHMFL, Tallahassee FL 32310 USA, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany, Wigner Research Center for Physics, Budapest, Hungary, Experimental physics II, University of Augsburg, Germany, Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, IM2NP-CNRS (UMR 7334) and Universite Aix-Marseille, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory Applied Superconductivity Center, Heifei National Lab for Physical Science at Microscale, USTC, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Department of Electrical Engineering, Rice University, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory/FSU, University of Virginia

  • Chris Neu

    Florida State University, NHMFL, Institut Neel, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, Florida State University, Department of Physics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, Florida State University, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, Austin Peay State University, University of Pardubice, Davidson College, Covenant College, Lookout Mtn, GA 30750, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, RU, University of Tennessee Space Institute, Tullahoma, TN, USA, Sandia National Laboratories,* Albuquerque, NM, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AK, None, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State University Department of Physics and Astronomy, Florida State University and the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Faculte des Sciences et Techniques and Universite Aix-Marseille, MIT Haystack Observatory, Departments of Chemistry and Physics, University of Tennessee of Chattanooga, Departments of Chemistry and Physics, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, Western Kentucky University, Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, Newport News, VA, Fermilab, University of Virginia and Fermilab, Indiana University Bloomington, Indiana University Health Proton Therapy Center, University of North Florida, National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Michigan State University, Flordia State University, Louisiana State University, Washington University, Argonne National Laboratory, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Department of Physics, Florida State University., JINR, Tsinghua University, LBNL, LBNL/Vanderbilt University, Vanderbilt University, Florida A\&M University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Department of Physics, Virginia Tech, Gatton Academy, Exeter University, Florida International University, Office of Research, University of North Florida, Physics Department, University of North Florida, NSCL, Michigan State University, Physics Department, Florida State University, University of Tennessee-Knoxville, Neel Institut, Kazan Federal University, Bielefeld University, Ben Gurion University, LCIB - CEA, University of Georgia, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, NHMFL, Tallahassee, USA, Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, NHMFL, Tallahassee FL 32310 USA, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany, Wigner Research Center for Physics, Budapest, Hungary, Experimental physics II, University of Augsburg, Germany, Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, IM2NP-CNRS (UMR 7334) and Universite Aix-Marseille, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory Applied Superconductivity Center, Heifei National Lab for Physical Science at Microscale, USTC, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Department of Electrical Engineering, Rice University, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory/FSU, University of Virginia

  • Chris Neu

    Florida State University, NHMFL, Institut Neel, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, Florida State University, Department of Physics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, Florida State University, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, Austin Peay State University, University of Pardubice, Davidson College, Covenant College, Lookout Mtn, GA 30750, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, RU, University of Tennessee Space Institute, Tullahoma, TN, USA, Sandia National Laboratories,* Albuquerque, NM, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AK, None, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State University Department of Physics and Astronomy, Florida State University and the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Faculte des Sciences et Techniques and Universite Aix-Marseille, MIT Haystack Observatory, Departments of Chemistry and Physics, University of Tennessee of Chattanooga, Departments of Chemistry and Physics, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, Western Kentucky University, Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, Newport News, VA, Fermilab, University of Virginia and Fermilab, Indiana University Bloomington, Indiana University Health Proton Therapy Center, University of North Florida, National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Michigan State University, Flordia State University, Louisiana State University, Washington University, Argonne National Laboratory, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Department of Physics, Florida State University., JINR, Tsinghua University, LBNL, LBNL/Vanderbilt University, Vanderbilt University, Florida A\&M University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Department of Physics, Virginia Tech, Gatton Academy, Exeter University, Florida International University, Office of Research, University of North Florida, Physics Department, University of North Florida, NSCL, Michigan State University, Physics Department, Florida State University, University of Tennessee-Knoxville, Neel Institut, Kazan Federal University, Bielefeld University, Ben Gurion University, LCIB - CEA, University of Georgia, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, NHMFL, Tallahassee, USA, Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, NHMFL, Tallahassee FL 32310 USA, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany, Wigner Research Center for Physics, Budapest, Hungary, Experimental physics II, University of Augsburg, Germany, Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, IM2NP-CNRS (UMR 7334) and Universite Aix-Marseille, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory Applied Superconductivity Center, Heifei National Lab for Physical Science at Microscale, USTC, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Department of Electrical Engineering, Rice University, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory/FSU, University of Virginia