Nanoparticles and Their Biomedicinal Applications for the Treatment of Autoimmune System Disorder

Fullerene derivatives are known as significant antioxidants and are characterized as "radical sponges due to their unique properties and potential synergistic effects when used together with other molecules. Fullerenes have shown potential in crossing biological barriers and generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) upon irradiation with light. Modifying fullerenes is crucial to improve their effectiveness in photodynamic therapy (PDT), which uses light to activate photosensitizers to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can kill pathogens. Functionalization of fullerenes, such as hydroxylation or carboxylation, was performed to reduce the cytotoxicity and improve the biocompatibility of the fullerenes when they enter cells through passive diffusion and endocytosis.

Porphyrins, a group of heterocyclic macrocycle organic compounds, produce singlet oxygen and other types of ROS upon light irradiation, leading to cell death primarily through apoptotic pathways. The combination of fullerene and porphyrins in PDT can potentially leverage the strengths of both photosensitizers by enhanced ROS production and broadened absorption spectrum. Also, fulvic acid was investigated for its potential uses for immune disorders.

In this paper, these molecules were combined to achieve a synergistic effect so that the overall photodynamic action can be greater than the sum of their individual effects. For example, we observed an energy transfer between the fullerene and porphyrin molecules. To investigate the stability and activity of the molecules, which are the factors used to check immunological efficacy, we assessed the thermodynamic, spectroscopic, and stereochemical properties of compounds of fullerene and porphyrin derivatives. We used molecular editing programs to model, optimize, and compare the resulting outcomes from the test for the derivatives.