Intermediate and High Strain-Rate testing of Soft Materials

ORAL

Abstract

Strain-gauged bars are often employed as load cells for direct impact testing of materials and are incorporated within the split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB). Low impedance bars (e.g. magnesium or polymer bars) are desirable when testing soft specimens such as various energetic materials and cellular solids. However, due to the rheological properties of polymer bars, wave dispersion and attenuation occurs. For relatively large diameter bars and high frequency waves, geometrical wave dispersion due to radial inertia also occurs. As a result, the elementary one-dimensional wave theory can only predict accurately the propagation of stress waves along the bar within a limited frequency range. The spectral element method (SEM) is a powerful tool for the analysis of propagating stress waves in structures. In this paper the SEM is applied to the SHPB to obtain the stress-strain curves of specimens under investigation. To demonstrate the technique experimental results for balsa wood and aluminium foam using both magnesium alloy and PMMA bars are provided. Approximate four-mode rod theory applicable to viscoelastic bars is used to correct for geometrical dispersion. The results are compared with lower-order approximations.

–

Authors

  • J.M. Winey

    Impact Physics Lab, University of Dayton Research Institute, Dayton, OH 45469, IPCP RAS, Marquette University, PCS, Cavendish Laboratory, UK, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Institute for Shock Physics, Washington State University, RRC Kurchatov Institute, Institute for High Energy Densities Russian Academy of Science, LLNL, Laboratory for Laser Energetics, U. of Rochester, UR/LLE, LBL, UBC, DPTA, CEA-DAM (France), T- Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, UC Berkeley, LLE, CEA, PCS, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK, AWE, Aldermaston, Reading, UK, Sandia National Laboratories, Naval Surface Warfare Center, Carderock Division, West Bethesda, MD 20817-5700, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, Peter Lee Consulting Ltd, RFNC-VNIITF, Snezhinsk, Russia, Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, 142432, Chernogolovka, Moscow Region, Russia, Novosibirsk State Technical University, K. Marx Ave, 20, 630092, Novosibirsk, Russia, Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford, Rutgers University, Physics and Chemistry of Solids Group, Cavendish Laboratory, UK, Department of Petrology of Moscow State University, Institute for High Energy Densities RAS, UCSD, LANL, AWE, Univ. of Oxford, Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, CEA - DAM Ile de France - DPTA/PMC - France, Cranfield University, QinetiQ, Ively Road, Farnborough, Hampshire, GU14 0LX, UK, CEA/DAM, RFNC-VNIITF, RFNC - VNIIEF, TAM, University of Illinois, DX-1, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Naval Surface Warfare Center Dahlgren Laboratory, Dahlgren, VA 22448-5100, Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, University of California, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, Metals and Ceramics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, Kyushu University, Energetic Materials Center, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, Russian Federal Nuclear Center All-Russia Scientific Research Institute of Experimental Physics, Savor, Russia, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Washington State University, US Army Research Office, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, RFNC-VNIIEF, Sarov, Russia, IHED RAS, Moscow, Russia, Applied Mechanics and Engineering Science, University of California - San Diego, QinetiQ plc, Fort Halstead, Sevenoaks, Kent UK, Alpine, UT 84004, RFNC-VNIIEF, U.S. Army TACOM-ARDEC, Picatinny, NJ 07806 USA, General Atomics, San Diego, CA 92121 USA, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso. TX 79968 USA, RAFAEL, P.O. Box 2250, Haifa, Israel, Tokyo Institute of Technology, PCS, Cavendish Laboratory, Madingley Road, Cambridge, B3 0HE, UK, CORVID Technologies, 149 Plantation Ridge Drive, Suite 170, Mooresville, NC 28117, USA, Marquette University, Department of Mechanical Engineering,1515 W.Wisconsin, Milwaukee WI 53233, USA, Albuquerque, NM, Department of Extreme States of Matter, Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics RAS, Chernogolovka, 142432 Moscow Region, Russia, Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge MA, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA 02138, Naval Surface Warfare Center, Dahlgren Laboratory, Dahlgren, VA 22448-5100, Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Institute for Shock Physics, University of California-Berkeley, Lawrence Livermore National Lab, LLE, Univ Rochester, University of Osaka, University of Belfast, CEA Bruy\`{e}res le chatel, Observatoire de Meudon, Ecole Polytechnique, U.C. Berkeley, University of Rochester, Moscow Engineering Physics Institute (State University), Russian Federal Nuclear Center – Institute of Technical Physics, P. O. Box 245, Snezhinsk, Chelyabinsk region, 456770 Russia, Beijing Institute of Technology, TAM, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, MIE, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USAFRL, Munitions Directorate, Eglin AFB, University of Cambridge, Cavendish Laboratory, Madingley Road, Cambridge, UK. CB3 0HE, Harvard University, Cambridge MA 02138, Naval Surface Warfare Center, Center for Energetic Concepts Development, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, Sandia National laboratory, Albuquerque, NM 87185, School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, RFNC--VNIIEF, 607190, Sarov, Russia, AWE, Aldermaston, Reading, RG7 4PR, UK, UCSD, La Jolla, CA 92093, Research Center of Dynamics of the St.-Petersburg State University, RFNC-VNIIEF, 607190, Sarov, Russia, VNIIEF, Dept. of Mech. Eng., Sojo University, Kumamoto, 860-0082, Japan, Shock Wave and Condensed Matter Research Center, Kumamoto University, Graduate student, Kumamoto University, University of Missouri-Columbia, U.S. Army Research Office, Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics of Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute for High Energy Densities of Russian Academy of Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Energetic Materials Center, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, University of Manchester, P.O. Box 88, Sackville Street, Manchester, M60 1QD, United Kingdom., Defence Academy of the United Kingdom, Cranfield University, Shrivenham, Swindon, SN6 8LA, United Kingdom., RFNC-VNIITF, Snezhinsk, RFNC-VNIITF, Russia, BAE Land Systems, Atomic Weapons Establishment, Aldermaston, Reading, Berkshire, RG7 4PR, United Kingdom., University of Texas at Austin, Research Center for Explosion Safety, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Faculty of Engineering and Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, Laboratorie pour l'Utilisation des Lasers Intenses, Ecole Polytechnique, Materials and Structures Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Caltech, University of Florida, Shalimar, FL, USA, AFRL, Eglin AFB, FL, USA, University of Cassino, Chemistry Department, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, IHED RAS, Kansei Fukushi Laboratory, Tohoku Fukushi University, Institute for Materials Reserch, Tohoku Univeisity, Materials and Structural Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Osaka Univ., Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang Natl. Lab. for Matls. Sci., Inst. of Metal, China, Mat. Sci and Eng. Program, University of California, San Diego, Paul Scherrer Institute, University of Manchester, Kansei Fukushi Research Center, Tohoku Fukushi University, Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, University of Manchester, Manchester M60 1QD, UK, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA, Kumamoto University, DRDC-Suffield, Canada, McGill University, Canada, Chinese Academy of Physical Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Michigan Tech University

  • J.M. Winey

    Impact Physics Lab, University of Dayton Research Institute, Dayton, OH 45469, IPCP RAS, Marquette University, PCS, Cavendish Laboratory, UK, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Institute for Shock Physics, Washington State University, RRC Kurchatov Institute, Institute for High Energy Densities Russian Academy of Science, LLNL, Laboratory for Laser Energetics, U. of Rochester, UR/LLE, LBL, UBC, DPTA, CEA-DAM (France), T- Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, UC Berkeley, LLE, CEA, PCS, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK, AWE, Aldermaston, Reading, UK, Sandia National Laboratories, Naval Surface Warfare Center, Carderock Division, West Bethesda, MD 20817-5700, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, Peter Lee Consulting Ltd, RFNC-VNIITF, Snezhinsk, Russia, Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, 142432, Chernogolovka, Moscow Region, Russia, Novosibirsk State Technical University, K. Marx Ave, 20, 630092, Novosibirsk, Russia, Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford, Rutgers University, Physics and Chemistry of Solids Group, Cavendish Laboratory, UK, Department of Petrology of Moscow State University, Institute for High Energy Densities RAS, UCSD, LANL, AWE, Univ. of Oxford, Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, CEA - DAM Ile de France - DPTA/PMC - France, Cranfield University, QinetiQ, Ively Road, Farnborough, Hampshire, GU14 0LX, UK, CEA/DAM, RFNC-VNIITF, RFNC - VNIIEF, TAM, University of Illinois, DX-1, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Naval Surface Warfare Center Dahlgren Laboratory, Dahlgren, VA 22448-5100, Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, University of California, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, Metals and Ceramics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, Kyushu University, Energetic Materials Center, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, Russian Federal Nuclear Center All-Russia Scientific Research Institute of Experimental Physics, Savor, Russia, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Washington State University, US Army Research Office, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, RFNC-VNIIEF, Sarov, Russia, IHED RAS, Moscow, Russia, Applied Mechanics and Engineering Science, University of California - San Diego, QinetiQ plc, Fort Halstead, Sevenoaks, Kent UK, Alpine, UT 84004, RFNC-VNIIEF, U.S. Army TACOM-ARDEC, Picatinny, NJ 07806 USA, General Atomics, San Diego, CA 92121 USA, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso. TX 79968 USA, RAFAEL, P.O. Box 2250, Haifa, Israel, Tokyo Institute of Technology, PCS, Cavendish Laboratory, Madingley Road, Cambridge, B3 0HE, UK, CORVID Technologies, 149 Plantation Ridge Drive, Suite 170, Mooresville, NC 28117, USA, Marquette University, Department of Mechanical Engineering,1515 W.Wisconsin, Milwaukee WI 53233, USA, Albuquerque, NM, Department of Extreme States of Matter, Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics RAS, Chernogolovka, 142432 Moscow Region, Russia, Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge MA, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA 02138, Naval Surface Warfare Center, Dahlgren Laboratory, Dahlgren, VA 22448-5100, Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Institute for Shock Physics, University of California-Berkeley, Lawrence Livermore National Lab, LLE, Univ Rochester, University of Osaka, University of Belfast, CEA Bruy\`{e}res le chatel, Observatoire de Meudon, Ecole Polytechnique, U.C. Berkeley, University of Rochester, Moscow Engineering Physics Institute (State University), Russian Federal Nuclear Center – Institute of Technical Physics, P. O. Box 245, Snezhinsk, Chelyabinsk region, 456770 Russia, Beijing Institute of Technology, TAM, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, MIE, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USAFRL, Munitions Directorate, Eglin AFB, University of Cambridge, Cavendish Laboratory, Madingley Road, Cambridge, UK. CB3 0HE, Harvard University, Cambridge MA 02138, Naval Surface Warfare Center, Center for Energetic Concepts Development, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, Sandia National laboratory, Albuquerque, NM 87185, School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, RFNC--VNIIEF, 607190, Sarov, Russia, AWE, Aldermaston, Reading, RG7 4PR, UK, UCSD, La Jolla, CA 92093, Research Center of Dynamics of the St.-Petersburg State University, RFNC-VNIIEF, 607190, Sarov, Russia, VNIIEF, Dept. of Mech. Eng., Sojo University, Kumamoto, 860-0082, Japan, Shock Wave and Condensed Matter Research Center, Kumamoto University, Graduate student, Kumamoto University, University of Missouri-Columbia, U.S. Army Research Office, Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics of Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute for High Energy Densities of Russian Academy of Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Energetic Materials Center, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, University of Manchester, P.O. Box 88, Sackville Street, Manchester, M60 1QD, United Kingdom., Defence Academy of the United Kingdom, Cranfield University, Shrivenham, Swindon, SN6 8LA, United Kingdom., RFNC-VNIITF, Snezhinsk, RFNC-VNIITF, Russia, BAE Land Systems, Atomic Weapons Establishment, Aldermaston, Reading, Berkshire, RG7 4PR, United Kingdom., University of Texas at Austin, Research Center for Explosion Safety, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Faculty of Engineering and Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, Laboratorie pour l'Utilisation des Lasers Intenses, Ecole Polytechnique, Materials and Structures Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Caltech, University of Florida, Shalimar, FL, USA, AFRL, Eglin AFB, FL, USA, University of Cassino, Chemistry Department, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, IHED RAS, Kansei Fukushi Laboratory, Tohoku Fukushi University, Institute for Materials Reserch, Tohoku Univeisity, Materials and Structural Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Osaka Univ., Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang Natl. Lab. for Matls. Sci., Inst. of Metal, China, Mat. Sci and Eng. Program, University of California, San Diego, Paul Scherrer Institute, University of Manchester, Kansei Fukushi Research Center, Tohoku Fukushi University, Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, University of Manchester, Manchester M60 1QD, UK, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA, Kumamoto University, DRDC-Suffield, Canada, McGill University, Canada, Chinese Academy of Physical Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Michigan Tech University

  • J.J. Harrigan

    University of Manchester