Shock-induced turbulence and dissipative structures in copper

A shock-wave loading under uniaxial strain conditions of polycrystalline M3 copper reveals a threshold nucleation of dissipative structures of 15$\div$25 \textit{$\mu$m} in diameter. Where observed the turbulent-like formations lie in the grains favorable oriented respectively shock wave propagation direction. Each structure consists of networks of parallel or mutual perpendicular shear bands of 100$\div$300 \textit{nm} spacing, so the size of elementary cell restricted by shear bands in their scale belong to nanostructure. Macroscopically, momentum and energy expended on formation of the structures is quantitatively characterized by ``deficit of particle velocity'' - difference between impact velocity under symmetrical collision and free surface velocity of shock loaded plane target. There is a threshold strain rate higher which the deficit of particle velocity begins to grow very fast and simultaneously the hardness and spall-strength of material grow in the same manner.