Alternate Methods to Experimentally Investigate Shock Initiation Properties of Explosives

ORAL

Abstract

Reactive flow models are desired for many new explosives early in the formulation development stage. Traditionally, these models are parameterized by carefully-controlled 1-D shock experiments, including gas-gun testing with embedded gauges and wedge testing with explosive plane wave lenses (PWL). These experiments are easy to interpret, due to their 1-D nature, but are generally expensive to perform, and cannot be performed at all explosive test facilities. We investigate alternative methods to probe shock-initiation behavior of new explosives using widely-available pentolite gap test donors and simple time-of-arrival type diagnostics. These methods can be performed at a low cost at virtually any explosives testing facility, which allows experimental data to parameterize reactive flow models to be collected much earlier in the development of an explosive formulation. However, the fundamentally 2-D nature of these tests may increase the modeling burden in parameterizing these models, and reduce general applicability. Several variations of the so-called modified gap test were investigated and evaluated for suitability as an alternative to established 1-D gas gun and PWL techniques. At least partial agreement with 1-D test methods was observed for the explosives tested, and future work is planned to scope the applicability and limitations of these experimental techniques.

–

Authors

  • Forrest Svingala

    Naval Surface Warfare Center Indian Head EOD Technical Division, NSWC IHEODTD, NSWC Indian Head EODTD

  • Ivan Oleynik

    University of South Florida, University of Cambridge, AWE, CEA DAM CESTA, CEA DAM DIF, Southwest Res Inst, Sandia National Laboratories, Institute of Microstructure and Property of Advanced Materials, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China, Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Beijing, China, Laboratory for Shock Wave and Detonation Physics Research, Institute of Fluid Physics, CAEP, Mianyang, China, IPPS, Kumamoto Univ., Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, University of Cincinnati, Retired, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Washington State University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Natl Defense Academy, Institute for Computer Aided Design, RAS, Russia, All-Russia Research Institute of Automatics, ROSATOM, Russia, Landau Institute for Theoretical Physics, RAS, Russia, SNRC, Ben Gurion University, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, University of California San Diego, The Ohio State University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Max-Planck-Institut f\"ur die Physik Komplexer Systeme, 01187 Dresden, Germany, Centre for Fusion, Space and Astrophysics, Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom, Manchester X-ray Imaging Facility, School of Materials, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL,, Centre for Matter under Extreme Conditions, School of Materials, University of Manchester, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0, Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, United Kingdom., Cranfield Defence and Security, Cranfield University, Shrivenham, Swindon, Wiltshire SN6 8LA, United Kingdom., National Defense Academy, Institute of Shock Physics, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London, UK SW7 2BW, Diamond Light Source, Beamline I12 (JEEP), Didcot, Oxforshire, UK OX11 ODE, LLNL, University of Rostock, Institute of Physics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Army Research Laboratory, University of Maryland, LLNL, CA, AWE, UK, University of York, University of Oxford, Institute of Shock Physics, Imperial College London, Imperial College London, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Centre for Blast Injury Studies, Imperial College London, Blast Injury \& Survivability Research Unit, University of Cape Town, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Photon Science, Stanford University, USA, Centre for Ultrafast Optical Science, University of Michigan, USA, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, NIF and Photon Sciences, USA, John Adams Institute for Accelerator Science, Imperial College London, UK, Institute of Shock Physics, Imperial College London, UK, AWE Aldermaston, Cambridge, QinetiQ, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore MD 21218, Hopkins Extreme Materials Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore MD 21218, U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA, U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA, Hopkins Extreme Materials Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore MD 21218, MU, TU / MU, Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Seoul National University, cea/dam, CEA/DAM, MXIF, School of Materials, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL,, UMARI, School of Materials, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL,, CMEC, The University of Manchester, Research Complex at Harwell Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0FA, United Kingdom., School of Engineering and Information Technology, UNSW Australia, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Cranfield University, The University of Manchester, Consultant, University of Warwick, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, European XFEL, AWE, PLC, University of Trento, Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan, Joint Institute for High Temperatures of the Russian Academy of Sciences (JIHT RAS), University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620, Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics of Russian Academy of Sciences, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Ben Gurion University, Beer Sheva, Israel, University of New South Wales, School of Engineering and Information Technology, UNSW Canberra, CSIRO Manufacturing Flagship, Clayton VIC, Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics Lab, Georgia Institute of Techhnology, CEA, All-Russia Research Institute of Automatics, CAEP, USTC, NASA Ames Research Center, NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, Brown University, Arizona State University, DGA-DS-MRIS, 92221 Bagneux, France, DGA-TN, 83050 Toulon, France, Aix-Marseille University, 13453 Marseille Cedex 13, France, RS2N, 83640 Saint-Zacharie, France, CEA Gramat, 46500 Gramat, Samara State Technical University, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Technische Universitat Dresden, McGill University, Department of Applied Mathematics, Australian National University, MST-8, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Univ. of Florida, Sejong University, OSU, Sandia National Labs, National Institute for Materials Science, Hiroshima University, RAFAEL, Haifa, Israel., Harbin Institute of Technology, NRCN, United States Navy, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratories, General Atomics, School of Materials, University of Manchester, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0FA, United Kingdom, Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, United Kingdom, U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 U.S.A., Moscow State University, Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics RAS, Tomsk State University, Contractor, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Tokyo, Japan, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Tokushima, Japan, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan, Institute for Academic Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan, Quantum Beam Science Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Japan, All-Russia Research Institute of Automatics, ROSATOM, Moscow, Russia, L. D. Landau Institute for Theoretical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Russia, Joint Institute for High Temperatures, RAS, Russia, Universit\"at Rostock, Los Alamos Natl Lab, University of Rochester Laboratory for Laser Energetics, MATSYS, Inc., UC-Berkeley, SLAC, WSU, LANL, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China, University of Arizona, The University of Texas, The University of New Mexico, Diamond Light Source, Beamline I12 (JEEP), Didcot, Oxfordshire, UK OX11 0DE, Kyushu University, Itochu Techno-Solutions Corporation, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Kumamoto University, University of Rostock, Army Research Development and Engineering Center, Air Force Research Laboratory, Argonne National Laboratory, National Security Technologies, ARDEC, ARL Aberdeen Proving Ground, NSWC Indian Head EODTD, Sandia National Laboratories*, RAFAEL, Physics Department and Research Center OPTIMAS, University Kaiserslautern, Instituto de Ciencias B\'asicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, UN Cuyo, Argentina, Univ of California - San Diego, Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Oxford University, Atomic Weapons Establishment, Sandia National Laboratory, Sandia Natl Labs, UC Berkeley, University of California - Berkeley, Imperial College, Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Cranfield Defence and Security, Cranfield University, Shrivenham, Swindon, SN6 8LA, United Kingdom, Cranfield Defence and Security, Cranfield University, School of Engineering and Information Technology, UNSW Canberra., Institute of Fluid Physics, CAEP, Mianyang, 621999, University of Southern California, NSTec, Caltech, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL

  • Ivan Oleynik

    University of South Florida, University of Cambridge, AWE, CEA DAM CESTA, CEA DAM DIF, Southwest Res Inst, Sandia National Laboratories, Institute of Microstructure and Property of Advanced Materials, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China, Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Beijing, China, Laboratory for Shock Wave and Detonation Physics Research, Institute of Fluid Physics, CAEP, Mianyang, China, IPPS, Kumamoto Univ., Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, University of Cincinnati, Retired, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Washington State University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Natl Defense Academy, Institute for Computer Aided Design, RAS, Russia, All-Russia Research Institute of Automatics, ROSATOM, Russia, Landau Institute for Theoretical Physics, RAS, Russia, SNRC, Ben Gurion University, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, University of California San Diego, The Ohio State University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Max-Planck-Institut f\"ur die Physik Komplexer Systeme, 01187 Dresden, Germany, Centre for Fusion, Space and Astrophysics, Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom, Manchester X-ray Imaging Facility, School of Materials, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL,, Centre for Matter under Extreme Conditions, School of Materials, University of Manchester, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0, Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, United Kingdom., Cranfield Defence and Security, Cranfield University, Shrivenham, Swindon, Wiltshire SN6 8LA, United Kingdom., National Defense Academy, Institute of Shock Physics, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London, UK SW7 2BW, Diamond Light Source, Beamline I12 (JEEP), Didcot, Oxforshire, UK OX11 ODE, LLNL, University of Rostock, Institute of Physics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Army Research Laboratory, University of Maryland, LLNL, CA, AWE, UK, University of York, University of Oxford, Institute of Shock Physics, Imperial College London, Imperial College London, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Centre for Blast Injury Studies, Imperial College London, Blast Injury \& Survivability Research Unit, University of Cape Town, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Photon Science, Stanford University, USA, Centre for Ultrafast Optical Science, University of Michigan, USA, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, NIF and Photon Sciences, USA, John Adams Institute for Accelerator Science, Imperial College London, UK, Institute of Shock Physics, Imperial College London, UK, AWE Aldermaston, Cambridge, QinetiQ, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore MD 21218, Hopkins Extreme Materials Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore MD 21218, U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA, U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA, Hopkins Extreme Materials Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore MD 21218, MU, TU / MU, Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Seoul National University, cea/dam, CEA/DAM, MXIF, School of Materials, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL,, UMARI, School of Materials, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL,, CMEC, The University of Manchester, Research Complex at Harwell Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0FA, United Kingdom., School of Engineering and Information Technology, UNSW Australia, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Cranfield University, The University of Manchester, Consultant, University of Warwick, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, European XFEL, AWE, PLC, University of Trento, Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan, Joint Institute for High Temperatures of the Russian Academy of Sciences (JIHT RAS), University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620, Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics of Russian Academy of Sciences, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Ben Gurion University, Beer Sheva, Israel, University of New South Wales, School of Engineering and Information Technology, UNSW Canberra, CSIRO Manufacturing Flagship, Clayton VIC, Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics Lab, Georgia Institute of Techhnology, CEA, All-Russia Research Institute of Automatics, CAEP, USTC, NASA Ames Research Center, NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, Brown University, Arizona State University, DGA-DS-MRIS, 92221 Bagneux, France, DGA-TN, 83050 Toulon, France, Aix-Marseille University, 13453 Marseille Cedex 13, France, RS2N, 83640 Saint-Zacharie, France, CEA Gramat, 46500 Gramat, Samara State Technical University, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Technische Universitat Dresden, McGill University, Department of Applied Mathematics, Australian National University, MST-8, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Univ. of Florida, Sejong University, OSU, Sandia National Labs, National Institute for Materials Science, Hiroshima University, RAFAEL, Haifa, Israel., Harbin Institute of Technology, NRCN, United States Navy, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratories, General Atomics, School of Materials, University of Manchester, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0FA, United Kingdom, Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, United Kingdom, U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 U.S.A., Moscow State University, Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics RAS, Tomsk State University, Contractor, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Tokyo, Japan, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Tokushima, Japan, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan, Institute for Academic Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan, Quantum Beam Science Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Japan, All-Russia Research Institute of Automatics, ROSATOM, Moscow, Russia, L. D. Landau Institute for Theoretical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Russia, Joint Institute for High Temperatures, RAS, Russia, Universit\"at Rostock, Los Alamos Natl Lab, University of Rochester Laboratory for Laser Energetics, MATSYS, Inc., UC-Berkeley, SLAC, WSU, LANL, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China, University of Arizona, The University of Texas, The University of New Mexico, Diamond Light Source, Beamline I12 (JEEP), Didcot, Oxfordshire, UK OX11 0DE, Kyushu University, Itochu Techno-Solutions Corporation, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Kumamoto University, University of Rostock, Army Research Development and Engineering Center, Air Force Research Laboratory, Argonne National Laboratory, National Security Technologies, ARDEC, ARL Aberdeen Proving Ground, NSWC Indian Head EODTD, Sandia National Laboratories*, RAFAEL, Physics Department and Research Center OPTIMAS, University Kaiserslautern, Instituto de Ciencias B\'asicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, UN Cuyo, Argentina, Univ of California - San Diego, Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Oxford University, Atomic Weapons Establishment, Sandia National Laboratory, Sandia Natl Labs, UC Berkeley, University of California - Berkeley, Imperial College, Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Cranfield Defence and Security, Cranfield University, Shrivenham, Swindon, SN6 8LA, United Kingdom, Cranfield Defence and Security, Cranfield University, School of Engineering and Information Technology, UNSW Canberra., Institute of Fluid Physics, CAEP, Mianyang, 621999, University of Southern California, NSTec, Caltech, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL

  • Ivan Oleynik

    University of South Florida, University of Cambridge, AWE, CEA DAM CESTA, CEA DAM DIF, Southwest Res Inst, Sandia National Laboratories, Institute of Microstructure and Property of Advanced Materials, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China, Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Beijing, China, Laboratory for Shock Wave and Detonation Physics Research, Institute of Fluid Physics, CAEP, Mianyang, China, IPPS, Kumamoto Univ., Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, University of Cincinnati, Retired, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Washington State University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Natl Defense Academy, Institute for Computer Aided Design, RAS, Russia, All-Russia Research Institute of Automatics, ROSATOM, Russia, Landau Institute for Theoretical Physics, RAS, Russia, SNRC, Ben Gurion University, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, University of California San Diego, The Ohio State University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Max-Planck-Institut f\"ur die Physik Komplexer Systeme, 01187 Dresden, Germany, Centre for Fusion, Space and Astrophysics, Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom, Manchester X-ray Imaging Facility, School of Materials, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL,, Centre for Matter under Extreme Conditions, School of Materials, University of Manchester, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0, Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, United Kingdom., Cranfield Defence and Security, Cranfield University, Shrivenham, Swindon, Wiltshire SN6 8LA, United Kingdom., National Defense Academy, Institute of Shock Physics, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London, UK SW7 2BW, Diamond Light Source, Beamline I12 (JEEP), Didcot, Oxforshire, UK OX11 ODE, LLNL, University of Rostock, Institute of Physics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Army Research Laboratory, University of Maryland, LLNL, CA, AWE, UK, University of York, University of Oxford, Institute of Shock Physics, Imperial College London, Imperial College London, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Centre for Blast Injury Studies, Imperial College London, Blast Injury \& Survivability Research Unit, University of Cape Town, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Photon Science, Stanford University, USA, Centre for Ultrafast Optical Science, University of Michigan, USA, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, NIF and Photon Sciences, USA, John Adams Institute for Accelerator Science, Imperial College London, UK, Institute of Shock Physics, Imperial College London, UK, AWE Aldermaston, Cambridge, QinetiQ, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore MD 21218, Hopkins Extreme Materials Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore MD 21218, U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA, U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA, Hopkins Extreme Materials Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore MD 21218, MU, TU / MU, Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Seoul National University, cea/dam, CEA/DAM, MXIF, School of Materials, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL,, UMARI, School of Materials, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL,, CMEC, The University of Manchester, Research Complex at Harwell Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0FA, United Kingdom., School of Engineering and Information Technology, UNSW Australia, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Cranfield University, The University of Manchester, Consultant, University of Warwick, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, European XFEL, AWE, PLC, University of Trento, Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan, Joint Institute for High Temperatures of the Russian Academy of Sciences (JIHT RAS), University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620, Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics of Russian Academy of Sciences, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Ben Gurion University, Beer Sheva, Israel, University of New South Wales, School of Engineering and Information Technology, UNSW Canberra, CSIRO Manufacturing Flagship, Clayton VIC, Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics Lab, Georgia Institute of Techhnology, CEA, All-Russia Research Institute of Automatics, CAEP, USTC, NASA Ames Research Center, NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, Brown University, Arizona State University, DGA-DS-MRIS, 92221 Bagneux, France, DGA-TN, 83050 Toulon, France, Aix-Marseille University, 13453 Marseille Cedex 13, France, RS2N, 83640 Saint-Zacharie, France, CEA Gramat, 46500 Gramat, Samara State Technical University, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Technische Universitat Dresden, McGill University, Department of Applied Mathematics, Australian National University, MST-8, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Univ. of Florida, Sejong University, OSU, Sandia National Labs, National Institute for Materials Science, Hiroshima University, RAFAEL, Haifa, Israel., Harbin Institute of Technology, NRCN, United States Navy, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratories, General Atomics, School of Materials, University of Manchester, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0FA, United Kingdom, Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, United Kingdom, U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 U.S.A., Moscow State University, Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics RAS, Tomsk State University, Contractor, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Tokyo, Japan, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Tokushima, Japan, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan, Institute for Academic Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan, Quantum Beam Science Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Japan, All-Russia Research Institute of Automatics, ROSATOM, Moscow, Russia, L. D. Landau Institute for Theoretical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Russia, Joint Institute for High Temperatures, RAS, Russia, Universit\"at Rostock, Los Alamos Natl Lab, University of Rochester Laboratory for Laser Energetics, MATSYS, Inc., UC-Berkeley, SLAC, WSU, LANL, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China, University of Arizona, The University of Texas, The University of New Mexico, Diamond Light Source, Beamline I12 (JEEP), Didcot, Oxfordshire, UK OX11 0DE, Kyushu University, Itochu Techno-Solutions Corporation, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Kumamoto University, University of Rostock, Army Research Development and Engineering Center, Air Force Research Laboratory, Argonne National Laboratory, National Security Technologies, ARDEC, ARL Aberdeen Proving Ground, NSWC Indian Head EODTD, Sandia National Laboratories*, RAFAEL, Physics Department and Research Center OPTIMAS, University Kaiserslautern, Instituto de Ciencias B\'asicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, UN Cuyo, Argentina, Univ of California - San Diego, Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Oxford University, Atomic Weapons Establishment, Sandia National Laboratory, Sandia Natl Labs, UC Berkeley, University of California - Berkeley, Imperial College, Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Cranfield Defence and Security, Cranfield University, Shrivenham, Swindon, SN6 8LA, United Kingdom, Cranfield Defence and Security, Cranfield University, School of Engineering and Information Technology, UNSW Canberra., Institute of Fluid Physics, CAEP, Mianyang, 621999, University of Southern California, NSTec, Caltech, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL