Fragmentation of a liquid tin droplet by a short laser pulse

ORAL

Abstract

Fragmentation mechanisms of a micrometer-sized liquid tin droplet irradiated by a short laser pulse are studied. Our experiments show either symmetric or asymmetric expansion of the droplet depending on laser pulse intensity. To reveal the underline processes we perform simulations complying with the experiments using the smoothed particle hydrodynamics. It is demonstrated that, as a result of fast laser energy deposition, a strong shock wave followed by a tensile wave is formed and propagates from the frontal side to the rear side of droplet. Convergence of such waves inside the droplet induces cavitation nearby the center, which causes the droplet to expand symmetrically. Reflection of a shock wave from the rear side of droplet may lead to spallation producing a thin layer moving in the laser pulse direction, which results in the asymmetrical expansion. The calculated laser intensity threshold for the rear-side spallation is higher than a threshold required for the central cavitation. The corresponding expansion velocities and thresholds agree well with the experimental results in both regimes of droplet expansion.

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Authors

  • Sergey Grigoryev

    Dukhov Research Institute of Automatics

  • Vasily Zhakhovsky

    Dukhov Research Institute of Automatics

  • Pamela Bowlan

    United States Air Force Research Laboratory, Munitions Directorate, Sandia National Laboratories, Los Alamos National Laboratories, U.S. Army Research Laboratory, SURVICE Engineering, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, AWE Aldermaston, Reading, Berkshire, RG7 4PR, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, AFRL-RW, University of Iowa, Washington State University, Qinetiq, Washington State University/Sandia National Laboratories, University of Birmingham, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Air Force Research Laboratory, University of Illinois, School of Engineering and Information Technology, The University of New South Wales, Defence Science and Technology Group, Australia, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, SNL, Dept of Physics; Centre for Blast Injury Studies, Imperial College London, Carleton University, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Argonne National Laboratory, Soreq NRC, NRC Negev, IAEC, Negev Nuclear Research Center, Israeli Atomic Energy Commission, Department of Earth and Planetary Science and Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Physics and Astronomy and Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), School of Physics and Astronomy and Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions, University of Edinburgh, University of Rochester, National Defense Academy of Japan, Department of Physics, Nuclear Research Center Negev, Israel, Department of Materials, Nuclear Research Center Negev, Israel, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Special Technologies Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, Naval Surface Warfare Center-IHEODTD, Kennesaw State University, Computational Material Sciences/Engineering, Institute of Applied Mechanics, Clausthal University of Technology, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany, Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA, CONICET and Faculty of Engineering, University of Mendoza, Mendoza, 5500, Argentina, Physics Department and Materials Research Institute, University of Texas, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA, University of Oxford, UK, University of York, UK, AWE, UK, AWE Plc, Retired, HPCAT, Argonne National Laboratory, HiPSEC, University of Nevada Las Vegas, University of Oxford, AWE PLC, University of York, University of Dayton Research Institute, Air Force Research Laboratory, Munitions Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Lab, Seoul National University, Caltech, University of Cambridge, Air Force Research Laboratory-RXCCM, Air Force Research Laboratory-RWMW, Imperial College London, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, AFRL, Beijing Institute of Technology, Institute of Chemical Materials, CAEP, University of Oxford, United Kingdom, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, France, Institut Pprime, France, CEA CESTA, France, Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, ESRF, Institute of Shock Physics, Imperial College London, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, Univ. South California, JASRI, Kobe Univ., Osaka Univ., Hiroshima Univ., National Key Laboratory of Shock Wave and Detonation Physics, Institute of Fluid Physics, CAEP, Northwestern University, Princeton University, US Army Research Laboratory, AWE plc, Institute of Fluid Physics, CAEP, Naval Surface Warfare Center Carderock Division, Naval Surface Warfare Center Dahlgren Division, University of Texas System, CEA Gramat, CEA, DAM, CEG, F-46500 Gramat, France, CEA, DAM, DIF, F-91297 Arpajon, France, Swinburne University of Technology, LLNL, Laboratory for Laser Energetics, CEA, DAM, DIF, F-91297 Arpajon Cedex, France, General Atomics, Arizona State University, Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA, Sandia National Labs, Institure of Physics, University of Rostock, University of Notre Dame, MSTS, Laboratory for Shock Wave and Detonation Physics, Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Carnegie Institution for Science, Geophysical Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, China, U. of Oxford, LCLS, U. of York, LANL, Special Technologies Laboratory, Mission Support and Test Sevices, LLC, Material Science Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Physics Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Stanford University, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Rafael Advanced Defense Systems, Ltd., Fondazione E. Amaldi, BeamIT, Nevada National Security Site, Special Technologies Laboratory, Santa Barbara 93111, Atomic Weapons Establishment, MIT, ARL, NRL, CEA, DAM, Le Ripault, F-37260, Monts, France, Ben Gurion University, NRCN, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Univ, Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka Univ, Inst., for Study of the Earth’s Interior, Okayama Univ, Georgia Institute of Technology, Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA), California Institute of Technology, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA, LLNL, Livermore, CA, USA, Soreq NRC, Yavne, Isreal, Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Davis, Swinburne University of Technology, Australia, University of California, Berkeley, USA, Osaka University, Japan, CEA, France, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, USA, Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, USA, Swinburne Institute of Technology, Purdue University, Naval Postgraduate School, School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China, Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, P. R. China, Microscopy and Microanalysis Facility (MMF), Curtin University, Perth, Australia, School of Engineering and IT, UNSW Canberra, Australia, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433, USA, US Army Rsch Lab - Aberdeen Proving Ground, University of Nevada, CEA/DAM Bruyeres-le-Chatel, France, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, LLE, University of Rochester, Division of Plasma Physics, Naval Research Laboratory, U. S. Air Force Research Laboratory, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, University of Chicago, LCLS-MEC, APS-DCS, Ecole Normale Superieure de Lyon, Universite Lyon 1, Laboratoire de Geologie de Lyon, CNRS UMR5276, Lyon Cedex 07, 69364, France, Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA, Institute for Spectroscopy of RAS, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dukhov Research Institute of Automatics, Key Laboratory of Pulsed Power, Institute of Fluid Physics, CAEP, Edinburgh University, A.W.E, Oxford University, Cornell University, Telops, 100-2600 Saint-Jean Baptiste Ave, Québec (QC), Canada, Mechanical Engineering, University of South Carolina - 300 Main Street A132, Columbia, SC 29208, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Fluid Gravity Engineering, Royal Military College of Canada, SLAC, Uni. of Chicago, European XFEL, LEME, Paris Nanterre University, University of California, Davis

  • Pamela Bowlan

    United States Air Force Research Laboratory, Munitions Directorate, Sandia National Laboratories, Los Alamos National Laboratories, U.S. Army Research Laboratory, SURVICE Engineering, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, AWE Aldermaston, Reading, Berkshire, RG7 4PR, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, AFRL-RW, University of Iowa, Washington State University, Qinetiq, Washington State University/Sandia National Laboratories, University of Birmingham, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Air Force Research Laboratory, University of Illinois, School of Engineering and Information Technology, The University of New South Wales, Defence Science and Technology Group, Australia, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, SNL, Dept of Physics; Centre for Blast Injury Studies, Imperial College London, Carleton University, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Argonne National Laboratory, Soreq NRC, NRC Negev, IAEC, Negev Nuclear Research Center, Israeli Atomic Energy Commission, Department of Earth and Planetary Science and Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Physics and Astronomy and Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), School of Physics and Astronomy and Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions, University of Edinburgh, University of Rochester, National Defense Academy of Japan, Department of Physics, Nuclear Research Center Negev, Israel, Department of Materials, Nuclear Research Center Negev, Israel, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Special Technologies Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, Naval Surface Warfare Center-IHEODTD, Kennesaw State University, Computational Material Sciences/Engineering, Institute of Applied Mechanics, Clausthal University of Technology, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany, Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA, CONICET and Faculty of Engineering, University of Mendoza, Mendoza, 5500, Argentina, Physics Department and Materials Research Institute, University of Texas, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA, University of Oxford, UK, University of York, UK, AWE, UK, AWE Plc, Retired, HPCAT, Argonne National Laboratory, HiPSEC, University of Nevada Las Vegas, University of Oxford, AWE PLC, University of York, University of Dayton Research Institute, Air Force Research Laboratory, Munitions Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Lab, Seoul National University, Caltech, University of Cambridge, Air Force Research Laboratory-RXCCM, Air Force Research Laboratory-RWMW, Imperial College London, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, AFRL, Beijing Institute of Technology, Institute of Chemical Materials, CAEP, University of Oxford, United Kingdom, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, France, Institut Pprime, France, CEA CESTA, France, Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, ESRF, Institute of Shock Physics, Imperial College London, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, Univ. South California, JASRI, Kobe Univ., Osaka Univ., Hiroshima Univ., National Key Laboratory of Shock Wave and Detonation Physics, Institute of Fluid Physics, CAEP, Northwestern University, Princeton University, US Army Research Laboratory, AWE plc, Institute of Fluid Physics, CAEP, Naval Surface Warfare Center Carderock Division, Naval Surface Warfare Center Dahlgren Division, University of Texas System, CEA Gramat, CEA, DAM, CEG, F-46500 Gramat, France, CEA, DAM, DIF, F-91297 Arpajon, France, Swinburne University of Technology, LLNL, Laboratory for Laser Energetics, CEA, DAM, DIF, F-91297 Arpajon Cedex, France, General Atomics, Arizona State University, Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA, Sandia National Labs, Institure of Physics, University of Rostock, University of Notre Dame, MSTS, Laboratory for Shock Wave and Detonation Physics, Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Carnegie Institution for Science, Geophysical Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, China, U. of Oxford, LCLS, U. of York, LANL, Special Technologies Laboratory, Mission Support and Test Sevices, LLC, Material Science Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Physics Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Stanford University, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Rafael Advanced Defense Systems, Ltd., Fondazione E. Amaldi, BeamIT, Nevada National Security Site, Special Technologies Laboratory, Santa Barbara 93111, Atomic Weapons Establishment, MIT, ARL, NRL, CEA, DAM, Le Ripault, F-37260, Monts, France, Ben Gurion University, NRCN, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Univ, Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka Univ, Inst., for Study of the Earth’s Interior, Okayama Univ, Georgia Institute of Technology, Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA), California Institute of Technology, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA, LLNL, Livermore, CA, USA, Soreq NRC, Yavne, Isreal, Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Davis, Swinburne University of Technology, Australia, University of California, Berkeley, USA, Osaka University, Japan, CEA, France, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, USA, Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, USA, Swinburne Institute of Technology, Purdue University, Naval Postgraduate School, School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China, Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, P. R. China, Microscopy and Microanalysis Facility (MMF), Curtin University, Perth, Australia, School of Engineering and IT, UNSW Canberra, Australia, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433, USA, US Army Rsch Lab - Aberdeen Proving Ground, University of Nevada, CEA/DAM Bruyeres-le-Chatel, France, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, LLE, University of Rochester, Division of Plasma Physics, Naval Research Laboratory, U. S. Air Force Research Laboratory, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, University of Chicago, LCLS-MEC, APS-DCS, Ecole Normale Superieure de Lyon, Universite Lyon 1, Laboratoire de Geologie de Lyon, CNRS UMR5276, Lyon Cedex 07, 69364, France, Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA, Institute for Spectroscopy of RAS, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dukhov Research Institute of Automatics, Key Laboratory of Pulsed Power, Institute of Fluid Physics, CAEP, Edinburgh University, A.W.E, Oxford University, Cornell University, Telops, 100-2600 Saint-Jean Baptiste Ave, Québec (QC), Canada, Mechanical Engineering, University of South Carolina - 300 Main Street A132, Columbia, SC 29208, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Fluid Gravity Engineering, Royal Military College of Canada, SLAC, Uni. of Chicago, European XFEL, LEME, Paris Nanterre University, University of California, Davis

  • Pamela Bowlan

    United States Air Force Research Laboratory, Munitions Directorate, Sandia National Laboratories, Los Alamos National Laboratories, U.S. Army Research Laboratory, SURVICE Engineering, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, AWE Aldermaston, Reading, Berkshire, RG7 4PR, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, AFRL-RW, University of Iowa, Washington State University, Qinetiq, Washington State University/Sandia National Laboratories, University of Birmingham, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Air Force Research Laboratory, University of Illinois, School of Engineering and Information Technology, The University of New South Wales, Defence Science and Technology Group, Australia, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, SNL, Dept of Physics; Centre for Blast Injury Studies, Imperial College London, Carleton University, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Argonne National Laboratory, Soreq NRC, NRC Negev, IAEC, Negev Nuclear Research Center, Israeli Atomic Energy Commission, Department of Earth and Planetary Science and Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Physics and Astronomy and Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), School of Physics and Astronomy and Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions, University of Edinburgh, University of Rochester, National Defense Academy of Japan, Department of Physics, Nuclear Research Center Negev, Israel, Department of Materials, Nuclear Research Center Negev, Israel, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Special Technologies Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, Naval Surface Warfare Center-IHEODTD, Kennesaw State University, Computational Material Sciences/Engineering, Institute of Applied Mechanics, Clausthal University of Technology, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany, Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA, CONICET and Faculty of Engineering, University of Mendoza, Mendoza, 5500, Argentina, Physics Department and Materials Research Institute, University of Texas, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA, University of Oxford, UK, University of York, UK, AWE, UK, AWE Plc, Retired, HPCAT, Argonne National Laboratory, HiPSEC, University of Nevada Las Vegas, University of Oxford, AWE PLC, University of York, University of Dayton Research Institute, Air Force Research Laboratory, Munitions Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Lab, Seoul National University, Caltech, University of Cambridge, Air Force Research Laboratory-RXCCM, Air Force Research Laboratory-RWMW, Imperial College London, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, AFRL, Beijing Institute of Technology, Institute of Chemical Materials, CAEP, University of Oxford, United Kingdom, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, France, Institut Pprime, France, CEA CESTA, France, Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, ESRF, Institute of Shock Physics, Imperial College London, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, Univ. South California, JASRI, Kobe Univ., Osaka Univ., Hiroshima Univ., National Key Laboratory of Shock Wave and Detonation Physics, Institute of Fluid Physics, CAEP, Northwestern University, Princeton University, US Army Research Laboratory, AWE plc, Institute of Fluid Physics, CAEP, Naval Surface Warfare Center Carderock Division, Naval Surface Warfare Center Dahlgren Division, University of Texas System, CEA Gramat, CEA, DAM, CEG, F-46500 Gramat, France, CEA, DAM, DIF, F-91297 Arpajon, France, Swinburne University of Technology, LLNL, Laboratory for Laser Energetics, CEA, DAM, DIF, F-91297 Arpajon Cedex, France, General Atomics, Arizona State University, Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA, Sandia National Labs, Institure of Physics, University of Rostock, University of Notre Dame, MSTS, Laboratory for Shock Wave and Detonation Physics, Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Carnegie Institution for Science, Geophysical Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, China, U. of Oxford, LCLS, U. of York, LANL, Special Technologies Laboratory, Mission Support and Test Sevices, LLC, Material Science Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Physics Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Stanford University, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Rafael Advanced Defense Systems, Ltd., Fondazione E. Amaldi, BeamIT, Nevada National Security Site, Special Technologies Laboratory, Santa Barbara 93111, Atomic Weapons Establishment, MIT, ARL, NRL, CEA, DAM, Le Ripault, F-37260, Monts, France, Ben Gurion University, NRCN, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Univ, Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka Univ, Inst., for Study of the Earth’s Interior, Okayama Univ, Georgia Institute of Technology, Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA), California Institute of Technology, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA, LLNL, Livermore, CA, USA, Soreq NRC, Yavne, Isreal, Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Davis, Swinburne University of Technology, Australia, University of California, Berkeley, USA, Osaka University, Japan, CEA, France, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, USA, Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, USA, Swinburne Institute of Technology, Purdue University, Naval Postgraduate School, School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China, Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, P. R. China, Microscopy and Microanalysis Facility (MMF), Curtin University, Perth, Australia, School of Engineering and IT, UNSW Canberra, Australia, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433, USA, US Army Rsch Lab - Aberdeen Proving Ground, University of Nevada, CEA/DAM Bruyeres-le-Chatel, France, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, LLE, University of Rochester, Division of Plasma Physics, Naval Research Laboratory, U. S. Air Force Research Laboratory, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, University of Chicago, LCLS-MEC, APS-DCS, Ecole Normale Superieure de Lyon, Universite Lyon 1, Laboratoire de Geologie de Lyon, CNRS UMR5276, Lyon Cedex 07, 69364, France, Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA, Institute for Spectroscopy of RAS, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dukhov Research Institute of Automatics, Key Laboratory of Pulsed Power, Institute of Fluid Physics, CAEP, Edinburgh University, A.W.E, Oxford University, Cornell University, Telops, 100-2600 Saint-Jean Baptiste Ave, Québec (QC), Canada, Mechanical Engineering, University of South Carolina - 300 Main Street A132, Columbia, SC 29208, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Fluid Gravity Engineering, Royal Military College of Canada, SLAC, Uni. of Chicago, European XFEL, LEME, Paris Nanterre University, University of California, Davis

  • Pamela Bowlan

    United States Air Force Research Laboratory, Munitions Directorate, Sandia National Laboratories, Los Alamos National Laboratories, U.S. Army Research Laboratory, SURVICE Engineering, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, AWE Aldermaston, Reading, Berkshire, RG7 4PR, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, AFRL-RW, University of Iowa, Washington State University, Qinetiq, Washington State University/Sandia National Laboratories, University of Birmingham, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Air Force Research Laboratory, University of Illinois, School of Engineering and Information Technology, The University of New South Wales, Defence Science and Technology Group, Australia, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, SNL, Dept of Physics; Centre for Blast Injury Studies, Imperial College London, Carleton University, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Argonne National Laboratory, Soreq NRC, NRC Negev, IAEC, Negev Nuclear Research Center, Israeli Atomic Energy Commission, Department of Earth and Planetary Science and Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Physics and Astronomy and Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), School of Physics and Astronomy and Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions, University of Edinburgh, University of Rochester, National Defense Academy of Japan, Department of Physics, Nuclear Research Center Negev, Israel, Department of Materials, Nuclear Research Center Negev, Israel, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Special Technologies Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, Naval Surface Warfare Center-IHEODTD, Kennesaw State University, Computational Material Sciences/Engineering, Institute of Applied Mechanics, Clausthal University of Technology, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany, Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA, CONICET and Faculty of Engineering, University of Mendoza, Mendoza, 5500, Argentina, Physics Department and Materials Research Institute, University of Texas, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA, University of Oxford, UK, University of York, UK, AWE, UK, AWE Plc, Retired, HPCAT, Argonne National Laboratory, HiPSEC, University of Nevada Las Vegas, University of Oxford, AWE PLC, University of York, University of Dayton Research Institute, Air Force Research Laboratory, Munitions Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Lab, Seoul National University, Caltech, University of Cambridge, Air Force Research Laboratory-RXCCM, Air Force Research Laboratory-RWMW, Imperial College London, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, AFRL, Beijing Institute of Technology, Institute of Chemical Materials, CAEP, University of Oxford, United Kingdom, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, France, Institut Pprime, France, CEA CESTA, France, Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, ESRF, Institute of Shock Physics, Imperial College London, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, Univ. South California, JASRI, Kobe Univ., Osaka Univ., Hiroshima Univ., National Key Laboratory of Shock Wave and Detonation Physics, Institute of Fluid Physics, CAEP, Northwestern University, Princeton University, US Army Research Laboratory, AWE plc, Institute of Fluid Physics, CAEP, Naval Surface Warfare Center Carderock Division, Naval Surface Warfare Center Dahlgren Division, University of Texas System, CEA Gramat, CEA, DAM, CEG, F-46500 Gramat, France, CEA, DAM, DIF, F-91297 Arpajon, France, Swinburne University of Technology, LLNL, Laboratory for Laser Energetics, CEA, DAM, DIF, F-91297 Arpajon Cedex, France, General Atomics, Arizona State University, Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA, Sandia National Labs, Institure of Physics, University of Rostock, University of Notre Dame, MSTS, Laboratory for Shock Wave and Detonation Physics, Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Carnegie Institution for Science, Geophysical Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, China, U. of Oxford, LCLS, U. of York, LANL, Special Technologies Laboratory, Mission Support and Test Sevices, LLC, Material Science Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Physics Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Stanford University, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Rafael Advanced Defense Systems, Ltd., Fondazione E. Amaldi, BeamIT, Nevada National Security Site, Special Technologies Laboratory, Santa Barbara 93111, Atomic Weapons Establishment, MIT, ARL, NRL, CEA, DAM, Le Ripault, F-37260, Monts, France, Ben Gurion University, NRCN, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Univ, Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka Univ, Inst., for Study of the Earth’s Interior, Okayama Univ, Georgia Institute of Technology, Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA), California Institute of Technology, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA, LLNL, Livermore, CA, USA, Soreq NRC, Yavne, Isreal, Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Davis, Swinburne University of Technology, Australia, University of California, Berkeley, USA, Osaka University, Japan, CEA, France, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, USA, Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, USA, Swinburne Institute of Technology, Purdue University, Naval Postgraduate School, School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China, Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, P. R. China, Microscopy and Microanalysis Facility (MMF), Curtin University, Perth, Australia, School of Engineering and IT, UNSW Canberra, Australia, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433, USA, US Army Rsch Lab - Aberdeen Proving Ground, University of Nevada, CEA/DAM Bruyeres-le-Chatel, France, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, LLE, University of Rochester, Division of Plasma Physics, Naval Research Laboratory, U. S. Air Force Research Laboratory, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, University of Chicago, LCLS-MEC, APS-DCS, Ecole Normale Superieure de Lyon, Universite Lyon 1, Laboratoire de Geologie de Lyon, CNRS UMR5276, Lyon Cedex 07, 69364, France, Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA, Institute for Spectroscopy of RAS, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dukhov Research Institute of Automatics, Key Laboratory of Pulsed Power, Institute of Fluid Physics, CAEP, Edinburgh University, A.W.E, Oxford University, Cornell University, Telops, 100-2600 Saint-Jean Baptiste Ave, Québec (QC), Canada, Mechanical Engineering, University of South Carolina - 300 Main Street A132, Columbia, SC 29208, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Fluid Gravity Engineering, Royal Military College of Canada, SLAC, Uni. of Chicago, European XFEL, LEME, Paris Nanterre University, University of California, Davis