Faraday Waves in Granular Materials with Combined Vertical and Horizontal Vibrations

This study thoroughly examines the complex dynamics and triggering mechanisms of Faraday waves in fluidized granular materials subjected to simultaneous vertical and horizontal vibrations, employing two-fluid model (TFM) simulations. By conducting a deep dimensional analysis, we established non-dimensional empirical correlations and created regime maps for both wavelength and wave height, which provide valuable insights into the behavior of these waves under varying conditions. Our findings reveal that an increase in vertical vibration frequency leads to a notable decrease in horizontal mixing efficiency. In contrast, horizontal mixing is significantly enhanced with higher horizontal vibration frequencies, demonstrating the interplay between different vibration modes. Additionally, we discovered that elevating gas flow rates not only accelerates vertical mixing but also reduces horizontal mixing rates concurrently.