Growth of active turbulence in sperm suspensions following alignment of cells by flow

Emerging active turbulence patterns have been observed in sperm cell suspensions confined between flat plates, following the alignment of the cells induced by an external flow. The initial degree of alignment of the cells is controlled by the external flow strength and leads to the emergence of different growth patterns. Notably, patterns associated with anisotropic hydrodynamic instabilities having different dominant wavenumbers in the stream-wise and cross-streamwise directions have evolved.