Systematic Uncertainties in Neutrino Experiments

Neutrinos are among the most elusive building blocks of nature. They pass through matter almost undisturbed, yet they may hold the key to understanding why the universe favors matter over antimatter. Modern neutrino experiments seek to measure how these particles change type, or oscillate, as they travel. Achieving the extraordinary precision needed for these studies requires more than just sensitive detectors—it demands an equally precise understanding of systematic errors that can bias the measurements.

These uncertainties originate from two main sources: how many neutrinos are produced in the beam, and how they interact with nuclei inside detectors. Predicting both involves complex physics and challenging measurements. In this talk, I will review the main strategies used to reduce these systematic effects, from improved hadron-production data and refined beam simulations to advanced theoretical models of neutrino–nucleus interactions and data-driven constraints. Together, these complementary efforts form the foundation for the next generation of high-precision neutrino oscillation experiments, guiding us toward a clearer picture of neutrino properties and their role in the universe.