Plastic Scintillator System for Cosmic Particle Detection

This research examines in detail the optimization of plastic scintillators for cosmic particle detection. Although the manufacturing phase of the study is still ongoing, the current work is based on theoretical calculations and mathematical models. Particles deposit energy through ionization, generating excitons that transfer energy via a multicomponent system. Light Yield (LY) and timing resolution are enhanced by employing a fluorophore cascade with efficient π–π transitions that minimize non-radiative losses. Förster and Dexter energy transfer mechanisms enable rapid excitation transport, while Triplet–Triplet Annihilation converts triplet states into delayed fluorescence, increasing the LY to 8,000–10,000 photons/MeV. The wavelength shifters used emit light at 480 nm, spectrally matched to the peak Quantum Efficiency of PMT/SiPM detectors. Fast decay times provide nanosecond-scale timing performance. Total internal reflection within the PMMA matrix and ESR/Teflon coatings maximizes photon confinement. Layers of lead, boron-loaded HDPE, and aluminum provide shielding against gamma rays, neutrons, and electrons, thereby improving the Signal-to-Noise Ratio. When combined with Pulse Shape Discrimination, the system enables effective background rejection. This cylindrical detector offers high sensitivity, fast response, and efficiency for applications in radiation detection, radiation protection, and space missions such as Artemis.