Sustainability and Carbon Emissions of Future Accelerators

Future accelerators and experiments for energy-frontier particle physics will be built and operated during a period in which society must also address the climate change emergency by significantly reducing emissions of carbon dioxide. The carbon intensity of many particle-physics activities is potentially significant, such that as a community particle physicists could create substantially more emissions than average citizens, which is currently more than budgeted to limit the increase in average global temperatures. I will present estimates the carbon impacts of potential future accelerators, detectors, computing, and travel associated with Higgs factories and possible projects. While emissions from civil construction dominate by far, some other activities make noticeable contributions. I will also discuss potential mitigation strategies, and research and development activities that can be pursued to make particle physics more sustainable.