Prospects for Joint Multi-Messenger Detections in the Next Decade

We study the prospects for joint electromagnetic (EM) and gravitational-wave (GW) detections over the next decade, beginning with the LIGO–Virgo–KAGRA O5 run. Using simulated populations of binary neutron star (BNS), we model expected GW detection rates and corresponding EM follow-up opportunities. We incorporate realistic localization posteriors from GstLAL low-latency pipeline and account for the field of view, sensitivity, and slewing speed of current and upcoming EM observatories across the optical, X-ray, and gamma-ray bands. We evaluate the fraction of mergers that can be jointly observed, the effect of detector network sensitivity on EM detectability, and how these vary with observing strategies. Additionally, we explore the improvement in source parameter estimation from joint EM–GW detections using combined likelihoods, particularly for luminosity distance, inclination angle, and sky position. These results inform optimal resource allocation for multimessenger campaigns and quantify the scientific yield expected during O5–O6 and future observing runs.