Dark Matter as Antimatter Galaxies in the Composite Photon Theory

In the composite photon theory, the photon is a bound state of an electron neutrino and an electron antineutrino with spin one. The theory also predicts an antiphoton that is distinct from the photon. Since this antiphoton does not interact with ordinary matter, antimatter galaxies would appear to us as dark matter, neither emitting light (that we can detect) nor reflecting ordinary light [1]. The possibility of a patchwork universe with matter and antimatter galaxies in different regions, once thought to be excluded, has recently been shown to be viable. This interpretation accounts for many phenomena attributed to dark matter, although it cannot explain the galactic rotation curves. However, these curves are well explained by Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND). The mass spectrometer at the International Space Station has reported antihelium events in cosmic rays, providing unexpected evidence of antimatter in the universe.



[1] Walton A. Perkins, (2025) Dark Matter as Antimatter Galaxies in the Composite Photon Theory. Journal of Modern Physics, 16, 1409-1414.