Microscopic evidence of spin-driven multiferroicity and topological spin textures in monolayer NiI2

In type-II multiferroics, noncollinear spin textures are expected to induce electric polarization directly, leading to strong magnetoelectric coupling. Realizing such spin-driven multiferroicity in two-dimensional (2D) systems, and elucidating the interplay between local spins and electric polarization, are of both fundamental and technological importance. Here, using vectorial spin-polarized scanning tunneling microscopy, we present direct evidence of spin-driven multiferroicity in monolayer NiI2. We identify a canted spin-spiral state with fully determined spin rotation plane, accompanied by a 2Q charge modulation. At spin-spiral domain walls, we discover topological spin textures that composed of meron–antimeron pairs. These textures are associated with distinct charge pattern and notable band shifts, indicating local bound charges induced by discontinuities of ferroelectricity at domain wall. Our observations are well captured by a realistic spin model incorporating Kitaev interactions and generalized spin-current model of type-II multiferroicity. The findings provide microscopic evidence of spin-driven multiferroicity in an extreme 2D system and establish a platform for low-dissipation, electric-field control of topological spin textures.