Analog Quantum Simulation of Dirac Hamiltonians in Circuit QED Using Rabi Driven Qubits : Experiments

Analog quantum simulation explores complex quantum phenomena by emulating target Hamiltonians with tunable parameters. We present a circuit QED platform that realizes the Dirac Hamiltonian using a superconducting qubit coupled to one or two cavity modes. This architecture enables the simulation of one- and two-dimensional relativistic dynamics, including Zitterbewegung, in a controllable superconducting system. By varying system parameters, we reproduce Dirac-like motion and compare experimental observations with numerical calculations. We further analyze how imperfections—such as the breakdown of the rotating-wave approximation, sideband asymmetries, and Rabi-frequency instabilities—affect simulation fidelity. These results establish a robust and versatile approach to analog quantum simulation of relativistic effects in superconducting circuits.