Dynamic Force Microscopy and Tunneling Spectroscopy of Moiré Trilayers with Atomic Lattice Reconstruction

Microscopic understanding of atomic reconstruction and the resulting flat-band geometry in moiré superlattices is central to correlated moiré physics. Here we investigate the atomic and electronic structures of a moiré trilayer system using qPlus-based dynamic force microscopy (DFM) in conjunction with tunneling spectroscopy performed with the same tip. The sample consists of a small-angle H-stacked MoSe₂ bilayer capped by a large-angle WS₂ monolayer. DFM imaging resolves the atomic lattice of the top WS₂ layer and reveals a weak moiré modulation imprinted by the underlying twisted MoSe₂ bilayer. Simultaneous tunneling spectroscopy measurements capture the local electronic structure of the trilayer, enabling direct correlation between atomic reconstruction and electronic response. The ability of DFM to disentangle structural information from the electronic contrast inherent to STM images, while simultaneously probing the electronic density of states, establishes a powerful approach for exploring moiré physics in complex multilayer systems.