Fast, continuous and coherent atom reloading in a neutral atom qubit array

Neutral atom quantum processors are a promising platform for scalable quantum computing, networking and entanglement based metrology. An obstacle to implementing deep quantum circuits is managing atom loss, which constitutes a significant fraction of all errors. Current approaches require at least an order of magnitude longer than gate and measurement operations to replace lost atoms. In this talk, we report our demonstration of fast, continuous atom reloading leveraging the metastable nuclear spin qubit of 171Yb. A continuously loaded reservoir near the computation zone enables high-throughput loading of atom arrays up to 500 times per second, extracting over 70,000 atoms/s without depleting the reservoir. Stochastically filled new qubit arrays can be initialized 30 times per second when including single-atom preparation, non-destructive imaging and initialization. The coherence and gate operation of existing qubits in the metastable state are undisturbed by the reloading process. This work establishes a complete foundation for implementing fast, fully fault-tolerant quantum circuits with unlimited depth[1].

[1] Li, Yiyi, et al. "Fast, continuous and coherent atom replacement in a neutral atom qubit array." arXiv preprint arXiv:2506.15633 (2025).