Axially Symmetric X-ray Kinoform Refractive Lenses for Point-Like Focusing 

Axially symmetric three-dimensional X-ray refractive lenses were designed and 3D printed to simplify X-ray focusing and enhance imaging. Our goal was to replace two planar lenses placed in mutually perpendicular planes to provide a point focus as a cross-section of the line foci. Starting with standard X-ray kinoform elliptical refractive lenses, an axially symmetric design was generated for 3D printing. This work also compares materials used in 3D printing for their feasibility in 3D axially symmetric X-ray lenses. Initial results are promising, with sub-micron spots appearing routinely feasible. Future work will optimize X-ray transmissivity within the 3D geometry, extending beyond current 2D rotational designs. This work pushes the boundaries of X-ray optics by leveraging additive manufacturing to create high-precision, efficient focusing elements, with expected applications in medical and materials imaging.