Hardware-efficient quantum error correction using concatenated noise-biased cat qubits

In our recent works from the AWS Center for Quantum Computing [Nature 638, 927–934 (2025), PRX 15, 011070 (2025), PRX Quantum 6, 030305 (2025)], we realized an error-corrected logical qubit in a hardware-efficient manner by using noise-biased cat qubits concatenated with a simple one-dimensional repetition code. In this presentation, I will discuss basic working principles of noise-biased cat qubits as well as several technical considerations for realizing performant cat qubits. I will also present various future opportunities with these noise-biased cat qubits at an architecture level.