Induction of p- and d-wave components in centrosymmetric s-wave superconductors via microwave radiation

We construct a generalized time-dependent Ginzburg–Landau model to demonstrate the possibility of inducing p- and d-wave components in an originally pure s-wave, centrosymmetric superconductor via microwave radiation. In this framework, we introduce new gradient terms that couple the s-wave superconducting order parameter with other symmetry-allowed components. The singlet-to-singlet gradient terms are quadratic in spatial derivatives, while, in the presence of spin–orbit coupling, linear-in-derivative terms coupling singlet and triplet order parameters are also permitted. Through the minimal substitution procedure, these terms enable coupling between different superconducting order parameters via the vector potential, thereby leading to the generation of p- and d-wave components.