Non-equilibrium effects in Ising superconductors

An Ising superconductor is a two-dimensional material where strong spin–orbit coupling locks electron spins perpendicular to the plane in a valley-dependent manner. This valley-specific spin locking protects Cooper pairs against in-plane Zeeman fields, enabling robust superconductivity even under strong magnetic fields. In this study, we present a theory of non-equilibrium effects for Ising superconductors subjected to Zeeman fields. We discover new valley-dependent non-equilibrium modes that are enabled by Ising spin-orbit coupling. Our results extend the nomenclature of non-equilibrium modes, and has the potential to lead to novel applications in valleytronics.