Effect of synthetic routes on the structural properties of Nb₄C₃T_x MXenes

MXenes are graphene-like materials with general formula M_n+1X_nT_x where M is an early transitional metal, X is Carbon (C), Nitrogen (N) or Carbonitrides (CN), and T_x represents a functional group such as -O, -F, -OH, and others that modify the surface structure. Niobium-based MXenes, especially Nb₄C₃T_x exhibit high electrical conductivity, superior capacitance, and catalytic properties due to partially filled d orbital. Nb₄C₃T_x MXenes were synthesized via two distinct etching methods: LiF + HCl and concentrated HF, to evaluate the influence of the etching environment on structural characteristics. Additionally, the effect of different drying conditions on interlayer spacing and surface structure was analyzed after etching. The structural characterization was carried out by XRD, SEM, and EDS. The removal of aluminum was confirmed by XRD analysis since the lowest Bragg peak was broadened and 39⁰ peak was diminished. SEM images revealed a layered structure and EDS analysis confirmed that Nb and C are dominantly present with surface termination of O and F. This analysis studies the influence of etching and drying conditions on the structural properties of Nb-based MXenes for their potential application in future technological advancement.