Detection of Small Spinor Condensates in Optical Traps

POSTER

Abstract

We are interested in studying spinor physics of small BECs beyond the mean field regime. We investigate $^{87}$Rb Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) with less than $<$100 atoms that are created in the optical lattice of a CO$_{2}$ laser. Measuring small numbers of atoms requires state of the art atomic detection techniques. We have explored the limits of absorption and fluorescence imaging techniques for observing small condensates. We will present the results of our investigation and discuss the applications to studies of small condensates and their spinor interactions.

Authors

  • Eva Bookjans

    Georgia Institute of Technology

  • Peter Reckenthaeler

    Universita di Pisa, Laboratoire Materiaux et Phenomenes Quantiques - Univ. Paris Diderot-Paris 7, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Bergische Universitaet Wuppertal, Physics Department, The College of the Holy Cross, Univ. of Manitoba, TRIUMF, CANADA, Texas A\&M Univ., University of Arizona, Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Department of Physics, J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Physics Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506-2604, USA, College of Physics, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, People&#039;s Republic of China, Argonne National Laboratory and University of Chicago, University of Chicago, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coherent X-Ray Science, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Drake University, Des Moines, Iowa, USA, Atomic and Electronics Physics Group, Westfalische Wilhelms-Universitaet, Muenster, Germany, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coherent X-Ray Science and Centre for Quantum Dynamics, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia, SLAC - LCLS, Iena University, SLAC - PULSE, Argonne National Laboratory, Western Michigan University, The Ohio State University, Yale University, Inst. for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information, Austrian Acad. of Sciences, and Inst. of Experimental Physics, Innsbruck Univ., Innsbruck, Austria, Laboratoire Kastler-Brossel, Ecole Normale Superieure (ENS), Department of Physics and Astronomy and Rice Quantum Institute, Rice University, Atominstitut, TU-Wien, JILA and Dept. of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, Ludwig-Maximilian Universitaet Muenchen, ETH Zurich, Department of Physics, Georgetown University, FOCUS Center and MCTP, Department of Physics, University of Michigan, JQI- University of Maryland Department of Physics and National Institute of Standards and Technology, UC Boulder, JILA, NIST, UC Boulder, JILA, Rice Quantum Institute and Dept of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, School of Physics, Seoul National University, Department of Physics, Chonnam National University, Universita di Camerino, JILA-University of Colorado, University of Virginia, Colby College, Department of Physics and Astronomy and Rice Quantum Institute, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, Bergische Universitat, Wuppertal D-42096 Wuppertal, Germany, Stanford University, Naval Research Laboratory, University of Strathclyde, United Kingdom, University of Stockholm, MPI-K Heidelberg, University of Illinois, Instituto de Ciencias F{\&#039;\i}sicas, Universidad Nacional Aut\&#039;onoma de M\&#039;exico, P. N. Lebedev Institute of RAS, Moscow, Russia, FOM-Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands, Institut fuer Energieforschung-Plasmaphysik, Juelich, Germany, Bergische Universit\&#034;at Wuppertal, J.R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Instituto de Fisica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, The University of British Columbia, Princeton University, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, School of Physics, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia, Joint Quantum Institute UMD/NIST Gaithersburg, University of California, San Diego, Flinders University, Institute of Physics Belgrade, Australian National University, Sciprint.org, Carleton College, University of Toledo, University of Connecticut, Durham University, Radboud University Nijmegen, Department of Physics, U Central Florida, Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics, Cornell University, Depart. of Physics Rice Univ., Department of Physics and The James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Caltech, National Chung-Cheng University, University of Ottawa, Loras College, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Auburn University, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of Newcastle-Ourimbah, Pacific Union College, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA and Institute of Physics, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA and School of Natural Science, Kumoh National Institute, Gumi, Gyeongbuk, Korea, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, University of Frankfurt, Univ. of Gothenburg, Sweden, ALS, LBL, Western Michigan U., Denison Univ., Georgia State University, University of Gothenburg, Sweden, Denison University, Granville, OH, Leibniz-Institut fuer Festkoerper- und Werksto forschung Dresden, Germany, Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of Nevada, Reno, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Germany, Department of Physics, University of Nevada, Reno, Harvard-Smithsonian, Harvard, Texas A\&M, MIT, TAMU, George Mason University, Old Dominion University, Naval Air Systems Command, The College of William and Mary, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA, University of Connecticut, ITAMP, Dept. Theoretical Physics, State Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, Physics Dept. Old Dominion University, Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC, V6T1Z1, Canada, Lund University (Sweden), LMU Munich, James Franck Institute and Department of Physics, The University of Chicago, Leibniz University Hannover, Institute for Quantum Optics, Welfengarten 1, 30167 Hannover, Germany, Ioffe Physical-Technical Institute, Russia, Institute of Applied Physics, Russia, York University, University of Texas at Austin, School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0430, USA, Department of Physics, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA, Max-Planck-Institut f\&#034;{u}r Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany, Department of Condensed Matter Physics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel, Fakult\&#034;{a}t f\&#034;{u}r Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\&#034;{a}t, Schellingstasse 4, 80799 M\&#034;{u}nchen, Germany, The Pennsylvania State University, Department of Chemistry, Department of Physics, and Center for Advanced Photonics Research, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, Max-Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Garching, Germany, J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Dept. of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS USA, Kansas State University, University of California Berkeley, LBNL - UC Berkeley, LBNL - UC Davis, Institute of physics, University of Graz, Rice University, Universitaet Stuttgart, Institute for Quantum Studies and Department of Physics, Texas A\&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, Department of Physics, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China, Department of Physics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China, Department of Physics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China and Department of Physics, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China, ITPA, Vilnius University, Louisiana State University, Universitaet Kaiserslautern, Germany, Institute of Theoretical Physics, University of Warsaw, Poland, Andrzej Soltan Institute for Nuclear Studies, Poland, Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Institut d&#039;Optique, Univ. Paris-Sud XI, UC Berkeley, University of Arizona, PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Joint Quantum Institute, Dept. of Physics, University of Maryland and National Institute of Standards and Technology, College Park, MD 20742, USA, Physikalisches Institut, Universit\&#034;at, Stuttgart, Germany, Physikalisches Institut, Universit\&#034;at and Homer L. Dodge Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Oklahoma, University Of Cincinnati, Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania, Bloomsburg, PA 17815, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, James R. Macdonald Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66502-2604, USA, Homer L. Dodge Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma State University, Harvard University, Stockholm University, Sweden, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Physics Division, Bryn Mawr College, Vienna University of Technology, Durham University, UK, Institute for Physical Research, Armenia, University of Stuttgart, Germany, Phys. Div., Argonne National Lab., Phys. Div., Argonne National Lab.; Dept. of Physics, University of Chicago, Dept. of Physics, University of Kentucky, University of Maryland, J.R. Macdonald Laboratory, Physics Department, Kansas State University, J.R. Macdonald Laboratory, Kansas State University, Lundbeck Foundation Theoretical Center for Quantum System Research, Dept of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus U., Lundbeck Foundation Theoretical Center for Quantum System Research, Dept of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus U. and J.R. Macdonald Lab., Kansas State U., Lagrange College, J.R. Macdonald Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA, J.R. Macdonald Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA and Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Garching, Germany, Department of Physics, Augustana College, Sioux Falls, SD 57197 USA, JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, SLAC, Pulse Stanford, University of Connecticut, ITAMP Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Joint Quantum Institute, University of Maryland Department of Physics and National Institute of Standards and Technology, College Park, MD 20742, Georgia Tech Research Institute, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Dept. of Physics, Harvard Univ., Dept. of Elec. Eng., Stanford Univ., Dept of Physics, Humboldt-Univ. zu Berlin, Dept. of Elec. Eng., Columbia Univ., Element Six Ltd, Harvard university, CalTech, Texas A\&M University, University of Copenhagen, University of Pittsburgh, Bates College, California Institute of Technology, JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and University of Colorado Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Arnold Sommerfeld Center, LMU Munich, Inst. of Mathematics, Univ. Graz, Inst. of Physics, Univ. Graz, NIST/JQI, Georgia Institute of Technology, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Harvard and Yale University, Texas Lutheran University, Institute for Quantum Studies and Department of Physics, Texas A\&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA, ITAMP, Harvard-Smithonian CfA, USA, Theoretical Division, LANL, USA, Office of Cyberinfrastructure, NSF, USA, Inst. for Theor. Phys., Vienna Univ. of Tech., Austria, EU, NIST and U. of Maryland, NIST, Argonne National Lab, Dep. Physics, KSU, Manhattan KS, Time and Frequency Division, NIST-Boulder, Physics Div., Argonne National Lab., Physics Div., Argonne National Lab.; Dept. of Physics, University of Chicago, Physics Div., Argonne National Lab.; University of Chicago, Department of Physics, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, 78712, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China, Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Office of Cyberinfrastructure, National Science Foundation, Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Moscow State University, Drake University, Sandia National Laboratories, JILA, U. Colorado, Boulder, CO, Duke University, National Institute of Standards and Technology; 325 Broadway; Boulder, CO 80305, Indiana University, Northern Michigan University, JILA and University of Colorado, LENS, European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy and Dipartimento di Fisica, Universit\`a di Firenze, JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0440, JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0440, Chemical Sciences Div., Lawrence Berkeley National Lab., Berkeley, CA, USA, Physics Dept., American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE, J.R. Macdonald Lab., Physics Dept., Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA, The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, Max-Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Hans-Kopfermann Strasse 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany, J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Dept. of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA, Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Innsbruck and IQOQI, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Joint Quantum Institute, NIST and the University of Maryland, ITAMP, Harvard-Smithsonian, UCONN Physics, Storrs, CT, ITAMP/UCONN, Storrs, CT, ITAMP/CUA, Harvard/MIT, Harvard University Physics Department, Cambridge, MA 02138, Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, Joint Quantum Institute, University of Maryland Department of Physics and NIST, College Park, MD 20742, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, Director of the Institut de Lumi\`ere Extr\^eme, ENSTA, Institut d&#039;Optique, CEA, DAM, DIF, Engineering Department, NRC, Atomic Energy Authority, Inshas, Cairo, Egypt, U Tennessee and ORNL, U Wyoming, University of Stuttgart, Georgetown University, EPF Lausanne, Angelo State University, University of Windsor, LANL, Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0NG, UK, Department of Physics, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI 49008-5252, USA, Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Department of Physics, Penn State University, Berks Campus, Texas Christian University, ARC Centre of Excellence for Coherent X-ray Science, The University of Melbourne VIC 3010, Australia, Division of Immunology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, California, LLNL, CA, SSL, Berkley, CA, UNR, NV, Physics Department, Goucher College, Baltimore MD 21204, Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Chonnam National University, College of the Holy Cross, NIST, Boulder, Air Force Research Labs, MPG, Department of Physics, University of Nevada, Reno NV 89557, University of Oregon, University of Massachusetts, Boston, QUANTOP, Neils Bohr Institue, 128 Rockwood Crescent, Thornhill, Ontario L4J 7W1, Canada, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Carleton College, Northfield, Minnesota 55057, Pennsylvania State University, Quaid-I-Azam University, Purdue University, University of Oklahoma, Homer L. Dodge Department of Physics and Astronomy The University of Oklahoma, Institut Carnot de Bourgogne, France, DESY, PTB, LLG, LLNL, Department of Physics, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh, Univerisity of Arizona, Department of Physics, New York University, CQIQC, IOS, and Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Canada, JILA, Quantum Physics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Universit\&#034;at Kaiserslautern, Johannes Gutenberg-Universit\&#034;at Mainz, Quaid-i-Azam University, Universidade de S\~{a}o Paulo, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, The PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Lab, J.R. Macdonald Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA and Max Planck Institue of Quantum Optics, Garching, Germany, Department of Chemistry, Department of Physics, and Center for Advanced Photonics Research, Centre for Quantum Information \& Quantum Control and Institute for Optical Sciences, Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Canada, Institut fuer Experimentalphysik, Universitaet Innsbruck and IQOQI, Oesterreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Institut fuer Experimentalphysik, Universitaet Innsbruck, Institut fuer Theoretische Physik, Universitaet Innsbruck, Department of Physics, Deparment of Chemistry, and Center for Advanced Photonics Research, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, LBNL, Tohoku University, Goethe Univ. Frankfurt, LBNL, Goethe Univ. Frankfurt, Curtin University, ANU, TU Dresden, MPI-KS, Dresden

  • Peter Reckenthaeler

    Universita di Pisa, Laboratoire Materiaux et Phenomenes Quantiques - Univ. Paris Diderot-Paris 7, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Bergische Universitaet Wuppertal, Physics Department, The College of the Holy Cross, Univ. of Manitoba, TRIUMF, CANADA, Texas A\&M Univ., University of Arizona, Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Department of Physics, J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Physics Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506-2604, USA, College of Physics, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, People&#039;s Republic of China, Argonne National Laboratory and University of Chicago, University of Chicago, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coherent X-Ray Science, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Drake University, Des Moines, Iowa, USA, Atomic and Electronics Physics Group, Westfalische Wilhelms-Universitaet, Muenster, Germany, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coherent X-Ray Science and Centre for Quantum Dynamics, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia, SLAC - LCLS, Iena University, SLAC - PULSE, Argonne National Laboratory, Western Michigan University, The Ohio State University, Yale University, Inst. for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information, Austrian Acad. of Sciences, and Inst. of Experimental Physics, Innsbruck Univ., Innsbruck, Austria, Laboratoire Kastler-Brossel, Ecole Normale Superieure (ENS), Department of Physics and Astronomy and Rice Quantum Institute, Rice University, Atominstitut, TU-Wien, JILA and Dept. of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, Ludwig-Maximilian Universitaet Muenchen, ETH Zurich, Department of Physics, Georgetown University, FOCUS Center and MCTP, Department of Physics, University of Michigan, JQI- University of Maryland Department of Physics and National Institute of Standards and Technology, UC Boulder, JILA, NIST, UC Boulder, JILA, Rice Quantum Institute and Dept of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, School of Physics, Seoul National University, Department of Physics, Chonnam National University, Universita di Camerino, JILA-University of Colorado, University of Virginia, Colby College, Department of Physics and Astronomy and Rice Quantum Institute, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, Bergische Universitat, Wuppertal D-42096 Wuppertal, Germany, Stanford University, Naval Research Laboratory, University of Strathclyde, United Kingdom, University of Stockholm, MPI-K Heidelberg, University of Illinois, Instituto de Ciencias F{\&#039;\i}sicas, Universidad Nacional Aut\&#039;onoma de M\&#039;exico, P. N. Lebedev Institute of RAS, Moscow, Russia, FOM-Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands, Institut fuer Energieforschung-Plasmaphysik, Juelich, Germany, Bergische Universit\&#034;at Wuppertal, J.R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Instituto de Fisica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, The University of British Columbia, Princeton University, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, School of Physics, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia, Joint Quantum Institute UMD/NIST Gaithersburg, University of California, San Diego, Flinders University, Institute of Physics Belgrade, Australian National University, Sciprint.org, Carleton College, University of Toledo, University of Connecticut, Durham University, Radboud University Nijmegen, Department of Physics, U Central Florida, Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics, Cornell University, Depart. of Physics Rice Univ., Department of Physics and The James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Caltech, National Chung-Cheng University, University of Ottawa, Loras College, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Auburn University, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of Newcastle-Ourimbah, Pacific Union College, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA and Institute of Physics, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA and School of Natural Science, Kumoh National Institute, Gumi, Gyeongbuk, Korea, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, University of Frankfurt, Univ. of Gothenburg, Sweden, ALS, LBL, Western Michigan U., Denison Univ., Georgia State University, University of Gothenburg, Sweden, Denison University, Granville, OH, Leibniz-Institut fuer Festkoerper- und Werksto forschung Dresden, Germany, Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of Nevada, Reno, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Germany, Department of Physics, University of Nevada, Reno, Harvard-Smithsonian, Harvard, Texas A\&M, MIT, TAMU, George Mason University, Old Dominion University, Naval Air Systems Command, The College of William and Mary, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA, University of Connecticut, ITAMP, Dept. Theoretical Physics, State Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, Physics Dept. Old Dominion University, Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC, V6T1Z1, Canada, Lund University (Sweden), LMU Munich, James Franck Institute and Department of Physics, The University of Chicago, Leibniz University Hannover, Institute for Quantum Optics, Welfengarten 1, 30167 Hannover, Germany, Ioffe Physical-Technical Institute, Russia, Institute of Applied Physics, Russia, York University, University of Texas at Austin, School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0430, USA, Department of Physics, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA, Max-Planck-Institut f\&#034;{u}r Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany, Department of Condensed Matter Physics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel, Fakult\&#034;{a}t f\&#034;{u}r Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\&#034;{a}t, Schellingstasse 4, 80799 M\&#034;{u}nchen, Germany, The Pennsylvania State University, Department of Chemistry, Department of Physics, and Center for Advanced Photonics Research, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, Max-Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Garching, Germany, J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Dept. of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS USA, Kansas State University, University of California Berkeley, LBNL - UC Berkeley, LBNL - UC Davis, Institute of physics, University of Graz, Rice University, Universitaet Stuttgart, Institute for Quantum Studies and Department of Physics, Texas A\&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, Department of Physics, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China, Department of Physics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China, Department of Physics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China and Department of Physics, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China, ITPA, Vilnius University, Louisiana State University, Universitaet Kaiserslautern, Germany, Institute of Theoretical Physics, University of Warsaw, Poland, Andrzej Soltan Institute for Nuclear Studies, Poland, Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Institut d&#039;Optique, Univ. Paris-Sud XI, UC Berkeley, University of Arizona, PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Joint Quantum Institute, Dept. of Physics, University of Maryland and National Institute of Standards and Technology, College Park, MD 20742, USA, Physikalisches Institut, Universit\&#034;at, Stuttgart, Germany, Physikalisches Institut, Universit\&#034;at and Homer L. Dodge Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Oklahoma, University Of Cincinnati, Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania, Bloomsburg, PA 17815, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, James R. Macdonald Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66502-2604, USA, Homer L. Dodge Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma State University, Harvard University, Stockholm University, Sweden, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Physics Division, Bryn Mawr College, Vienna University of Technology, Durham University, UK, Institute for Physical Research, Armenia, University of Stuttgart, Germany, Phys. Div., Argonne National Lab., Phys. Div., Argonne National Lab.; Dept. of Physics, University of Chicago, Dept. of Physics, University of Kentucky, University of Maryland, J.R. Macdonald Laboratory, Physics Department, Kansas State University, J.R. Macdonald Laboratory, Kansas State University, Lundbeck Foundation Theoretical Center for Quantum System Research, Dept of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus U., Lundbeck Foundation Theoretical Center for Quantum System Research, Dept of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus U. and J.R. Macdonald Lab., Kansas State U., Lagrange College, J.R. Macdonald Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA, J.R. Macdonald Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA and Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Garching, Germany, Department of Physics, Augustana College, Sioux Falls, SD 57197 USA, JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, SLAC, Pulse Stanford, University of Connecticut, ITAMP Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Joint Quantum Institute, University of Maryland Department of Physics and National Institute of Standards and Technology, College Park, MD 20742, Georgia Tech Research Institute, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Dept. of Physics, Harvard Univ., Dept. of Elec. Eng., Stanford Univ., Dept of Physics, Humboldt-Univ. zu Berlin, Dept. of Elec. Eng., Columbia Univ., Element Six Ltd, Harvard university, CalTech, Texas A\&M University, University of Copenhagen, University of Pittsburgh, Bates College, California Institute of Technology, JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and University of Colorado Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Arnold Sommerfeld Center, LMU Munich, Inst. of Mathematics, Univ. Graz, Inst. of Physics, Univ. Graz, NIST/JQI, Georgia Institute of Technology, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Harvard and Yale University, Texas Lutheran University, Institute for Quantum Studies and Department of Physics, Texas A\&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA, ITAMP, Harvard-Smithonian CfA, USA, Theoretical Division, LANL, USA, Office of Cyberinfrastructure, NSF, USA, Inst. for Theor. Phys., Vienna Univ. of Tech., Austria, EU, NIST and U. of Maryland, NIST, Argonne National Lab, Dep. Physics, KSU, Manhattan KS, Time and Frequency Division, NIST-Boulder, Physics Div., Argonne National Lab., Physics Div., Argonne National Lab.; Dept. of Physics, University of Chicago, Physics Div., Argonne National Lab.; University of Chicago, Department of Physics, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, 78712, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China, Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Office of Cyberinfrastructure, National Science Foundation, Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Moscow State University, Drake University, Sandia National Laboratories, JILA, U. Colorado, Boulder, CO, Duke University, National Institute of Standards and Technology; 325 Broadway; Boulder, CO 80305, Indiana University, Northern Michigan University, JILA and University of Colorado, LENS, European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy and Dipartimento di Fisica, Universit\`a di Firenze, JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0440, JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0440, Chemical Sciences Div., Lawrence Berkeley National Lab., Berkeley, CA, USA, Physics Dept., American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE, J.R. Macdonald Lab., Physics Dept., Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA, The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, Max-Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Hans-Kopfermann Strasse 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany, J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Dept. of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA, Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Innsbruck and IQOQI, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Joint Quantum Institute, NIST and the University of Maryland, ITAMP, Harvard-Smithsonian, UCONN Physics, Storrs, CT, ITAMP/UCONN, Storrs, CT, ITAMP/CUA, Harvard/MIT, Harvard University Physics Department, Cambridge, MA 02138, Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, Joint Quantum Institute, University of Maryland Department of Physics and NIST, College Park, MD 20742, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, Director of the Institut de Lumi\`ere Extr\^eme, ENSTA, Institut d&#039;Optique, CEA, DAM, DIF, Engineering Department, NRC, Atomic Energy Authority, Inshas, Cairo, Egypt, U Tennessee and ORNL, U Wyoming, University of Stuttgart, Georgetown University, EPF Lausanne, Angelo State University, University of Windsor, LANL, Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0NG, UK, Department of Physics, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI 49008-5252, USA, Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Department of Physics, Penn State University, Berks Campus, Texas Christian University, ARC Centre of Excellence for Coherent X-ray Science, The University of Melbourne VIC 3010, Australia, Division of Immunology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, California, LLNL, CA, SSL, Berkley, CA, UNR, NV, Physics Department, Goucher College, Baltimore MD 21204, Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Chonnam National University, College of the Holy Cross, NIST, Boulder, Air Force Research Labs, MPG, Department of Physics, University of Nevada, Reno NV 89557, University of Oregon, University of Massachusetts, Boston, QUANTOP, Neils Bohr Institue, 128 Rockwood Crescent, Thornhill, Ontario L4J 7W1, Canada, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Carleton College, Northfield, Minnesota 55057, Pennsylvania State University, Quaid-I-Azam University, Purdue University, University of Oklahoma, Homer L. Dodge Department of Physics and Astronomy The University of Oklahoma, Institut Carnot de Bourgogne, France, DESY, PTB, LLG, LLNL, Department of Physics, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh, Univerisity of Arizona, Department of Physics, New York University, CQIQC, IOS, and Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Canada, JILA, Quantum Physics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Universit\&#034;at Kaiserslautern, Johannes Gutenberg-Universit\&#034;at Mainz, Quaid-i-Azam University, Universidade de S\~{a}o Paulo, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, The PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Lab, J.R. Macdonald Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA and Max Planck Institue of Quantum Optics, Garching, Germany, Department of Chemistry, Department of Physics, and Center for Advanced Photonics Research, Centre for Quantum Information \& Quantum Control and Institute for Optical Sciences, Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Canada, Institut fuer Experimentalphysik, Universitaet Innsbruck and IQOQI, Oesterreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Institut fuer Experimentalphysik, Universitaet Innsbruck, Institut fuer Theoretische Physik, Universitaet Innsbruck, Department of Physics, Deparment of Chemistry, and Center for Advanced Photonics Research, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, LBNL, Tohoku University, Goethe Univ. Frankfurt, LBNL, Goethe Univ. Frankfurt, Curtin University, ANU, TU Dresden, MPI-KS, Dresden