Production and all-optical deceleration of molecular beams

Gary Chen; Rajendra Shrestha; Rajendra Shrestha; Rajendra Shrestha; Rajendra Shrestha

Production and all-optical deceleration of molecular beams

POSTER

Abstract

Ultracold molecules open up new opportunities in many areas of study, including many-body physics, quantum chemistry, quantum information, and precision measurements. Current methods cannot easily address the spontaneous decay of molecules into dark states without an amalgam of repump lasers. We present an alternative method to produce cold molecules. A cryogenic buffer gas beam (CBGB) is used to create an intense, slow, cold source of molecules. By using a CBGB for the production, we can quench vibrational modes that cannot be addressed with optical methods. This is then followed by an all-optical scheme using a single ultra-fast laser to decelerate the molecules and a continuous wave laser to cool the species. We have started experiments with strontium monohydride (SrH), but the proposed method should be applicable to a wide range of molecular species.

Authors

Gary Chen

UCLA
Rajendra Shrestha

Center for Quantum Information, IIIS, Tsinghua University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, School of Physics, Peking University, ICFO-The Institute of Photonic Sciences, Quantum Measurement Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology and JQI, NIST and UMD, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA, Joint Quantum Institute, National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA, US Army Research Laboratory, National Tsing Hua University, Vilnius University, Joint Quantum Institute, JILA, CU Boulder \& NIST, Univ. Innsbruck, Univ. Strasbourg, Kaiserslautern University of Technology, University of Heidelberg, University of Vienna, IQ Hanover, Germany, Max-Planck-Institute of Quantum Optics, JILA/University of Colorado, Harvard University and Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Northwestern University, Geometrics, Inc., Air Force Institute of Technology, Air Force Research Laboratory, Weizmann Institute of Science, ZARM, Universitaet Bremen, Institut fuer Quantenoptik, Leibniz Universitaet Hannover, Max-Planck-Institut f\"ur Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Str.1, 85748 Garching, Germany, ETH Z\"urich, Department of Physics and Astronomy and Rice Quantum Institute, Rice University, Houston TX, UNM, UoA, College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA, Quantum Institute of Light and Atoms, Department of Physics, East China Normal University, Shanghai, P.R. China, University of New Mexico, University of Arizona, Cornell University, Ohio State U, U of Montana, U of Groninzen, U of Nevada, LLNL, Nacional Aut\'onoma de Mexico, Louisiana State University, PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Univ of Connecticut - Storrs, PULSE, SLAC Linac Coherent Light Source, LCLS, SLAC Linac Coherent Light Source, University of Texas at Austin, J.R. Macdonald Laboratory, Physics Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, J.R. Macdonald Laboratory, Kansas State University, Augustana College, Department of Physics and Astronomy and Rice Quantum Institute, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, University of Cincinnati, The University of Texas at Dallas, JILA, NIST \& Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA, London Centre for Nanotechnology, Monash University, Aarhus University, Institute of Photonic Sciences, Barcelona, University of Oxford, NIST, USA, Department of Physics, Purdue University, JILA, Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Dept of Physics and Research Center OPTIMAS, University of Kaiserslautern; Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz, Kaiserslautern, Dept of Physics and Research Center OPTIMAS, University of Kaiserslautern, Denison University, Granville, OH, Universite Lille, Temple University, Duquesne University, Providence College, Denison University, Rafik Hariri Univ., Meshref, Lebanon, Lomonosov Moscow State Univ., Russia, Lehigh Univ., Bethlehem, PA, Universite Lyon 1 and CNRS (UMR 5306), France, Drake University, University of Kentucky, Illinois Wesleyan University, University of Strathclyde, JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, Ohio State Univ - Columbus, University of Nebraska- Lincoln, Pulse SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, LCLS SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Uppsala University, University of Gothenburg, College of William and Mary, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei,, Department of Physics and Research Center OPTIMAS, University of Kaiserslautern, Germany, Center for Quantum Information, IIIS, Tsinghua Univeristy, Department of Physical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Bilbao, Spain, University of Aarhus, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, University of Innsbruck, Harvard University, UC Berkeley, Texas A\&M University at Qatar, Imperial College London, Tsinghua Univ, JILA, NIST, and Dept. of Physics, University of Colorado at Boulder, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, University of Queensland, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, University of Nevada, Reno, Univ of Maryland-College Park, Physics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China, Physics, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23197, USA, Institudo de Fisica, UASLP, San Luis Potosi 78290, Mexico, TRIUMF, Vancouver, BC V6T 2A3, Canada, Physics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada, JQI, Physics, University of Maryland and NIST, College Park, MD, 20742, USA, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, University of Maryland, The Wright State Research Institute, Candoo Systems, Sandia National Laboratories, Northrop Grumman, Univ of Rochester, Joint Quantum Institute, NIST/UMD, Georgia Southern University, Seoul National University, University of Science and Technology of China, Renmin University of China, Peking University, Univ of Sci \& Tech of China, Department of Physics, Renmin University of China, Rice University, Department of Physics, University of Washington, University of Rochester, Massachusetts Inst of Tech-MIT, State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, Department of Physics, East China Normal University, Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, University of Southampton, Keio University, Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China, Department of Physics and Astronomy, and Rice Quantum Institute, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77251, USA, Condensed Matter Theory Center and Joint Quantum Institute, Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Seoul Natl Univ, University of Oklahoma, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Georgia Tech Research Inst, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Inst of Tech, Univ of Chicago, JILA, NIST, CU Boulder, Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, I-10129 Torino, Italy, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, CUNY, UIUC, University of Pittsburgh, NIST - Natl Inst of Stds \& Tech, Thomas S. Wootton High School, Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue Univeristy, Institut f\"{u}r Quantenmaterie and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology IQST, Universit\"{a}t Ulm, Physics and Astronomy Department, Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tbilisi State University, Georgia, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Jila and the University of Colorado, Boulder, Purdue University, Raman Research Institute, Intel, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA, Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA, ITAMP and Department of Physics, University of Connecticut, Department of Physics, Harvard University, IOTA, Palaiseau, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Joint Quantum Institute, National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland, United States Naval Academy, Oklahoma State University, Oklahoma State Univ, UC Berkeley, Dept. of Physics, LMU Munich, Germany, Leibniz Univ. Hannover, Germany, Univ. Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, Brigham Young University, School of Engineering, Charles Darwin University, Australia, National University of Singapore, Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, ENS, CNRS, JILA/ University of Colorado at Boulder, JILA, University of Colorado, NIST, University of Delaware and the Joint Quantum Institute, Centre for Quantum Technologies, National University of Singapore, Ecole Normale Sup\'erieure, Department of Physics \& Astronomy, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, Department of Physics \& Astronomy and Rice Quantum Institute, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, The University of Tokyo, University of Hong Kong, University of Toronto, Department of Physics, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, USA, JQI and QuICS, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA, Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel, Universit\"at Kassel, Germany, Imperial College London, UK, U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, MD, Duke University, University of Illinois, State Univ of NY- Stony Brook, Joint Quantum Institute, University of Maryland Department of Physics and National Institute of Standards and Technology, College Park, Maryland 20742, Centre for Quantum Technologies, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Center for Quantum Information, IIIS, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P. R. China, School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Max-Born-Institut Berlin, Germany, Universit\"{a}t Heidelberg, Germany, Universit\"{a}t Rostock, Germany, Politecnico di Milano, Italy, IFN-CNR, Milano, Italy, Universidad Aut\'onoma de Madrid, Spain, Universit\`a di Trieste, Italy, IFN-CNR, Padova, Italy, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy, QUB, UK, Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Physikalisches Institut, University of Bonn, Wegelerstra{\ss}e 8, 53115 Bonn, Germany, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB30HE, United Kingdom, HISKP, University of Bonn Nussallee 14-16, D-53115 Bonn, Germany, The Institute of Photonic Sciences, University of Wisconsin, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, Illinois State University, Univ of Nebraska - Lincoln, Northumbria University, University of Windsor, Western Michigan University and Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of West Georgia, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany, Australian National University, University of North Alabama, Indian Institute of Technology-Madras and Jain University, Bangalore, Jain University, Bangalore, Indian Institute of Technology-Madras, Jain University, Bangalore and Indian Institute of Technology-Madras, Queen's University Belfast, J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA, UC Davis, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Frankfurt University, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Georgia State University, Dublin City University, Physics department, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA, Konstantinov Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia, Physical-Technical Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia, Chemical Sciences and Ultrafast X-ray Science Laboratory, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Departments of Applied Science and Chemistry, Davis, Chemical Sciences and Ultrafast X-ray Science Laboratory, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Chemical Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology, Prague Technick\'{a}, Czech Republic, JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, CO 80309, USA, Division of Materials Science, Faculty of Pure and Applied Science, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan, Physics Department, National University of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, 100174, Uzbekistan, School of Mathematical Science, University of Nottingham, Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, and Center for Advanced Study in Theoretical Sciences, Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, University of Kansas, National Taiwan University, Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, Taiwan, Laboratorium f\"ur Physikalische Chemie, ETH Z\"urich, College of Charleston, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Michigan - Ann Arbor, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) - Boulder, Harvard Univ, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Helmholtz Institute Mainz, Iowa State University, University of Southern California, University of California, Berkeley, Ioffe Physical-Technical Institute RAS, Saint Petersburg, Russia, MIT, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Department of Physics, the Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, Department of Physics, California State University - East Bay, Hayward, California 94542-3084, USA, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Stanford University, AOSense, Inc., AOSense, Inc., State Polytechnic University, Old Dominion University, Amherst College, Aalto University, Washington State University, gil.summy@okstate.edu, Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston MA 02125, Physics Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Joint Quantum Institute, NIST and the University of Maryland, The James Franck Institute, The Enrico Fermi Institute, and Department of Physics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, JILA, NIST, and University of Colorado Boulder, University of Cambridge, JILA, NIST, and University of Colorado, JQI, NIST, and University of Maryland, The University of Chicago, JQI, University of Maryland and NIST, College Park, MD 20742, KRISS, Physics Dept., Stony Brook University, Stony Brook NY 11794-3800, Univ of Illinois - Urbana, Univ of Michigan, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Battelle Memorial Institute, Centre for Quantum Technologies, NUS, Argonne National Laboratory, Stony Brook University, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, The Ohio State University, Peking University, Beijing, China, Voronezh State University, Russia, Air Force Research Laboratory, Dayton, USA, OSU, OSU / Intense Energy Solutions, LLC., OSU / ISSI, Univ. of Michigan / ISSI, ISSI, Fellow, National Research Council, USA, Institute of Physics ASCR, Helmholtz Institut Jena, LULI, Institut f{\"u}r Kernphysik, Technische Universitt Darmstadt, CLF, RAL, Queens University Belfast, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, TU Berlin, LCLS, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Department of Physics, UCONN, Chemical Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Max-Planck-Advanced Study Group at CFEL, DESY, Chemical Sciences \& Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, CFEL, DESY and Department of Physics, University of Hamburg, Department of Physics and Astronomy, UCLA, CFEL, DESY and Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, School of Physics and Astronomy, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY 14623, Institute of Physics, Bijenicka cesta 46, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia, Department of Physics, University of Zagreb, Bijenicka cesta 32, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Univ of California - Los Angeles, JILA, University of Colorado Boulder, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Quantum Metrology Laboratory, Japan, University of Delaware, The University of New South Wales, Australia, California State University - East Bay, Stanford Institute for Theoretical Physics, Stanford University, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, Helmholtz Institute Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University, Michigan State University, Yale University, MIT Lincoln Lab, National Institute of Standards and Technology, USA, Sandial National Laboratories, USA, University of Basel, Switzerland, Department of Physics, University of Waterloo, JQI, Dept. of Physics, UMD, and NIST, College Park, MD 20742, Naval Research Laboratory, Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Coll\`ege de France, CNRS, ENS-PSL Research University, UPMC-Sorbonne Universit\'es, 11, pl. M. Berthelot, Paris, France, University of Michigan, Dept. of Physics, NIST - Boulder, Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, Dept. of Physics, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand, Joint Quantum Institute, Dept. of Physics, UMD and NIST, College Park, MD 20742, USA, Colby College, University of Virginia, Joint Quantum Institute and Joint Center for Quantum Information and Computer Science, NIST/University of Maryland, JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Pi5 IQST University of Stuttgart, University of Kaiserslautern, Rice Univ, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401 USA, JILA, NIST and University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA, Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, School of Natural Science \& ISIS Institute for Science and Interdisciplinary Studies, Hampshire College, U of Washington, JILA, University of Florence, INRIM Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica, Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information, Austrian Academy of Sciences, INO Istituto Nazionale di Ottica del CNR, LENS European Laboratory for Nonlinear Spectroscopy, Colorado School of Mines, James Franck Institute, Enrico Fermi Institute and Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA., LKB, ENS-PSL Research University, CNRS, UPMC-Sorbonne Universit{\'e}s, Coll{\`e}ge de France, 24 rue Lhomond, 75231 Paris, France, Department of Physics, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 52900 Israel, Russian Quantum Center, Department of Physics and Research Center OPTIMAS, University of Kaiserslautern, JILA, NIST, Helmholtz Institute, JGU, Mainz, Germany, University of California Berkeley, Tsinghua University, Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Army Research Laboratory, United States Military Academy, Universit\'{e} Montpellier II, Universit\'{e} du Havre, Lehigh University, University of Washingon, Pulkovo Observatory, St. Petersburg, Penn State University, Emory University, University of Georgia, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Penn State Berks, ILM Universit\'{e} Lyon 1, Moravian College, Department of Physics, Temple University, Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Instituto de F\'{i}sica Fundamental, IFF-CSIC, Theoretical Division (T-1, MS B221), Los Alamos National Laboratory, Adelphi University, Institute for Laser Science, University of Electro-Communications, Northwest Missouri State University, QEERI, Doha, Qatar, MBI, Berlin, Germany, Stockholm University, Sweden., Lund University, Sweden, Chimie des materiaux, France, Institut Lumiere matiere, France, MBI, Berlin, Germany; Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, UK, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, D-60486, Germany, Chemical Sciences Division, LBNL, Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan, Department of Applied Science and Technology, UC Berkeley, JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, SRI International Sarnoff, ColdQuanta, Inc, Quantum Diamond Technologies, Inc., MIT Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Natl Univ of Singapore, Stanford University, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA, Time and Frequency Division Centro Nacional de Metrolog\'ia, Quer\'etaro, M\'exico, U.S. Coast Guard Academy, Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics Garching, Lebedev Physical Institute Moscow, Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics Garching, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics Garching, Lebedev Physical Institute Moscow, Department of Physics, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Argonne National Laboratory, University of Chicago, Joint Institute for Laboratory Astrophysics, Tel Aviv University, Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Johannesburg, South Africa, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, CAS, Harvard University, ITAMP, Bryn Mawr College, Ursinus College, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, CA, UCLA, Department of Physics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA, Department of Physical Chemistry and the Fritz Haber Research Center for Molecular Dynamics, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel, Department of Physics, ORT-Braude College, P.O. Box 78, 21982 Karmiel, Israel, Middlebury College, QCD Labs, COMP Centre of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, P.O. Box 13500, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland, Univeristy of Hong Kong, National Research Council of Canada, Department of Physics and JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, and National Institute of Standards and Technology, TU Kaiserslautern, Center for Optical Quantum Technologies, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany; The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Hamburg, Germany, Center for Optical Quantum Technologies, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany, SUNY Stony Brook, Simon Fraser University, Swarthmore College, University of Colorado Boulder, JILA, NIST, JILA, NIST, Dept. of Physics, University of Colorado at Boulder, NIST, JILA, Dept. of Physics, University of Colorado at Boulder, St-Petersburg State Polytechnic University, Duke University Physics Department and Fitzpatrick Institute for Photonics, Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics, Cornell University, ITAMP, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Dallas, Department of Physics, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401 USA, Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology; Institute for Complex Quantum Systems, Universit\"at Ulm, D-89069 Ulm, Germany, MPQ Garching, SNS Pisa, Univ of Oklahoma, Politecnico di Torino, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Davis, Sophia University, JILA, Univ of Colorado - Boulder, CNRS, Laboratoire Aim\'e Cotton (France), University of Michigan, Observatoire de Paris, Muedon, France, Univ Autonoma de Madrid, University of Central Florida, Friedrich-Schiller Universit\"at, University of Tsukuba, Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, Germany, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, Oberlin College, TwinLeaf Inc., Center for Axion and Precision Physics, IBS, Center for Axion and Precision Physics, IBS and KAIST, University of Victoria and Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel, Gravitational-Wave Physics and Astronomy Center, California State University Fullerton, Center for Gravitation, Cosmology, and Astrophysics, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Helmholtz Institute Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University and University of California, Berkeley, Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Poland, Univ of California - Berkeley, Univ of Pennsylvania, York University, University of Basque Country, Harvard, Shanghai University, Joint Quantum Institute, University of Maryland Department of Physics and National Institute of Standards and Technology, NIST, Boulder, Hebrew Univ. of Jerusalem, ITAMP, Harvard University, Princeton University, Departamento de Qu\'imica, M\'odulo 13, Universidad Aut\'onoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain, Grupo de F\'isica At\'omica y Molecular, Instituto de F\'isica, Universidad de Antioquia, AA1226 Medell\'in, Colombia, JILA, NIST, Department of Physics, University of Colorado, JILA, NIST, and University of Colorado, Boulder, JILA, NIST, and Physics Department, Univ of Colorado - Boulder, Univ of Colorado - Boulder
Rajendra Shrestha

Center for Quantum Information, IIIS, Tsinghua University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, School of Physics, Peking University, ICFO-The Institute of Photonic Sciences, Quantum Measurement Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology and JQI, NIST and UMD, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA, Joint Quantum Institute, National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA, US Army Research Laboratory, National Tsing Hua University, Vilnius University, Joint Quantum Institute, JILA, CU Boulder \& NIST, Univ. Innsbruck, Univ. Strasbourg, Kaiserslautern University of Technology, University of Heidelberg, University of Vienna, IQ Hanover, Germany, Max-Planck-Institute of Quantum Optics, JILA/University of Colorado, Harvard University and Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Northwestern University, Geometrics, Inc., Air Force Institute of Technology, Air Force Research Laboratory, Weizmann Institute of Science, ZARM, Universitaet Bremen, Institut fuer Quantenoptik, Leibniz Universitaet Hannover, Max-Planck-Institut f\"ur Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Str.1, 85748 Garching, Germany, ETH Z\"urich, Department of Physics and Astronomy and Rice Quantum Institute, Rice University, Houston TX, UNM, UoA, College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA, Quantum Institute of Light and Atoms, Department of Physics, East China Normal University, Shanghai, P.R. China, University of New Mexico, University of Arizona, Cornell University, Ohio State U, U of Montana, U of Groninzen, U of Nevada, LLNL, Nacional Aut\'onoma de Mexico, Louisiana State University, PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Univ of Connecticut - Storrs, PULSE, SLAC Linac Coherent Light Source, LCLS, SLAC Linac Coherent Light Source, University of Texas at Austin, J.R. Macdonald Laboratory, Physics Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, J.R. Macdonald Laboratory, Kansas State University, Augustana College, Department of Physics and Astronomy and Rice Quantum Institute, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, University of Cincinnati, The University of Texas at Dallas, JILA, NIST \& Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA, London Centre for Nanotechnology, Monash University, Aarhus University, Institute of Photonic Sciences, Barcelona, University of Oxford, NIST, USA, Department of Physics, Purdue University, JILA, Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Dept of Physics and Research Center OPTIMAS, University of Kaiserslautern; Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz, Kaiserslautern, Dept of Physics and Research Center OPTIMAS, University of Kaiserslautern, Denison University, Granville, OH, Universite Lille, Temple University, Duquesne University, Providence College, Denison University, Rafik Hariri Univ., Meshref, Lebanon, Lomonosov Moscow State Univ., Russia, Lehigh Univ., Bethlehem, PA, Universite Lyon 1 and CNRS (UMR 5306), France, Drake University, University of Kentucky, Illinois Wesleyan University, University of Strathclyde, JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, Ohio State Univ - Columbus, University of Nebraska- Lincoln, Pulse SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, LCLS SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Uppsala University, University of Gothenburg, College of William and Mary, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei,, Department of Physics and Research Center OPTIMAS, University of Kaiserslautern, Germany, Center for Quantum Information, IIIS, Tsinghua Univeristy, Department of Physical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Bilbao, Spain, University of Aarhus, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, University of Innsbruck, Harvard University, UC Berkeley, Texas A\&M University at Qatar, Imperial College London, Tsinghua Univ, JILA, NIST, and Dept. of Physics, University of Colorado at Boulder, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, University of Queensland, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, University of Nevada, Reno, Univ of Maryland-College Park, Physics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China, Physics, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23197, USA, Institudo de Fisica, UASLP, San Luis Potosi 78290, Mexico, TRIUMF, Vancouver, BC V6T 2A3, Canada, Physics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada, JQI, Physics, University of Maryland and NIST, College Park, MD, 20742, USA, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, University of Maryland, The Wright State Research Institute, Candoo Systems, Sandia National Laboratories, Northrop Grumman, Univ of Rochester, Joint Quantum Institute, NIST/UMD, Georgia Southern University, Seoul National University, University of Science and Technology of China, Renmin University of China, Peking University, Univ of Sci \& Tech of China, Department of Physics, Renmin University of China, Rice University, Department of Physics, University of Washington, University of Rochester, Massachusetts Inst of Tech-MIT, State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, Department of Physics, East China Normal University, Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, University of Southampton, Keio University, Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China, Department of Physics and Astronomy, and Rice Quantum Institute, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77251, USA, Condensed Matter Theory Center and Joint Quantum Institute, Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Seoul Natl Univ, University of Oklahoma, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Georgia Tech Research Inst, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Inst of Tech, Univ of Chicago, JILA, NIST, CU Boulder, Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, I-10129 Torino, Italy, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, CUNY, UIUC, University of Pittsburgh, NIST - Natl Inst of Stds \& Tech, Thomas S. Wootton High School, Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue Univeristy, Institut f\"{u}r Quantenmaterie and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology IQST, Universit\"{a}t Ulm, Physics and Astronomy Department, Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tbilisi State University, Georgia, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Jila and the University of Colorado, Boulder, Purdue University, Raman Research Institute, Intel, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA, Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA, ITAMP and Department of Physics, University of Connecticut, Department of Physics, Harvard University, IOTA, Palaiseau, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Joint Quantum Institute, National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland, United States Naval Academy, Oklahoma State University, Oklahoma State Univ, UC Berkeley, Dept. of Physics, LMU Munich, Germany, Leibniz Univ. Hannover, Germany, Univ. Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, Brigham Young University, School of Engineering, Charles Darwin University, Australia, National University of Singapore, Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, ENS, CNRS, JILA/ University of Colorado at Boulder, JILA, University of Colorado, NIST, University of Delaware and the Joint Quantum Institute, Centre for Quantum Technologies, National University of Singapore, Ecole Normale Sup\'erieure, Department of Physics \& Astronomy, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, Department of Physics \& Astronomy and Rice Quantum Institute, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, The University of Tokyo, University of Hong Kong, University of Toronto, Department of Physics, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, USA, JQI and QuICS, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA, Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel, Universit\"at Kassel, Germany, Imperial College London, UK, U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, MD, Duke University, University of Illinois, State Univ of NY- Stony Brook, Joint Quantum Institute, University of Maryland Department of Physics and National Institute of Standards and Technology, College Park, Maryland 20742, Centre for Quantum Technologies, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Center for Quantum Information, IIIS, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P. R. China, School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Max-Born-Institut Berlin, Germany, Universit\"{a}t Heidelberg, Germany, Universit\"{a}t Rostock, Germany, Politecnico di Milano, Italy, IFN-CNR, Milano, Italy, Universidad Aut\'onoma de Madrid, Spain, Universit\`a di Trieste, Italy, IFN-CNR, Padova, Italy, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy, QUB, UK, Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Physikalisches Institut, University of Bonn, Wegelerstra{\ss}e 8, 53115 Bonn, Germany, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB30HE, United Kingdom, HISKP, University of Bonn Nussallee 14-16, D-53115 Bonn, Germany, The Institute of Photonic Sciences, University of Wisconsin, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, Illinois State University, Univ of Nebraska - Lincoln, Northumbria University, University of Windsor, Western Michigan University and Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of West Georgia, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany, Australian National University, University of North Alabama, Indian Institute of Technology-Madras and Jain University, Bangalore, Jain University, Bangalore, Indian Institute of Technology-Madras, Jain University, Bangalore and Indian Institute of Technology-Madras, Queen's University Belfast, J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA, UC Davis, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Frankfurt University, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Georgia State University, Dublin City University, Physics department, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA, Konstantinov Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia, Physical-Technical Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia, Chemical Sciences and Ultrafast X-ray Science Laboratory, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Departments of Applied Science and Chemistry, Davis, Chemical Sciences and Ultrafast X-ray Science Laboratory, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Chemical Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology, Prague Technick\'{a}, Czech Republic, JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, CO 80309, USA, Division of Materials Science, Faculty of Pure and Applied Science, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan, Physics Department, National University of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, 100174, Uzbekistan, School of Mathematical Science, University of Nottingham, Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, and Center for Advanced Study in Theoretical Sciences, Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, University of Kansas, National Taiwan University, Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, Taiwan, Laboratorium f\"ur Physikalische Chemie, ETH Z\"urich, College of Charleston, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Michigan - Ann Arbor, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) - Boulder, Harvard Univ, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Helmholtz Institute Mainz, Iowa State University, University of Southern California, University of California, Berkeley, Ioffe Physical-Technical Institute RAS, Saint Petersburg, Russia, MIT, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Department of Physics, the Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, Department of Physics, California State University - East Bay, Hayward, California 94542-3084, USA, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Stanford University, AOSense, Inc., AOSense, Inc., State Polytechnic University, Old Dominion University, Amherst College, Aalto University, Washington State University, gil.summy@okstate.edu, Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston MA 02125, Physics Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Joint Quantum Institute, NIST and the University of Maryland, The James Franck Institute, The Enrico Fermi Institute, and Department of Physics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, JILA, NIST, and University of Colorado Boulder, University of Cambridge, JILA, NIST, and University of Colorado, JQI, NIST, and University of Maryland, The University of Chicago, JQI, University of Maryland and NIST, College Park, MD 20742, KRISS, Physics Dept., Stony Brook University, Stony Brook NY 11794-3800, Univ of Illinois - Urbana, Univ of Michigan, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Battelle Memorial Institute, Centre for Quantum Technologies, NUS, Argonne National Laboratory, Stony Brook University, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, The Ohio State University, Peking University, Beijing, China, Voronezh State University, Russia, Air Force Research Laboratory, Dayton, USA, OSU, OSU / Intense Energy Solutions, LLC., OSU / ISSI, Univ. of Michigan / ISSI, ISSI, Fellow, National Research Council, USA, Institute of Physics ASCR, Helmholtz Institut Jena, LULI, Institut f{\"u}r Kernphysik, Technische Universitt Darmstadt, CLF, RAL, Queens University Belfast, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, TU Berlin, LCLS, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Department of Physics, UCONN, Chemical Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Max-Planck-Advanced Study Group at CFEL, DESY, Chemical Sciences \& Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, CFEL, DESY and Department of Physics, University of Hamburg, Department of Physics and Astronomy, UCLA, CFEL, DESY and Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, School of Physics and Astronomy, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY 14623, Institute of Physics, Bijenicka cesta 46, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia, Department of Physics, University of Zagreb, Bijenicka cesta 32, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Univ of California - Los Angeles, JILA, University of Colorado Boulder, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Quantum Metrology Laboratory, Japan, University of Delaware, The University of New South Wales, Australia, California State University - East Bay, Stanford Institute for Theoretical Physics, Stanford University, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, Helmholtz Institute Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University, Michigan State University, Yale University, MIT Lincoln Lab, National Institute of Standards and Technology, USA, Sandial National Laboratories, USA, University of Basel, Switzerland, Department of Physics, University of Waterloo, JQI, Dept. of Physics, UMD, and NIST, College Park, MD 20742, Naval Research Laboratory, Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Coll\`ege de France, CNRS, ENS-PSL Research University, UPMC-Sorbonne Universit\'es, 11, pl. M. Berthelot, Paris, France, University of Michigan, Dept. of Physics, NIST - Boulder, Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, Dept. of Physics, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand, Joint Quantum Institute, Dept. of Physics, UMD and NIST, College Park, MD 20742, USA, Colby College, University of Virginia, Joint Quantum Institute and Joint Center for Quantum Information and Computer Science, NIST/University of Maryland, JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Pi5 IQST University of Stuttgart, University of Kaiserslautern, Rice Univ, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401 USA, JILA, NIST and University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA, Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, School of Natural Science \& ISIS Institute for Science and Interdisciplinary Studies, Hampshire College, U of Washington, JILA, University of Florence, INRIM Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica, Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information, Austrian Academy of Sciences, INO Istituto Nazionale di Ottica del CNR, LENS European Laboratory for Nonlinear Spectroscopy, Colorado School of Mines, James Franck Institute, Enrico Fermi Institute and Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA., LKB, ENS-PSL Research University, CNRS, UPMC-Sorbonne Universit{\'e}s, Coll{\`e}ge de France, 24 rue Lhomond, 75231 Paris, France, Department of Physics, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 52900 Israel, Russian Quantum Center, Department of Physics and Research Center OPTIMAS, University of Kaiserslautern, JILA, NIST, Helmholtz Institute, JGU, Mainz, Germany, University of California Berkeley, Tsinghua University, Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Army Research Laboratory, United States Military Academy, Universit\'{e} Montpellier II, Universit\'{e} du Havre, Lehigh University, University of Washingon, Pulkovo Observatory, St. Petersburg, Penn State University, Emory University, University of Georgia, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Penn State Berks, ILM Universit\'{e} Lyon 1, Moravian College, Department of Physics, Temple University, Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Instituto de F\'{i}sica Fundamental, IFF-CSIC, Theoretical Division (T-1, MS B221), Los Alamos National Laboratory, Adelphi University, Institute for Laser Science, University of Electro-Communications, Northwest Missouri State University, QEERI, Doha, Qatar, MBI, Berlin, Germany, Stockholm University, Sweden., Lund University, Sweden, Chimie des materiaux, France, Institut Lumiere matiere, France, MBI, Berlin, Germany; Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, UK, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, D-60486, Germany, Chemical Sciences Division, LBNL, Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan, Department of Applied Science and Technology, UC Berkeley, JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, SRI International Sarnoff, ColdQuanta, Inc, Quantum Diamond Technologies, Inc., MIT Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Natl Univ of Singapore, Stanford University, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA, Time and Frequency Division Centro Nacional de Metrolog\'ia, Quer\'etaro, M\'exico, U.S. Coast Guard Academy, Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics Garching, Lebedev Physical Institute Moscow, Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics Garching, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics Garching, Lebedev Physical Institute Moscow, Department of Physics, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Argonne National Laboratory, University of Chicago, Joint Institute for Laboratory Astrophysics, Tel Aviv University, Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Johannesburg, South Africa, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, CAS, Harvard University, ITAMP, Bryn Mawr College, Ursinus College, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, CA, UCLA, Department of Physics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA, Department of Physical Chemistry and the Fritz Haber Research Center for Molecular Dynamics, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel, Department of Physics, ORT-Braude College, P.O. Box 78, 21982 Karmiel, Israel, Middlebury College, QCD Labs, COMP Centre of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, P.O. Box 13500, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland, Univeristy of Hong Kong, National Research Council of Canada, Department of Physics and JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, and National Institute of Standards and Technology, TU Kaiserslautern, Center for Optical Quantum Technologies, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany; The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Hamburg, Germany, Center for Optical Quantum Technologies, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany, SUNY Stony Brook, Simon Fraser University, Swarthmore College, University of Colorado Boulder, JILA, NIST, JILA, NIST, Dept. of Physics, University of Colorado at Boulder, NIST, JILA, Dept. of Physics, University of Colorado at Boulder, St-Petersburg State Polytechnic University, Duke University Physics Department and Fitzpatrick Institute for Photonics, Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics, Cornell University, ITAMP, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Dallas, Department of Physics, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401 USA, Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology; Institute for Complex Quantum Systems, Universit\"at Ulm, D-89069 Ulm, Germany, MPQ Garching, SNS Pisa, Univ of Oklahoma, Politecnico di Torino, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Davis, Sophia University, JILA, Univ of Colorado - Boulder, CNRS, Laboratoire Aim\'e Cotton (France), University of Michigan, Observatoire de Paris, Muedon, France, Univ Autonoma de Madrid, University of Central Florida, Friedrich-Schiller Universit\"at, University of Tsukuba, Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, Germany, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, Oberlin College, TwinLeaf Inc., Center for Axion and Precision Physics, IBS, Center for Axion and Precision Physics, IBS and KAIST, University of Victoria and Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel, Gravitational-Wave Physics and Astronomy Center, California State University Fullerton, Center for Gravitation, Cosmology, and Astrophysics, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Helmholtz Institute Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University and University of California, Berkeley, Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Poland, Univ of California - Berkeley, Univ of Pennsylvania, York University, University of Basque Country, Harvard, Shanghai University, Joint Quantum Institute, University of Maryland Department of Physics and National Institute of Standards and Technology, NIST, Boulder, Hebrew Univ. of Jerusalem, ITAMP, Harvard University, Princeton University, Departamento de Qu\'imica, M\'odulo 13, Universidad Aut\'onoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain, Grupo de F\'isica At\'omica y Molecular, Instituto de F\'isica, Universidad de Antioquia, AA1226 Medell\'in, Colombia, JILA, NIST, Department of Physics, University of Colorado, JILA, NIST, and University of Colorado, Boulder, JILA, NIST, and Physics Department, Univ of Colorado - Boulder, Univ of Colorado - Boulder
Rajendra Shrestha

Center for Quantum Information, IIIS, Tsinghua University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, School of Physics, Peking University, ICFO-The Institute of Photonic Sciences, Quantum Measurement Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology and JQI, NIST and UMD, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA, Joint Quantum Institute, National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA, US Army Research Laboratory, National Tsing Hua University, Vilnius University, Joint Quantum Institute, JILA, CU Boulder \& NIST, Univ. Innsbruck, Univ. Strasbourg, Kaiserslautern University of Technology, University of Heidelberg, University of Vienna, IQ Hanover, Germany, Max-Planck-Institute of Quantum Optics, JILA/University of Colorado, Harvard University and Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Northwestern University, Geometrics, Inc., Air Force Institute of Technology, Air Force Research Laboratory, Weizmann Institute of Science, ZARM, Universitaet Bremen, Institut fuer Quantenoptik, Leibniz Universitaet Hannover, Max-Planck-Institut f\"ur Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Str.1, 85748 Garching, Germany, ETH Z\"urich, Department of Physics and Astronomy and Rice Quantum Institute, Rice University, Houston TX, UNM, UoA, College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA, Quantum Institute of Light and Atoms, Department of Physics, East China Normal University, Shanghai, P.R. China, University of New Mexico, University of Arizona, Cornell University, Ohio State U, U of Montana, U of Groninzen, U of Nevada, LLNL, Nacional Aut\'onoma de Mexico, Louisiana State University, PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Univ of Connecticut - Storrs, PULSE, SLAC Linac Coherent Light Source, LCLS, SLAC Linac Coherent Light Source, University of Texas at Austin, J.R. Macdonald Laboratory, Physics Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, J.R. Macdonald Laboratory, Kansas State University, Augustana College, Department of Physics and Astronomy and Rice Quantum Institute, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, University of Cincinnati, The University of Texas at Dallas, JILA, NIST \& Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA, London Centre for Nanotechnology, Monash University, Aarhus University, Institute of Photonic Sciences, Barcelona, University of Oxford, NIST, USA, Department of Physics, Purdue University, JILA, Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Dept of Physics and Research Center OPTIMAS, University of Kaiserslautern; Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz, Kaiserslautern, Dept of Physics and Research Center OPTIMAS, University of Kaiserslautern, Denison University, Granville, OH, Universite Lille, Temple University, Duquesne University, Providence College, Denison University, Rafik Hariri Univ., Meshref, Lebanon, Lomonosov Moscow State Univ., Russia, Lehigh Univ., Bethlehem, PA, Universite Lyon 1 and CNRS (UMR 5306), France, Drake University, University of Kentucky, Illinois Wesleyan University, University of Strathclyde, JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, Ohio State Univ - Columbus, University of Nebraska- Lincoln, Pulse SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, LCLS SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Uppsala University, University of Gothenburg, College of William and Mary, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei,, Department of Physics and Research Center OPTIMAS, University of Kaiserslautern, Germany, Center for Quantum Information, IIIS, Tsinghua Univeristy, Department of Physical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Bilbao, Spain, University of Aarhus, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, University of Innsbruck, Harvard University, UC Berkeley, Texas A\&M University at Qatar, Imperial College London, Tsinghua Univ, JILA, NIST, and Dept. of Physics, University of Colorado at Boulder, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, University of Queensland, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, University of Nevada, Reno, Univ of Maryland-College Park, Physics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China, Physics, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23197, USA, Institudo de Fisica, UASLP, San Luis Potosi 78290, Mexico, TRIUMF, Vancouver, BC V6T 2A3, Canada, Physics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada, JQI, Physics, University of Maryland and NIST, College Park, MD, 20742, USA, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, University of Maryland, The Wright State Research Institute, Candoo Systems, Sandia National Laboratories, Northrop Grumman, Univ of Rochester, Joint Quantum Institute, NIST/UMD, Georgia Southern University, Seoul National University, University of Science and Technology of China, Renmin University of China, Peking University, Univ of Sci \& Tech of China, Department of Physics, Renmin University of China, Rice University, Department of Physics, University of Washington, University of Rochester, Massachusetts Inst of Tech-MIT, State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, Department of Physics, East China Normal University, Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, University of Southampton, Keio University, Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China, Department of Physics and Astronomy, and Rice Quantum Institute, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77251, USA, Condensed Matter Theory Center and Joint Quantum Institute, Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Seoul Natl Univ, University of Oklahoma, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Georgia Tech Research Inst, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Inst of Tech, Univ of Chicago, JILA, NIST, CU Boulder, Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, I-10129 Torino, Italy, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, CUNY, UIUC, University of Pittsburgh, NIST - Natl Inst of Stds \& Tech, Thomas S. Wootton High School, Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue Univeristy, Institut f\"{u}r Quantenmaterie and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology IQST, Universit\"{a}t Ulm, Physics and Astronomy Department, Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tbilisi State University, Georgia, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Jila and the University of Colorado, Boulder, Purdue University, Raman Research Institute, Intel, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA, Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA, ITAMP and Department of Physics, University of Connecticut, Department of Physics, Harvard University, IOTA, Palaiseau, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Joint Quantum Institute, National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland, United States Naval Academy, Oklahoma State University, Oklahoma State Univ, UC Berkeley, Dept. of Physics, LMU Munich, Germany, Leibniz Univ. Hannover, Germany, Univ. Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, Brigham Young University, School of Engineering, Charles Darwin University, Australia, National University of Singapore, Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, ENS, CNRS, JILA/ University of Colorado at Boulder, JILA, University of Colorado, NIST, University of Delaware and the Joint Quantum Institute, Centre for Quantum Technologies, National University of Singapore, Ecole Normale Sup\'erieure, Department of Physics \& Astronomy, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, Department of Physics \& Astronomy and Rice Quantum Institute, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, The University of Tokyo, University of Hong Kong, University of Toronto, Department of Physics, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, USA, JQI and QuICS, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA, Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel, Universit\"at Kassel, Germany, Imperial College London, UK, U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, MD, Duke University, University of Illinois, State Univ of NY- Stony Brook, Joint Quantum Institute, University of Maryland Department of Physics and National Institute of Standards and Technology, College Park, Maryland 20742, Centre for Quantum Technologies, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Center for Quantum Information, IIIS, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P. R. China, School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Max-Born-Institut Berlin, Germany, Universit\"{a}t Heidelberg, Germany, Universit\"{a}t Rostock, Germany, Politecnico di Milano, Italy, IFN-CNR, Milano, Italy, Universidad Aut\'onoma de Madrid, Spain, Universit\`a di Trieste, Italy, IFN-CNR, Padova, Italy, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy, QUB, UK, Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Physikalisches Institut, University of Bonn, Wegelerstra{\ss}e 8, 53115 Bonn, Germany, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB30HE, United Kingdom, HISKP, University of Bonn Nussallee 14-16, D-53115 Bonn, Germany, The Institute of Photonic Sciences, University of Wisconsin, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, Illinois State University, Univ of Nebraska - Lincoln, Northumbria University, University of Windsor, Western Michigan University and Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of West Georgia, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany, Australian National University, University of North Alabama, Indian Institute of Technology-Madras and Jain University, Bangalore, Jain University, Bangalore, Indian Institute of Technology-Madras, Jain University, Bangalore and Indian Institute of Technology-Madras, Queen's University Belfast, J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA, UC Davis, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Frankfurt University, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Georgia State University, Dublin City University, Physics department, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA, Konstantinov Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia, Physical-Technical Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia, Chemical Sciences and Ultrafast X-ray Science Laboratory, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Departments of Applied Science and Chemistry, Davis, Chemical Sciences and Ultrafast X-ray Science Laboratory, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Chemical Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology, Prague Technick\'{a}, Czech Republic, JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, CO 80309, USA, Division of Materials Science, Faculty of Pure and Applied Science, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan, Physics Department, National University of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, 100174, Uzbekistan, School of Mathematical Science, University of Nottingham, Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, and Center for Advanced Study in Theoretical Sciences, Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, University of Kansas, National Taiwan University, Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, Taiwan, Laboratorium f\"ur Physikalische Chemie, ETH Z\"urich, College of Charleston, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Michigan - Ann Arbor, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) - Boulder, Harvard Univ, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Helmholtz Institute Mainz, Iowa State University, University of Southern California, University of California, Berkeley, Ioffe Physical-Technical Institute RAS, Saint Petersburg, Russia, MIT, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Department of Physics, the Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, Department of Physics, California State University - East Bay, Hayward, California 94542-3084, USA, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Stanford University, AOSense, Inc., AOSense, Inc., State Polytechnic University, Old Dominion University, Amherst College, Aalto University, Washington State University, gil.summy@okstate.edu, Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston MA 02125, Physics Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Joint Quantum Institute, NIST and the University of Maryland, The James Franck Institute, The Enrico Fermi Institute, and Department of Physics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, JILA, NIST, and University of Colorado Boulder, University of Cambridge, JILA, NIST, and University of Colorado, JQI, NIST, and University of Maryland, The University of Chicago, JQI, University of Maryland and NIST, College Park, MD 20742, KRISS, Physics Dept., Stony Brook University, Stony Brook NY 11794-3800, Univ of Illinois - Urbana, Univ of Michigan, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Battelle Memorial Institute, Centre for Quantum Technologies, NUS, Argonne National Laboratory, Stony Brook University, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, The Ohio State University, Peking University, Beijing, China, Voronezh State University, Russia, Air Force Research Laboratory, Dayton, USA, OSU, OSU / Intense Energy Solutions, LLC., OSU / ISSI, Univ. of Michigan / ISSI, ISSI, Fellow, National Research Council, USA, Institute of Physics ASCR, Helmholtz Institut Jena, LULI, Institut f{\"u}r Kernphysik, Technische Universitt Darmstadt, CLF, RAL, Queens University Belfast, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, TU Berlin, LCLS, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Department of Physics, UCONN, Chemical Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Max-Planck-Advanced Study Group at CFEL, DESY, Chemical Sciences \& Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, CFEL, DESY and Department of Physics, University of Hamburg, Department of Physics and Astronomy, UCLA, CFEL, DESY and Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, School of Physics and Astronomy, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY 14623, Institute of Physics, Bijenicka cesta 46, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia, Department of Physics, University of Zagreb, Bijenicka cesta 32, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Univ of California - Los Angeles, JILA, University of Colorado Boulder, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Quantum Metrology Laboratory, Japan, University of Delaware, The University of New South Wales, Australia, California State University - East Bay, Stanford Institute for Theoretical Physics, Stanford University, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, Helmholtz Institute Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University, Michigan State University, Yale University, MIT Lincoln Lab, National Institute of Standards and Technology, USA, Sandial National Laboratories, USA, University of Basel, Switzerland, Department of Physics, University of Waterloo, JQI, Dept. of Physics, UMD, and NIST, College Park, MD 20742, Naval Research Laboratory, Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Coll\`ege de France, CNRS, ENS-PSL Research University, UPMC-Sorbonne Universit\'es, 11, pl. M. Berthelot, Paris, France, University of Michigan, Dept. of Physics, NIST - Boulder, Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, Dept. of Physics, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand, Joint Quantum Institute, Dept. of Physics, UMD and NIST, College Park, MD 20742, USA, Colby College, University of Virginia, Joint Quantum Institute and Joint Center for Quantum Information and Computer Science, NIST/University of Maryland, JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Pi5 IQST University of Stuttgart, University of Kaiserslautern, Rice Univ, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401 USA, JILA, NIST and University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA, Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, School of Natural Science \& ISIS Institute for Science and Interdisciplinary Studies, Hampshire College, U of Washington, JILA, University of Florence, INRIM Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica, Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information, Austrian Academy of Sciences, INO Istituto Nazionale di Ottica del CNR, LENS European Laboratory for Nonlinear Spectroscopy, Colorado School of Mines, James Franck Institute, Enrico Fermi Institute and Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA., LKB, ENS-PSL Research University, CNRS, UPMC-Sorbonne Universit{\'e}s, Coll{\`e}ge de France, 24 rue Lhomond, 75231 Paris, France, Department of Physics, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 52900 Israel, Russian Quantum Center, Department of Physics and Research Center OPTIMAS, University of Kaiserslautern, JILA, NIST, Helmholtz Institute, JGU, Mainz, Germany, University of California Berkeley, Tsinghua University, Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Army Research Laboratory, United States Military Academy, Universit\'{e} Montpellier II, Universit\'{e} du Havre, Lehigh University, University of Washingon, Pulkovo Observatory, St. Petersburg, Penn State University, Emory University, University of Georgia, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Penn State Berks, ILM Universit\'{e} Lyon 1, Moravian College, Department of Physics, Temple University, Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Instituto de F\'{i}sica Fundamental, IFF-CSIC, Theoretical Division (T-1, MS B221), Los Alamos National Laboratory, Adelphi University, Institute for Laser Science, University of Electro-Communications, Northwest Missouri State University, QEERI, Doha, Qatar, MBI, Berlin, Germany, Stockholm University, Sweden., Lund University, Sweden, Chimie des materiaux, France, Institut Lumiere matiere, France, MBI, Berlin, Germany; Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, UK, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, D-60486, Germany, Chemical Sciences Division, LBNL, Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan, Department of Applied Science and Technology, UC Berkeley, JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, SRI International Sarnoff, ColdQuanta, Inc, Quantum Diamond Technologies, Inc., MIT Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Natl Univ of Singapore, Stanford University, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA, Time and Frequency Division Centro Nacional de Metrolog\'ia, Quer\'etaro, M\'exico, U.S. Coast Guard Academy, Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics Garching, Lebedev Physical Institute Moscow, Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics Garching, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics Garching, Lebedev Physical Institute Moscow, Department of Physics, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Argonne National Laboratory, University of Chicago, Joint Institute for Laboratory Astrophysics, Tel Aviv University, Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Johannesburg, South Africa, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, CAS, Harvard University, ITAMP, Bryn Mawr College, Ursinus College, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, CA, UCLA, Department of Physics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA, Department of Physical Chemistry and the Fritz Haber Research Center for Molecular Dynamics, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel, Department of Physics, ORT-Braude College, P.O. Box 78, 21982 Karmiel, Israel, Middlebury College, QCD Labs, COMP Centre of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, P.O. Box 13500, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland, Univeristy of Hong Kong, National Research Council of Canada, Department of Physics and JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, and National Institute of Standards and Technology, TU Kaiserslautern, Center for Optical Quantum Technologies, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany; The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Hamburg, Germany, Center for Optical Quantum Technologies, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany, SUNY Stony Brook, Simon Fraser University, Swarthmore College, University of Colorado Boulder, JILA, NIST, JILA, NIST, Dept. of Physics, University of Colorado at Boulder, NIST, JILA, Dept. of Physics, University of Colorado at Boulder, St-Petersburg State Polytechnic University, Duke University Physics Department and Fitzpatrick Institute for Photonics, Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics, Cornell University, ITAMP, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Dallas, Department of Physics, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401 USA, Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology; Institute for Complex Quantum Systems, Universit\"at Ulm, D-89069 Ulm, Germany, MPQ Garching, SNS Pisa, Univ of Oklahoma, Politecnico di Torino, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Davis, Sophia University, JILA, Univ of Colorado - Boulder, CNRS, Laboratoire Aim\'e Cotton (France), University of Michigan, Observatoire de Paris, Muedon, France, Univ Autonoma de Madrid, University of Central Florida, Friedrich-Schiller Universit\"at, University of Tsukuba, Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, Germany, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, Oberlin College, TwinLeaf Inc., Center for Axion and Precision Physics, IBS, Center for Axion and Precision Physics, IBS and KAIST, University of Victoria and Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel, Gravitational-Wave Physics and Astronomy Center, California State University Fullerton, Center for Gravitation, Cosmology, and Astrophysics, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Helmholtz Institute Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University and University of California, Berkeley, Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Poland, Univ of California - Berkeley, Univ of Pennsylvania, York University, University of Basque Country, Harvard, Shanghai University, Joint Quantum Institute, University of Maryland Department of Physics and National Institute of Standards and Technology, NIST, Boulder, Hebrew Univ. of Jerusalem, ITAMP, Harvard University, Princeton University, Departamento de Qu\'imica, M\'odulo 13, Universidad Aut\'onoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain, Grupo de F\'isica At\'omica y Molecular, Instituto de F\'isica, Universidad de Antioquia, AA1226 Medell\'in, Colombia, JILA, NIST, Department of Physics, University of Colorado, JILA, NIST, and University of Colorado, Boulder, JILA, NIST, and Physics Department, Univ of Colorado - Boulder, Univ of Colorado - Boulder
Rajendra Shrestha

Center for Quantum Information, IIIS, Tsinghua University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, School of Physics, Peking University, ICFO-The Institute of Photonic Sciences, Quantum Measurement Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology and JQI, NIST and UMD, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA, Joint Quantum Institute, National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA, US Army Research Laboratory, National Tsing Hua University, Vilnius University, Joint Quantum Institute, JILA, CU Boulder \& NIST, Univ. Innsbruck, Univ. Strasbourg, Kaiserslautern University of Technology, University of Heidelberg, University of Vienna, IQ Hanover, Germany, Max-Planck-Institute of Quantum Optics, JILA/University of Colorado, Harvard University and Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Northwestern University, Geometrics, Inc., Air Force Institute of Technology, Air Force Research Laboratory, Weizmann Institute of Science, ZARM, Universitaet Bremen, Institut fuer Quantenoptik, Leibniz Universitaet Hannover, Max-Planck-Institut f\"ur Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Str.1, 85748 Garching, Germany, ETH Z\"urich, Department of Physics and Astronomy and Rice Quantum Institute, Rice University, Houston TX, UNM, UoA, College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA, Quantum Institute of Light and Atoms, Department of Physics, East China Normal University, Shanghai, P.R. China, University of New Mexico, University of Arizona, Cornell University, Ohio State U, U of Montana, U of Groninzen, U of Nevada, LLNL, Nacional Aut\'onoma de Mexico, Louisiana State University, PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Univ of Connecticut - Storrs, PULSE, SLAC Linac Coherent Light Source, LCLS, SLAC Linac Coherent Light Source, University of Texas at Austin, J.R. Macdonald Laboratory, Physics Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, J.R. Macdonald Laboratory, Kansas State University, Augustana College, Department of Physics and Astronomy and Rice Quantum Institute, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, University of Cincinnati, The University of Texas at Dallas, JILA, NIST \& Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA, London Centre for Nanotechnology, Monash University, Aarhus University, Institute of Photonic Sciences, Barcelona, University of Oxford, NIST, USA, Department of Physics, Purdue University, JILA, Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Dept of Physics and Research Center OPTIMAS, University of Kaiserslautern; Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz, Kaiserslautern, Dept of Physics and Research Center OPTIMAS, University of Kaiserslautern, Denison University, Granville, OH, Universite Lille, Temple University, Duquesne University, Providence College, Denison University, Rafik Hariri Univ., Meshref, Lebanon, Lomonosov Moscow State Univ., Russia, Lehigh Univ., Bethlehem, PA, Universite Lyon 1 and CNRS (UMR 5306), France, Drake University, University of Kentucky, Illinois Wesleyan University, University of Strathclyde, JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, Ohio State Univ - Columbus, University of Nebraska- Lincoln, Pulse SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, LCLS SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Uppsala University, University of Gothenburg, College of William and Mary, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei,, Department of Physics and Research Center OPTIMAS, University of Kaiserslautern, Germany, Center for Quantum Information, IIIS, Tsinghua Univeristy, Department of Physical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Bilbao, Spain, University of Aarhus, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, University of Innsbruck, Harvard University, UC Berkeley, Texas A\&M University at Qatar, Imperial College London, Tsinghua Univ, JILA, NIST, and Dept. of Physics, University of Colorado at Boulder, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, University of Queensland, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, University of Nevada, Reno, Univ of Maryland-College Park, Physics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China, Physics, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23197, USA, Institudo de Fisica, UASLP, San Luis Potosi 78290, Mexico, TRIUMF, Vancouver, BC V6T 2A3, Canada, Physics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada, JQI, Physics, University of Maryland and NIST, College Park, MD, 20742, USA, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, University of Maryland, The Wright State Research Institute, Candoo Systems, Sandia National Laboratories, Northrop Grumman, Univ of Rochester, Joint Quantum Institute, NIST/UMD, Georgia Southern University, Seoul National University, University of Science and Technology of China, Renmin University of China, Peking University, Univ of Sci \& Tech of China, Department of Physics, Renmin University of China, Rice University, Department of Physics, University of Washington, University of Rochester, Massachusetts Inst of Tech-MIT, State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, Department of Physics, East China Normal University, Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, University of Southampton, Keio University, Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China, Department of Physics and Astronomy, and Rice Quantum Institute, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77251, USA, Condensed Matter Theory Center and Joint Quantum Institute, Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Seoul Natl Univ, University of Oklahoma, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Georgia Tech Research Inst, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Inst of Tech, Univ of Chicago, JILA, NIST, CU Boulder, Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, I-10129 Torino, Italy, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, CUNY, UIUC, University of Pittsburgh, NIST - Natl Inst of Stds \& Tech, Thomas S. Wootton High School, Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue Univeristy, Institut f\"{u}r Quantenmaterie and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology IQST, Universit\"{a}t Ulm, Physics and Astronomy Department, Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tbilisi State University, Georgia, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Jila and the University of Colorado, Boulder, Purdue University, Raman Research Institute, Intel, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA, Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA, ITAMP and Department of Physics, University of Connecticut, Department of Physics, Harvard University, IOTA, Palaiseau, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Joint Quantum Institute, National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland, United States Naval Academy, Oklahoma State University, Oklahoma State Univ, UC Berkeley, Dept. of Physics, LMU Munich, Germany, Leibniz Univ. Hannover, Germany, Univ. Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, Brigham Young University, School of Engineering, Charles Darwin University, Australia, National University of Singapore, Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, ENS, CNRS, JILA/ University of Colorado at Boulder, JILA, University of Colorado, NIST, University of Delaware and the Joint Quantum Institute, Centre for Quantum Technologies, National University of Singapore, Ecole Normale Sup\'erieure, Department of Physics \& Astronomy, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, Department of Physics \& Astronomy and Rice Quantum Institute, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, The University of Tokyo, University of Hong Kong, University of Toronto, Department of Physics, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, USA, JQI and QuICS, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA, Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel, Universit\"at Kassel, Germany, Imperial College London, UK, U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, MD, Duke University, University of Illinois, State Univ of NY- Stony Brook, Joint Quantum Institute, University of Maryland Department of Physics and National Institute of Standards and Technology, College Park, Maryland 20742, Centre for Quantum Technologies, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Center for Quantum Information, IIIS, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P. R. China, School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Max-Born-Institut Berlin, Germany, Universit\"{a}t Heidelberg, Germany, Universit\"{a}t Rostock, Germany, Politecnico di Milano, Italy, IFN-CNR, Milano, Italy, Universidad Aut\'onoma de Madrid, Spain, Universit\`a di Trieste, Italy, IFN-CNR, Padova, Italy, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy, QUB, UK, Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Physikalisches Institut, University of Bonn, Wegelerstra{\ss}e 8, 53115 Bonn, Germany, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB30HE, United Kingdom, HISKP, University of Bonn Nussallee 14-16, D-53115 Bonn, Germany, The Institute of Photonic Sciences, University of Wisconsin, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, Illinois State University, Univ of Nebraska - Lincoln, Northumbria University, University of Windsor, Western Michigan University and Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of West Georgia, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany, Australian National University, University of North Alabama, Indian Institute of Technology-Madras and Jain University, Bangalore, Jain University, Bangalore, Indian Institute of Technology-Madras, Jain University, Bangalore and Indian Institute of Technology-Madras, Queen's University Belfast, J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA, UC Davis, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Frankfurt University, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Georgia State University, Dublin City University, Physics department, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA, Konstantinov Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia, Physical-Technical Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia, Chemical Sciences and Ultrafast X-ray Science Laboratory, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Departments of Applied Science and Chemistry, Davis, Chemical Sciences and Ultrafast X-ray Science Laboratory, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Chemical Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology, Prague Technick\'{a}, Czech Republic, JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, CO 80309, USA, Division of Materials Science, Faculty of Pure and Applied Science, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan, Physics Department, National University of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, 100174, Uzbekistan, School of Mathematical Science, University of Nottingham, Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, and Center for Advanced Study in Theoretical Sciences, Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, University of Kansas, National Taiwan University, Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, Taiwan, Laboratorium f\"ur Physikalische Chemie, ETH Z\"urich, College of Charleston, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Michigan - Ann Arbor, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) - Boulder, Harvard Univ, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Helmholtz Institute Mainz, Iowa State University, University of Southern California, University of California, Berkeley, Ioffe Physical-Technical Institute RAS, Saint Petersburg, Russia, MIT, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Department of Physics, the Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, Department of Physics, California State University - East Bay, Hayward, California 94542-3084, USA, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Stanford University, AOSense, Inc., AOSense, Inc., State Polytechnic University, Old Dominion University, Amherst College, Aalto University, Washington State University, gil.summy@okstate.edu, Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston MA 02125, Physics Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Joint Quantum Institute, NIST and the University of Maryland, The James Franck Institute, The Enrico Fermi Institute, and Department of Physics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, JILA, NIST, and University of Colorado Boulder, University of Cambridge, JILA, NIST, and University of Colorado, JQI, NIST, and University of Maryland, The University of Chicago, JQI, University of Maryland and NIST, College Park, MD 20742, KRISS, Physics Dept., Stony Brook University, Stony Brook NY 11794-3800, Univ of Illinois - Urbana, Univ of Michigan, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Battelle Memorial Institute, Centre for Quantum Technologies, NUS, Argonne National Laboratory, Stony Brook University, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, The Ohio State University, Peking University, Beijing, China, Voronezh State University, Russia, Air Force Research Laboratory, Dayton, USA, OSU, OSU / Intense Energy Solutions, LLC., OSU / ISSI, Univ. of Michigan / ISSI, ISSI, Fellow, National Research Council, USA, Institute of Physics ASCR, Helmholtz Institut Jena, LULI, Institut f{\"u}r Kernphysik, Technische Universitt Darmstadt, CLF, RAL, Queens University Belfast, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, TU Berlin, LCLS, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Department of Physics, UCONN, Chemical Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Max-Planck-Advanced Study Group at CFEL, DESY, Chemical Sciences \& Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, CFEL, DESY and Department of Physics, University of Hamburg, Department of Physics and Astronomy, UCLA, CFEL, DESY and Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, School of Physics and Astronomy, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY 14623, Institute of Physics, Bijenicka cesta 46, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia, Department of Physics, University of Zagreb, Bijenicka cesta 32, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Univ of California - Los Angeles, JILA, University of Colorado Boulder, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Quantum Metrology Laboratory, Japan, University of Delaware, The University of New South Wales, Australia, California State University - East Bay, Stanford Institute for Theoretical Physics, Stanford University, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, Helmholtz Institute Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University, Michigan State University, Yale University, MIT Lincoln Lab, National Institute of Standards and Technology, USA, Sandial National Laboratories, USA, University of Basel, Switzerland, Department of Physics, University of Waterloo, JQI, Dept. of Physics, UMD, and NIST, College Park, MD 20742, Naval Research Laboratory, Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Coll\`ege de France, CNRS, ENS-PSL Research University, UPMC-Sorbonne Universit\'es, 11, pl. M. Berthelot, Paris, France, University of Michigan, Dept. of Physics, NIST - Boulder, Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, Dept. of Physics, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand, Joint Quantum Institute, Dept. of Physics, UMD and NIST, College Park, MD 20742, USA, Colby College, University of Virginia, Joint Quantum Institute and Joint Center for Quantum Information and Computer Science, NIST/University of Maryland, JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Pi5 IQST University of Stuttgart, University of Kaiserslautern, Rice Univ, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401 USA, JILA, NIST and University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA, Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, School of Natural Science \& ISIS Institute for Science and Interdisciplinary Studies, Hampshire College, U of Washington, JILA, University of Florence, INRIM Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica, Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information, Austrian Academy of Sciences, INO Istituto Nazionale di Ottica del CNR, LENS European Laboratory for Nonlinear Spectroscopy, Colorado School of Mines, James Franck Institute, Enrico Fermi Institute and Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA., LKB, ENS-PSL Research University, CNRS, UPMC-Sorbonne Universit{\'e}s, Coll{\`e}ge de France, 24 rue Lhomond, 75231 Paris, France, Department of Physics, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 52900 Israel, Russian Quantum Center, Department of Physics and Research Center OPTIMAS, University of Kaiserslautern, JILA, NIST, Helmholtz Institute, JGU, Mainz, Germany, University of California Berkeley, Tsinghua University, Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Army Research Laboratory, United States Military Academy, Universit\'{e} Montpellier II, Universit\'{e} du Havre, Lehigh University, University of Washingon, Pulkovo Observatory, St. Petersburg, Penn State University, Emory University, University of Georgia, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Penn State Berks, ILM Universit\'{e} Lyon 1, Moravian College, Department of Physics, Temple University, Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Instituto de F\'{i}sica Fundamental, IFF-CSIC, Theoretical Division (T-1, MS B221), Los Alamos National Laboratory, Adelphi University, Institute for Laser Science, University of Electro-Communications, Northwest Missouri State University, QEERI, Doha, Qatar, MBI, Berlin, Germany, Stockholm University, Sweden., Lund University, Sweden, Chimie des materiaux, France, Institut Lumiere matiere, France, MBI, Berlin, Germany; Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, UK, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, D-60486, Germany, Chemical Sciences Division, LBNL, Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan, Department of Applied Science and Technology, UC Berkeley, JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, SRI International Sarnoff, ColdQuanta, Inc, Quantum Diamond Technologies, Inc., MIT Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Natl Univ of Singapore, Stanford University, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA, Time and Frequency Division Centro Nacional de Metrolog\'ia, Quer\'etaro, M\'exico, U.S. Coast Guard Academy, Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics Garching, Lebedev Physical Institute Moscow, Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics Garching, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics Garching, Lebedev Physical Institute Moscow, Department of Physics, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Argonne National Laboratory, University of Chicago, Joint Institute for Laboratory Astrophysics, Tel Aviv University, Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Johannesburg, South Africa, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, CAS, Harvard University, ITAMP, Bryn Mawr College, Ursinus College, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, CA, UCLA, Department of Physics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA, Department of Physical Chemistry and the Fritz Haber Research Center for Molecular Dynamics, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel, Department of Physics, ORT-Braude College, P.O. Box 78, 21982 Karmiel, Israel, Middlebury College, QCD Labs, COMP Centre of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, P.O. Box 13500, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland, Univeristy of Hong Kong, National Research Council of Canada, Department of Physics and JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, and National Institute of Standards and Technology, TU Kaiserslautern, Center for Optical Quantum Technologies, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany; The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Hamburg, Germany, Center for Optical Quantum Technologies, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany, SUNY Stony Brook, Simon Fraser University, Swarthmore College, University of Colorado Boulder, JILA, NIST, JILA, NIST, Dept. of Physics, University of Colorado at Boulder, NIST, JILA, Dept. of Physics, University of Colorado at Boulder, St-Petersburg State Polytechnic University, Duke University Physics Department and Fitzpatrick Institute for Photonics, Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics, Cornell University, ITAMP, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Dallas, Department of Physics, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401 USA, Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology; Institute for Complex Quantum Systems, Universit\"at Ulm, D-89069 Ulm, Germany, MPQ Garching, SNS Pisa, Univ of Oklahoma, Politecnico di Torino, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Davis, Sophia University, JILA, Univ of Colorado - Boulder, CNRS, Laboratoire Aim\'e Cotton (France), University of Michigan, Observatoire de Paris, Muedon, France, Univ Autonoma de Madrid, University of Central Florida, Friedrich-Schiller Universit\"at, University of Tsukuba, Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, Germany, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, Oberlin College, TwinLeaf Inc., Center for Axion and Precision Physics, IBS, Center for Axion and Precision Physics, IBS and KAIST, University of Victoria and Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel, Gravitational-Wave Physics and Astronomy Center, California State University Fullerton, Center for Gravitation, Cosmology, and Astrophysics, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Helmholtz Institute Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University and University of California, Berkeley, Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Poland, Univ of California - Berkeley, Univ of Pennsylvania, York University, University of Basque Country, Harvard, Shanghai University, Joint Quantum Institute, University of Maryland Department of Physics and National Institute of Standards and Technology, NIST, Boulder, Hebrew Univ. of Jerusalem, ITAMP, Harvard University, Princeton University, Departamento de Qu\'imica, M\'odulo 13, Universidad Aut\'onoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain, Grupo de F\'isica At\'omica y Molecular, Instituto de F\'isica, Universidad de Antioquia, AA1226 Medell\'in, Colombia, JILA, NIST, Department of Physics, University of Colorado, JILA, NIST, and University of Colorado, Boulder, JILA, NIST, and Physics Department, Univ of Colorado - Boulder, Univ of Colorado - Boulder